Finding Your Roots: Learning Through Our Family Trees

ByJonah Rothstein

Moishe House

Talmud, Tractate Megillah

Composed in Talmudic Babylon (c.450 - c.550 CE). Megillah (Scroll) belongs to the second order, Moed (Festivals) and discusses regulations and prescriptions regarding the reading of the scroll of Esther at Purim, and the reading of other passages from the Torah and Neviim (Prophets) in the synagogue. It has four chapters.

מגילה י״ב ב:ט״ז

איש יהודי היה בשושן הבירה וגו' איש ימיני מאי קאמר אי ליחוסא קאתי ליחסיה ואזיל עד בנימין אלא מאי שנא הני

Megillah 12b:16

The verse that initially describes Mordecai states: “There was a certain Jew in Shushan the castle, whose name was Mordecai the son of Jair the son of Shimei the son of Kish, a Benjamite” (Esther 2:5). The Gemara asks: What is it conveying in the verse by saying the names of Mordecai’s ancestors? If the verse in fact comes to trace his ancestry, it should continue tracing his lineage back all the way to Benjamin, the founder of his tribe. Rather, what is different about these names that they deserve special mention?

מגילה י״ב ב:י״ז

תנא כולן על שמו נקראו בן יאיר בן שהאיר עיניהם של ישראל בתפלתו בן שמעי בן ששמע אל תפלתו בן קיש שהקיש על שערי רחמים ונפתחו לו

Megillah 12b:17

The Gemara answers: A Sage taught the following baraita: All of them are names by which Mordecai was called. He was called “the son of Jair” because he was the son who enlightened [heir] the eyes of all of the Jewish people with his prayers; “the son of Shimei” because he was the son whom God heard [shama] his prayers; “the son of Kish” because he knocked [hikish] on the gates of mercy and they were opened to him.

מגילה י״ב ב:י״ח

קרי ליה יהודי אלמא מיהודה קאתי וקרי ליה ימיני אלמא מבנימין קאתי אמר רב נחמן מרדכי מוכתר בנימוסו היה

Megillah 12b:18

The Gemara points out a contradiction: Mordecai is referred to as a “Jew [Yehudi],” apparently indicating that he came from the tribe of Judah, but in the continuation of the verse he is called “Benjamite” [Yemini], which indicates that he came from the tribe of Benjamin. Rav Naḥman said: Mordecai was crowned with honorary names. Yehudi is one such honorary epithet, due to its allusion to the royal tribe of Judah, but it is not referring to Mordecai’s tribal affiliation.

Mishnah Torah

Composed in Middle-Age Egypt (c.1176 - c.1178 CE). The fourteenth book is Sefer Shofetim (Judges: the laws relating legislators, the Sanhedrin, the king, and the judges — it also addresses the Noahide Laws and those pertaining to Messianic times).

משנה תורה, הלכות מלכים ומלחמות י״ב:ג׳

בִּימֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ. כְּשֶׁתִּתְיַשֵּׁב מַמְלַכְתּוֹ וְיִתְקַבְּצוּ אֵלָיו כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל. יִתְיַחֲסוּ כֻּלָּם עַל פִּיו בְּרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ שֶׁתָּנוּחַ עָלָיו. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלאכי ג, ג) "וְיָשַׁב מְצָרֵף וּמְטַהֵר" וְגוֹ'. וּבְנֵי לֵוִי מְטַהֵר תְּחִלָּה וְאוֹמֵר זֶה מְיֻחָס כֹּהֵן וְזֶה מְיֻחָס לֵוִי. וְדוֹחֶה אֶת שֶׁאֵינָן מְיֻחָסִין לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (עזרא ב, סג) "וַיֹּאמֶר הַתִּרְשָׁתָא לָהֶם" וְגוֹ' (עזרא ב, סג) "עַד עֲמֹד כֹּהֵן לְאוּרִים וּלְתֻמִּים". הִנֵּה לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁבְּרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ מְיַחֲסִין הַמֻּחְזָקִין וּמוֹדִיעִין הַמְיֻחָס. וְאֵינוֹ מְיַחֵס יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא לְשִׁבְטֵיהֶם. שֶׁמּוֹדִיעַ שֶׁזֶּה מִשֵּׁבֶט פְּלוֹנִי וְזֶה מִשֵּׁבֶט פְּלוֹנִי. אֲבָל אֵינוֹ אוֹמֵר עַל שֶׁהֵן בְּחֶזְקַת כַּשְׁרוּת זֶה מַמְזֵר וְזֶה עֶבֶד. שֶׁהַדִּין הוּא שֶׁמִּשְׁפָּחָה שֶׁנִּטְמְעָה נִטְמְעָה:

Mishneh Torah, Kings and Wars 12:3

During the days of King Messiah, when he will be secure in his monarchy, and all of Israel will gather about him, everyone’s genealogy will be clarified by him by means of the Holy Spirit which will rest upon him, as it says, “And he shall sit as a purifier and refiner…” (Malachi 3:3). The Sons of Levi will be the first to be purified¹⁴⁵Their lineage will be determined first., and he will say, “this one has the pedigree of a Kohen, and this one has the pedigree of a Levite”. He will reject those who have no (true) lineage¹⁴⁶As Levites and Kohanim. and make them Israelites, as it says, “And the Tirashoso said to them…until a Kohen will arise with the Urim and Tumim” (Ezra 2:63). You have now learned that those with a pedigree will be confirmed, and lineage will be made known, by means of the Holy Spirit. He will not ascertain the ancestry of Israel except regarding which tribe they are from, and inform us that this one is from such and such a tribe and that one is from such and such a tribe. But, he will not tell us whether someone presumed of legitimate pedigree is a bastard or a slave. For the Law is that the family which had someone assimilate within it, assimilates him¹⁴⁷Lit., “the family which became assimilated, assimilates.” The commentary in the Rambam La’am says “remains in its presumption of legitimate lineage”..