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The Four Key Purim Mitzvot
For some key Purim terms, see https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/purim-glossary/
Biblical Text / Megillat Esther / Ketuvim / Writings

(כ) וַיִּכְתֹּ֣ב מָרְדֳּכַ֔י אֶת־הַדְּבָרִ֖ים הָאֵ֑לֶּה וַיִּשְׁלַ֨ח סְפָרִ֜ים אֶל־כָּל־הַיְּהוּדִ֗ים אֲשֶׁר֙ בְּכָל־מְדִינוֹת֙ הַמֶּ֣לֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵר֔וֹשׁ הַקְּרוֹבִ֖ים וְהָרְחוֹקִֽים׃ (כא) לְקַיֵּם֮ עֲלֵיהֶם֒ לִהְי֣וֹת עֹשִׂ֗ים אֵ֠ת י֣וֹם אַרְבָּעָ֤ה עָשָׂר֙ לְחֹ֣דֶשׁ אֲדָ֔ר וְאֵ֛ת יוֹם־חֲמִשָּׁ֥ה עָשָׂ֖ר בּ֑וֹ בְּכָל־שָׁנָ֖ה וְשָׁנָֽה׃ (כב) כַּיָּמִ֗ים אֲשֶׁר־נָ֨חוּ בָהֶ֤ם הַיְּהוּדִים֙ מֵא֣וֹיְבֵיהֶ֔ם וְהַחֹ֗דֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר֩ נֶהְפַּ֨ךְ לָהֶ֤ם מִיָּגוֹן֙ לְשִׂמְחָ֔ה וּמֵאֵ֖בֶל לְי֣וֹם ט֑וֹב לַעֲשׂ֣וֹת אוֹתָ֗ם יְמֵי֙ מִשְׁתֶּ֣ה וְשִׂמְחָ֔ה וּמִשְׁל֤וֹחַ מָנוֹת֙ אִ֣ישׁ לְרֵעֵ֔הוּ וּמַתָּנ֖וֹת לָֽאֶבְיוֹנִֽים׃

(20) And Mordecai wrote these things, and sent letters unto all the Jews that were in all the provinces of the King Ahasuerus, both near and far, (21) to enjoin them that they should keep the fourteenth day of the month Adar, and the fifteenth day of the same, yearly, (22) the days wherein the Jews had rest from their enemies, and the month which was turned for them from sorrow to gladness, and from mourning into a good day; that they should make them days of feasting and gladness, and of sending portions one to another, and gifts to the poor.

(טו) כיצד חובת סעודה זו שיאכל בשר ויתקן סעודה נאה כפי אשר תמצא ידו. ושותה יין עד שישתכר וירדם בשכרותו. וכן חייב אדם לשלוח שתי מנות בשר או שני מיני תבשיל או שני מיני אוכלין לחבירו שנאמר ומשלוח מנות איש לרעהו שתי מנות לאיש אחד. וכל המרבה לשלוח לריעים משובח. ואם אין לו מחליף עם חברו זה שולח לזה סעודתו וזה שולח לזה סעודתו כדי לקיים ומשלוח מנות איש לרעהו.

(טז) וחייב לחלק לעניים ביום הפורים. אין פוחתין משני עניים נותן לכל אחד מתנה אחת או מעות או מיני תבשיל או מיני אוכלין שנאמר ומתנות לאביונים שתי מתנות לשני עניים. ואין מדקדקין במעות פורים אלא כל הפושט ידו ליטול נותנין לו. ואין משנין מעות פורים לצדקה אחרת.

(יז) מוטב לאדם להרבות במתנות אביונים מלהרבות בסעודתו ובשלוח מנות לרעיו. שאין שם שמחה גדולה ומפוארה אלא לשמח לב עניים ויתומים ואלמנות וגרים. שהמשמח לב האמללים האלו דומה לשכינה שנאמר להחיות רוח שפלים ולהחיות לב נדכאים.

(15) What is the nature of our obligation for this feast? A person should eat meat and prepare as attractive a feast as means permit. They should drink wine until they become intoxicated and fall asleep in their intoxication.

And similarly a a person is obligated to send two portions of meat or two types of cooked food or two types of food to their friend, as it says (Esther 9:22) "and send portions one person to another" two portions to one person. And all that increase to send to others is praiseworthy. And if they have no [money] they should exchange with a friend: this one sends to this his meal and this one sends to this her meal in order to fulfill (Esther 9:22) "and send portions one person to another".

