רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: ״אֶת שַׁבְּתוֹתַי תִּשְׁמוֹרוּ״, יָכוֹל לַכֹּל — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״אַךְ״ חָלַק. רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן בֶּן יוֹסֵף אוֹמֵר: ״כִּי קוֹדֶשׁ הִיא לָכֶם״, הִיא מְסוּרָה בְּיֶדְכֶם וְלֹא אַתֶּם מְסוּרִים בְּיָדָהּ.
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מצב סימון וצביעה פעיל
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אוהבים? התחברו או הרשמו כדי ליצור דף מקורות משלכם.
בס"ד
Shabbat
More info מידע נוסף
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Other tanna’im debated this same issue. Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, says that it is stated: “But keep my Shabbatot” (Exodus 31:13). One might have thought that this applies to everyone in all circumstances; therefore, the verse states “but,” a term that restricts and qualifies. It implies that there are circumstances where one must keep Shabbat and circumstances where one must desecrate it, i.e., to save a life. Rabbi Yonatan ben Yosef says that it is stated: “For it is sacred to you” (Exodus 31:14). This implies that Shabbat is given into your hands, and you are not given to it to die on account of Shabbat.
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Our next source talks about taking medicine on Shabbat. In the days of the Talmud, medicine was made by grinding the ingredients immediately prior to using. Since tochein (grinding) is one of the thirty-nine categories of melachot (creative work) prohibited by Jewish law (halacha) on Shabbat, our assumption might have been that medicine would have only been used for acutely life-threatening situations. (Clearly, the concept of taking daily maintenance medications came long after the Talmud.)
Because the nature of preparing and taking medication is so different these days, there are many more opinions around taking medicine on Shabbat even when there is no danger present. Still, this source teaches two important points. First, that melacha which could be life-saving should be done when there is the possibility of danger, rather than waiting for a life-threatening situation. Secondly, that the action must be taken immediately, even if it meant that more than one Shabbat would be impacted. The Talmud is clear: the need to protect health, reduce suffering, and save life come before the laws of Shabbat.
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מִפְּנֵי שֶׁסְּפֵק נְפָשׁוֹת הוּא וְכוּ׳. לְמָה לִי תּוּ לְמֵימַר: ״וְכׇל סְפֵק נְפָשׁוֹת דּוֹחֶה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת״? אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: לֹא סָפֵק שַׁבָּת זוֹ בִּלְבַד אָמְרוּ, אֶלָּא אֲפִילּוּ סָפֵק שַׁבָּת אַחֶרֶת.§ The mishna states that one with pain in his throat should be given medicine on Shabbat because it is a case of uncertainty concerning a life-threatening situation. The Gemara asks: Why do I need to say furthermore: And any case of uncertainty concerning a life-threatening situation overrides Shabbat? Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: They stated this not only in a case where there is uncertainty with regard to this Shabbat, but even if the uncertainty is with regard to a different future Shabbat.
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הֵיכִי דָּמֵי? כְּגוֹן דְּאַמְדוּהּ לִתְמָנְיָא יוֹמֵי, וְיוֹמָא קַמָּא שַׁבְּתָא. מַהוּ דְּתֵימָא: לִיעַכַּב עַד לְאוּרְתָּא כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלָא נֵיחוּל עֲלֵיהּ תְּרֵי שַׁבָּתָא, קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן.What are the circumstances in which uncertainty would arise as to whether or not his life will be in danger in the future? They are a case where doctors assess that an ill person needs a certain treatment for eight days, and the first day of his illness is Shabbat. Lest you say: He should wait until evening and begin his treatment after Shabbat so they will not need to desecrate two Shabbatot for his sake, therefore it teaches us that one must immediately desecrate Shabbat for his sake. This is the halakha, despite the fact that an additional Shabbat will be desecrated as a result, because there is uncertainty about whether his life is in danger.
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What does the Talmud say about heating up water for an ill person on Shabbat?
Here we have another source about doing creative work (melacha) normally prohibited by Jewish law on Shabbat. In this Talmud text, igniting a fire would have been needed to heat the water. Again, we see that caring for the immediate needs of a person with uncertainty regarding a life-threatening situation overrides Shabbat.
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תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: מְחַמִּין חַמִּין לַחוֹלֶה בְּשַׁבָּת, בֵּין לְהַשְׁקוֹתוֹ בֵּין לְהַבְרוֹתוֹ. וְלֹא שַׁבָּת זוֹ בִּלְבַד אָמְרוּ, אֶלָּא לְשַׁבָּת אַחֶרֶת. וְאֵין אוֹמְרִים: נַמְתִּין לוֹ שֶׁמָּא יַבְרִיא, אֶלָּא מְחַמִּין לוֹ מִיָּד, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁסְּפֵק נְפָשׁוֹת דּוֹחֶה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. וְלֹא סָפֵק שַׁבָּת זוֹ, אֶלָּא אֲפִילּוּ סָפֵק שַׁבָּת אַחֶרֶת.That was also taught in a baraita: One heats water for an ill person on Shabbat, whether to give him to drink or to wash him, since it might help him recover. And they did not say it is permitted to desecrate only the current Shabbat for him, but even a different, future Shabbat. And one must not say: Let us wait and perform this labor for him after Shabbat, perhaps he will get well in the meantime. Rather, one heats it for him immediately because any case of uncertainty concerning a life-threatening situation overrides Shabbat. And this is so not only with regard to uncertainty whether his life is in danger on the current Shabbat, but even in a case of uncertainty with regard to danger on a different Shabbat.
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תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מְפַקְּחִין פִּקּוּחַ נֶפֶשׁ בְּשַׁבָּת, וְהַזָּרִיז הֲרֵי זֶה מְשׁוּבָּח, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לִיטּוֹל רְשׁוּת מִבֵּית דִּין. הָא כֵּיצַד? רָאָה תִּינוֹק שֶׁנָּפַל לַיָּם — פּוֹרֵשׂ מְצוּדָה וּמַעֲלֵהוּ, וְהַזָּרִיז הֲרֵי זֶה מְשׁוּבָּח, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לִיטּוֹל רְשׁוּת מִבֵּית דִּין. וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּקָא צָיֵיד כְּווֹרֵי. רָאָה תִּינוֹק שֶׁנָּפַל לְבוֹר — עוֹקֵר חוּלְיָא וּמַעֲלֵהוּ, וְהַזָּרִיז הֲרֵי זֶה מְשׁוּבָּח, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לִיטּוֹל רְשׁוּת מִבֵּית דִּין. אַף עַל גַּב דִּמְתַקֵּן דַּרְגָּא.§ The Sages taught in a baraita: One engages in saving a life on Shabbat, and one who is vigilant to do so is praiseworthy. And one need not take permission from a court but hurries to act on his own. How so? If one sees a child who fell into the sea, he spreads a fisherman’s net and raises him from the water. And one who is vigilant and acts quickly is praiseworthy, and one need not seek permission from a court, although in doing so he catches fish in the net as well. Similarly, if one sees a child fall into a pit and the child cannot get out, he digs part of the ground out around the edge of the pit to create a makeshift step and raises him out. And one who is vigilant and acts quickly is praiseworthy, and one need not seek permission from a court, although in doing so he fashions a step.
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רָאָה שֶׁנִּנְעֲלָה דֶּלֶת בִּפְנֵי תִּינוֹק — שׁוֹבְרָהּ וּמוֹצִיאוֹ, וְהַזָּרִיז הֲרֵי זֶה מְשׁוּבָּח, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לִיטּוֹל רְשׁוּת מִבֵּית דִּין. וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּקָא מִיכַּוֵּין לְמִיתְבַּר בְּשִׁיפֵי. מְכַבִּין וּמַפְסִיקִין מִפְּנֵי הַדְּלֵיקָה בְּשַׁבָּת, וְהַזָּרִיז הֲרֵי זֶה מְשׁוּבָּח, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לִיטּוֹל רְשׁוּת מִבֵּית דִּין. וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּקָא מְמַכֵּיךְ מַכּוֹכֵי.Similarly, if one sees that a door is locked before a child and the child is scared and crying, he breaks the door and takes the child out. And one who is vigilant and acts quickly is praiseworthy, and one need not seek permission from a court, although he intends to break it into boards to be used later. Similarly, one may extinguish a fire by placing a barrier of metal or clay vessels filled with water in front of it on Shabbat when life is endangered. And one who is vigilant and acts quickly is praiseworthy, and one need not seek permission from a court, although he leaves the coals, which can be used for cooking after Shabbat.