(16) One is obligated to give to poor people on the day of Purim. One should give no less than two poor people one gift each of money or types of cooked dishes or types of food, as it says (Esther 9:22) "gifts to the poor": two gifts to poor people. And one should not be particular about Purim money, rather give to every person who puts out their hand. And one should not change Purim money for another charity. (BM 78b)

(17) It is good for people to increase in their gifts to the poor more than they increase in their meal and the gifts that they send to their companions, for there is no greater or glorious joy than to bring happiness to the hearts of the poor and orphans and widows and strangers, for one who brings happiness to the hearts of these unfortunate people is compared to the Divine Presence, as it says, "To revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones" (Isaiah 57:15).

Other Purim Customs
In addition to the festive meal, gifts to the poor, and gifts to friends, the fourth obligation of Purim is to hear the Book of Esther (the Megillah) recited both in the evening and the morning of Purim. It's customary to use noise makers to "blot out the name of Haman" -see
https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/4321929/jewish/The-Origins-of-the-Gragger-Why-We-Boo-Haman.htm#footnote1a4321929
In Reform Jewish communities, observance of Purim Carnivals and eating of hamentaschen became the most known and memorable way to observe Purim.
In other communities, the Purim Spiel is what brought connection to the holiday.
https://reformjudaism.org/jewish-holidays/purim/fascinating-evolution-purim-spiel
For Discussion:
Which of the mitzvoth or customs resonate for you?
Which do you look forward to practicing?

אמר רבא: מיחייב איניש לבסומי בפוריא עד דלא ידע בין ארור המן לברוך מרדכי.

Rava said: A person is obligated to become intoxicated with wine on Purim until one does not know how to distinguish between cursed is Haman and blessed is Mordecai.

For Discussion

Why would Rava (280-352 CE) want people to stop distinguishing between how to relate to Mordechai, the hero, and how to relate to Haman, the villain of the Purim story recorded in the Book of Esther?

Also, why use alcohol to accomplish this goal?

Rava said (in Yoma 76b): Wine and good scents make me wise. Does that clarify?