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וּצְרִיכָא: דְּאִי אַשְׁמְעִינַן יָם — מִשּׁוּם דְּאַדְּהָכִי וְהָכִי אָזֵל לֵיהּ, אֲבָל בּוֹר, דְּקָא יָתֵיב — אֵימָא לָא, צְרִיכָא.The Gemara comments: And it is necessary to teach these examples, since each one suggests an original idea. As, had it taught us the halakha of the child who fell into the sea, we would have said: He must act quickly in that case because in the meantime, if he delays, the child will be swept away by the waves and disappear, and therefore the rescuer need not seek permission; but in the case of a child who fell into a pit, who remains there and is in no further danger, one might say the rescuer need not hurry but should request permission from the court first. Therefore, the baraita explains: No, it is necessary to tell us that case, too.
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וְאִי אַשְׁמְעִינַן בּוֹר — מִשּׁוּם דְּקָא מִיבְּעִית, אֲבָל נִנְעֲלָה דֶּלֶת, אֶפְשָׁר דְּיָתֵיב בְּהַאי גִּיסָא וּמְשַׁבֵּישׁ לֵיהּ בְּאַמְגּוֹזֵי. צְרִיכָא.And if it had taught us the case of the pit, one might have thought it is because the child is scared at being trapped; but when a door is locked before a child, it is possible to sit on the other side of the door and amuse him with the sound of nuts until Shabbat is over. Therefore, it is necessary to teach that in this case, too, one does not delay but acts immediately because a life is possibly in danger.
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מְכַבִּין וּמַפְסִיקִין. לְמָה לִי? דַּאֲפִילּוּ לְחָצֵר אַחֶרֶת.It was taught in a baraita that one may extinguish a fire by placing a barrier in front of it on Shabbat. The Gemara asks: Why do I need this? What new point is taught by this additional case of a life-endangering situation? The Gemara answers: This halakha applies even if the fire is spreading toward another courtyard. Not only may this be done to save the lives of people in the courtyard on fire; it may also be done to prevent the fire from spreading to an adjacent courtyard.
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וּכְבָר הָיָה רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה מְהַלְּכִין בַּדֶּרֶךְ, וְלֵוִי הַסַּדָּר וְרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה מְהַלְּכִין אַחֲרֵיהֶן. נִשְׁאֲלָה שְׁאֵלָה זוֹ בִּפְנֵיהֶם: מִנַּיִין לְפִקּוּחַ נֶפֶשׁ שֶׁדּוֹחֶה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת?§ The Gemara relates: It once happened that Rabbi Yishmael, and Rabbi Akiva, and Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya were walking on the road, and Levi HaSadar and Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, were walking respectfully behind them, since they were younger and did not walk alongside their teachers. This question was asked before them: From where is it derived that saving a life overrides Shabbat?
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נַעֲנָה רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְאָמַר: ״אִם בַּמַּחְתֶּרֶת יִמָּצֵא הַגַּנָּב״ — וּמָה זֶה, שֶׁסָּפֵק עַל מָמוֹן בָּא סָפֵק עַל נְפָשׁוֹת בָּא, וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים מְטַמֵּא אֶת הָאָרֶץ, וְגוֹרֵם לַשְּׁכִינָה שֶׁתִּסְתַּלֵּק מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, נִיתָּן לְהַצִּילוֹ בְּנַפְשׁוֹ — קַל וָחוֹמֶר לְפִקּוּחַ נֶפֶשׁ שֶׁדּוֹחֶה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת.Rabbi Yishmael answered and said that it is stated: “If a thief be found breaking in and be struck so that he dies, there shall be no blood-guiltiness for him” (Exodus 22:1). Now, if this is true for the thief, where there is uncertainty whether he comes to take money or to take lives, and it is known that bloodshed renders the land impure, since it is stated about a murderer: “And you shall not defile the land” (Numbers 35:34), and it causes the Divine Presence to depart from the Jewish people, as the verse continues: “In the midst of which I dwell, for I the Lord dwell in the midst of the children of Israel” (Numbers 35:34), and even so the home owner is permitted to save himself at the cost of the thief’s life, then a fortiori saving a life overrides Shabbat.
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אֲבָל לְהַחֲיוֹת — אֲפִילּוּ מֵעַל מִזְבְּחִי. וּמָה זֶה, שֶׁסָּפֵק יֵשׁ מַמָּשׁ בִּדְבָרָיו סָפֵק אֵין מַמָּשׁ בִּדְבָרָיו, וַעֲבוֹדָה דּוֹחָה שַׁבָּת — קַל וָחוֹמֶר לְפִקּוּחַ נֶפֶשׁ שֶׁדּוֹחֶה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. נַעֲנָה רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר וְאָמַר: וּמָה מִילָה שֶׁהִיא אֶחָד מִמָּאתַיִם וְאַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁמוֹנָה אֵיבָרִים שֶׁבָּאָדָם דּוֹחָה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת — קַל וָחוֹמֶר לְכׇל גּוּפוֹ שֶׁדּוֹחֶה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת.but to preserve a life, e.g., if the priest can testify to the innocence of one who is sentenced to death, one removes him even from on top of My altar, even while he is sacrificing an offering. Just as this priest, about whom there is uncertainty whether there is substance to his words of testimony or whether there is no substance to his words, is taken from the Temple service in order to save a life, and Temple service overrides Shabbat, so too, a fortiori, saving a life overrides Shabbat. Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya answered and said: Just as the mitzva of circumcision, which rectifies only one of the 248 limbs of the body, overrides Shabbat, so too, a fortiori, saving one’s whole body, which is entirely involved in mitzvot, overrides Shabbat.
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רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: ״אֶת שַׁבְּתוֹתַי תִּשְׁמוֹרוּ״, יָכוֹל לַכֹּל — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״אַךְ״ חָלַק. רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן בֶּן יוֹסֵף אוֹמֵר: ״כִּי קוֹדֶשׁ הִיא לָכֶם״, הִיא מְסוּרָה בְּיֶדְכֶם וְלֹא אַתֶּם מְסוּרִים בְּיָדָהּ.
Other tanna’im debated this same issue. Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, says that it is stated: “But keep my Shabbatot” (Exodus 31:13). One might have thought that this applies to everyone in all circumstances; therefore, the verse states “but,” a term that restricts and qualifies. It implies that there are circumstances where one must keep Shabbat and circumstances where one must desecrate it, i.e., to save a life. Rabbi Yonatan ben Yosef says that it is stated: “For it is sacred to you” (Exodus 31:14). This implies that Shabbat is given into your hands, and you are not given to it to die on account of Shabbat. -
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן מְנַסְיָא אוֹמֵר: ״וְשָׁמְרוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת״, אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה: חַלֵּל עָלָיו שַׁבָּת אַחַת כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּשְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּתוֹת הַרְבֵּה. אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: אִי הֲוַאי הָתָם, הֲוָה אָמֵינָא דִּידִי עֲדִיפָא מִדִּידְהוּ: ״וְחַי בָּהֶם״ — וְלֹא שֶׁיָּמוּת בָּהֶם.Rabbi Shimon ben Menasya said: It is stated: “And the children of Israel shall keep Shabbat, to observe Shabbat” (Exodus 31:16). The Torah said: Desecrate one Shabbat on his behalf so he will observe many Shabbatot. Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: If I would have been there among those Sages who debated this question, I would have said that my proof is preferable to theirs, as it states: “You shall keep My statutes and My ordinances, which a person shall do and live by them” (Leviticus 18:5), and not that he should die by them. In all circumstances, one must take care not to die as a result of fulfilling the mitzvot.
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וְכוּלְּהוּ אַשְׁכְּחַן וַדַּאי, סָפֵק מְנָא לַן? וְדִשְׁמוּאֵל, וַדַּאי לֵית לֵיהּ פִּירְכָא. אָמַר רָבִינָא וְאִיתֵּימָא רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: טָבָא חֲדָא פִּלְפַּלְתָּא חֲרִיפָא מִמְּלָא צַנָּא דְקָרֵי.And for all the other arguments as well, we have found proofs for saving a life from certain danger. But for cases of uncertainty, from where do we derive this? For this reason, all the arguments are refuted. However, the proof that Shmuel brought from the verse: “And live by them,” which teaches that one should not even put a life in possible danger to observe mitzvot, there is certainly no refutation. Ravina said, and some say it was Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak who said with regard to this superior proof of Shmuel: One spicy pepper is better than a whole basket of squash, since its flavor is more powerful than all the others.
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מְנַיִין שֶׁסְּפֵק נְפָשׁוֹת דּוֹחֶה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. רִבִּי אַבָּהוּ בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. אַ֥ךְ אֶת־שַׁבְּתוֹתַי תִּשְׁמֹ֑רוּ. מִיעוּט. אִית דְּבָעֵי מֵימַר. אָֽמְרָה תוֹרָה. חַלֵּל עָלָיו שַׁבָּת. והוּא יוֹשֵׁב וּמָשַׁמֵּר שַׁבָּתוֹת הַרְבֶּה.From where that any uncertainty of a danger to life pushes the Sabbath aside? Rebbi Abbahu in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: Only you shall keep My Sabbaths; a diminution. Some want to say, the Torah said, desecrate the Sabbath for him, so he will dwell and keep many Sabbaths.
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תַּנֵּי. (הַדַּיִין מְשׁוּבָּח. וְהַנִּשְׁאַל מְעַתֵּד.) [הַזָּרִיז מְשׁוּבָּח. וְהַנִּשְׁאַל מְגוּנֶּה] וְהַשּׁוֹאֵל הֲרֵי זֶה שׁוֹפֵךְ דָּמִים.It was stated: (The one who decided is praiseworthy, one who is asked has to be ready,) [the one who is quick is praiseworthy, the one who is asked is blameworthy,] and the one who asks is a spiller of blood.
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תַּנֵּי. כָּל־דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא שֶׁל סַכָּנָה אֵין אוֹמְרִין. יֵעָשׂוּ דְבָרִים בַּגּוֹיִם וּבִקְטַנִּים. אֶלָּא אֲפִילוּ בִּגְדוֹלִים בִּיִשְׂרָאֵל. מַעֲשֶׂהַ שֶׁנָּֽפְלָה דְלֵיקָה בַּחֲצַירוֹ שֶׁלְיוֹסֵי בֶּן סִימַאי בְּשִׁיחִין. וְיָֽרְדוּ בְנֵי קַצְרָה שֶׁלְצִיפּוֹרִין לְכַבּוֹתוֹ וְלֹא הִנִּיחַ לָהֶן. אָמַר. הַנִּיחוֹ לַגַּבַּאי שֶׁיִּגְבֶּה אֶת חוֹבוֹ. מִיַּד קָשַׁר עַלָיו הֶעָנָן וְכִיבָּהוּ. וּבְמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת שָׁלַח לְכָל־אֶחַד וְאֶחָד מֵהֶן סֶלַע. וּלְאִיפַּרְכוֹס שֶׁלָּהֶן חֲמִשִּׁים דֵּינָר. אָֽמְרוּ חֲכָמִים. לֹא הָיָה צָרִיךְ לַעֲשׂוֹת כֵּן. חַד נַפְּתַּיי הֲוָה מֵגִירֵיהּ דְּרִבִּי יוֹנָה. נָֽפְלַת דְלֵיקָתָא בִּמִגִירוּתֵיהּ דְּרִבִּי יוֹנָה. אֲזַל הַהוּא נַפְּתַּייָא בְעֵי מִטְפַּתָּהּ. וְלָא שָֽׁבְקֵיהּ רִבִּי יוֹנָה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. בַּגְרָךְ מִדְּלִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִין. וְאִישְׁתְּזִיב כּוּלַּהּ. רִבִּי יוּדָן דִּכָפַר אִמִּי פָּרַס גּוּלְתֵּיהּ עַל גָּדִישָׁא דְנוּרָא. עָֽרְקָא מִינֵּיהּ.It was stated: In any case of danger to life one does not say that the work be done by Gentiles or minors, but even by adult Jewish persons. “It happened that there was a fire in the courtyard of Yose ben Simai in Shihin, and the garrison of the barracks of Sepphoris came to fight it but he did not let them fight it; he said, let the collector collect his due. Immediately there formed a cloud which extinguished it. After the Sabbath he sent to each of them a tetradrachma and to their commander 50 denarii.” The Sages said, there was no need for him to do that. A Nabatean was a neighbor of Rebbi Jonah. There was a fire in Rebbi Jonah’s neighborhood; the Nabatean wanted to fight it but Rebbi Jonah did not let him. He said to him, because of my property! He said, yes. And everything was saved. Rebbi Jonah from Kefar-Immi spread his garment over the burning grain stack and the fire retreated from it.
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Our next learning topic will be from Talmud Yoma, pages 84-85, about protecting people who experience danger or possible danger on Shabbat. Although in Jewish law there are thirty-nine categories of creative work (melachot) that are prohibited on Shabbat, we will see that saving life, protecting health, and reducing suffering are held above the laws of Shabbat.
Our first source is an introduction to the concepts at play in this series of texts. Here, we see that mitzvot are for living by and not dying by. We also see the idea that we all, at one time or another, may have the experience of needing to override or set aside one or more aspects of our Shabbat observance in order to protect life. As the Talmud says, Shabbat was given to us. We were not given to Shabbat.