Or haEmet
Become drunk with Purim's love, and then you can lift up everything to G-d – even the corporeal world, which also comes from G-d. This is what it means: everything is equal before you, and thus you can serve G-d even through the cursed...Haman, representing the physical realm.
Rabbi Sharon Brous, for American Jewish World Service
https://ajws.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/cc_purim_5771.pdf
The reversibility of fortune, the capriciousness of life, is a message Purim shares with Yom Kippur. Known in the Talmud as yom k’purim, “a day like Purim,” Yom Kippur compels us to reflect on the unavoidable uncertainty of our lives. But on Yom Kippur we dive into this terrifying reality with austerity, reflection and spiritual wakefulness, whereas on Purim we respond by celebrating, imbibing and masquerading.
Our Rabbis teach that on Purim we are to ply ourselves with wine, drinking ad d’lo yada—until we can no longer tell the difference between "Cursed be Haman" and "Blessed be Mordecai." We wear costumes that simultaneously mask who we are and reveal the part of ourselves we work all year to hide. We eat, drink, dance and laugh in the face of our darkest fears—the possibility that human life and human history can change on a dime, that everything we know to be true could be a farce, that everything we love might disappear in an instant, that there is more chaos than order in the world. It is an exercise in radical spiritual destabilization. And the response is the closest Jews come to carpe diem—one day a year when our otherwise exacting tradition understands that sometimes drunken revelry is the only reasonable response to desperate vulnerability.
Yet Purim is more than a day of rowdy gluttony. It also dictates acts of generosity and community: “Make them days of feasting and gladness and of mishloah manot (sending portions of food) one to another, and matanot l’evyonim (gifts to the poor).” We embrace the confusion and moral ambiguity of Purim with a renewed commitment to social transformation, responding to the mess of life by giving our family and friends sweet gifts and by giving generously to the poor. In other words, the only way to make sense of the absurd randomness of life and the social order is to honor the loving relationships that sustain us and work to address the imbalance of fortunes that leaves some with abundance and others with nothing. Mishloah manot and matanot l’evyonim come to reinforce that while we cannot control the world, we can control the way we live in it.
Remarkably, we learn regarding matanot l'evyonim that, "We [should not be] exceedingly precautious with money on Purim. Rather, we give to everyone who puts out a hand." Today is not the day for discernment or judgment. Give, regardless of what you fear he might do with the money. Give, not because you have determined that she deserves, but because she has asked.
This mitzvah acknowledges our lack of control over our destinies: Give generously today, for tomorrow it could be you begging for a little spare change. Give because you know in your heart that it is only an accident of history that you are here and the poor are there. Give because it would be intellectually and morally corrupt to tell the story of our people’s miraculous triumph, to celebrate history’s reversibility, without sharing our bounty with those who sit now on the other side of fortune.
So Purim is simultaneously an acknowledgment of life’s meaninglessness and unpredictability and a wholehearted last-ditch effort to pierce the chaos and shatter the darkness. “There is no greater or more wonderful joy,” says the Mishnah Berurah, “than to make happy the heart of a poor person, an orphan or a widow. This is how we become God-like.” Even from the heart of darkness, we refuse to cede agency. We make up for God’s absence in the Purim narrative by redoubling our capacity for God-like living in our own. We respond to the threat of emptiness by pouring more kindness and sweetness into the world.
חייב אינש לבסומי בפוריא עד דלא ידע בין ארור המן לברוך מרדכי: הגה וי"א דא"צ להשתכר כל כך אלא שישתה יותר מלימודו (כל בו) ויישן ומתוך שישן אינו יודע בין ארור המן לברוך מרדכי (מהרי"ל) ואחד המרבה ואחד הממעיט ובלבד שיכוין לבו לשמים ואין להתענות בפורים מלבד תענית חלום וע' לעיל סי' תקס"ח וסי' תק"ע. יש נהגו ללבוש בגדי שבת ויום טוב בפורים וכן נכון (מהרי"ל) ונוהגים לעשות סעודת פורים לאחר מנחה וערבית יתפלל בלילה ומתפללים מנחה תחלה בעוד היום גדול ורוב הסעודה צריך להיות ביום (מנהגים) ולא כמו שנוהגין להתחיל סמוך לערב ועיקר הסעודה היא ליל ט"ו וכשחל פורים ביום ששי יעשו הסעודה בשחרית משום כבוד שבת (מנהגים) ומי שרוצה לעשותה תמיד בשחרית הרשות בידו (ת"ה) יש אומרים שיש לאכול מאכל זרעונים בפורים זכר לזרעונים שאכל דניאל וחביריו בבבל (כל בו) . טוב לעסוק מעט בתורה קודם שיתחיל הסעודה וסמך לדבר ליהודים היתה אורה ושמחה ודרשינן אורה זו תורה (מהרי"ב) וחייב במשתה ושמחה קצת בשני ימים בי"ד וט"ו (מנהגים) וכן נהגו ויש אומרים דאם הזיק אחד את חבירו מכח שמחת פורים פטור מלשלם (ת"ה סי' ק"י) וע' בח"מ בדיני נזיקין :
2. One is obligated to be intoxicated on Purim to the point where he does not know [the difference] between "accursed is Haman" and "blessed is Mordechai". RAMA: Some say it is not necessary to become drunk so much, but rather to drink more than he is used to (Kol Bo), and to fall asleep, and while he sleeps he does not know [the difference] between "accursed is Haman" and "blessed is Mordechai" (Maharil). [There is no difference on Purim] between one who has more and one who has less, as long as his heart is directed to heaven. One should not fast on Purim, except for a fast for a [bad] dream, and see earlier Siman 568 and Siman 570. There are those who have the custom to dress in Shabbat/Yom Tov clothes on Purim, and that is correct (Maharil). We have the custom to make the Purim meal after the afternoon prayer, and pray the evening prayer at night. We pray the afternoon prayer while most of the day remains, and most of the meal needs to be during the day (Minhagim). And it should not be like those who have the custom to start close to evening, and most of the meal happens during the night of the 15th. When Purim falls out on Friday, they should have the meal in the morning because of honor for the Sabbath (Minhagim). And one who wants to [have his meal] every [Purim] in the morning is allowed to (T"H). Some say that there is [significance] to eating seeds on Purim as a remembrance for the seeds that Daniel and his friends ate in Babylonia (Kol Bo). It is good to delve a bit in Torah before one begins the meal, and a support for that is (Esther 8:16) "The Jews had light and happiness...", which we learn out "radiance" - that's Torah (Mahariv). One is obligated to drink a little and be a little happy on two days, the 14th and the 15th (Minhagim), and so is the custom. And some say that if one causes damage to his fellow through his happiness on Purim, he is exempt from restitution (Terumat HaDeshen, Part I 110). And see Terumat HaDeshen Laws of Damages.
בְּסַם ch. same. Targ. Ex. XV, 25; a. fr.—Part. pass. בְּסִים, v. בָּסִים.
Pa. - בַּסֵּים 1) to sweeten, season; trnsf. to make happy, to delight. Targ. Y. Num. XVIII, 19. Targ. Ps. CXIX, 122; a. e.—Succ. 51ᵃ; Arakh. 11ᵃ לבַסּוּמֵי קלא to sweeten the sound (by means of instrumental accompaniment). —2) to embalm. Targ. Y. Gen. L, 2; 26.—Part. pass. מְבַסַּם. Targ. O. XXX, 25.
Ithpa. - אִיתְבַּסֵּם,
Ithpe. - אִיתְבְּסַם , contr. אִיבְּסִים 1) to be sweet, well-seasoned, prepared. Targ. Job XXIV, 20. Targ. Y. Ex. XXX, 25 מִתְבַּשֵּׂם; a. e. —2) to be embalmed. Targ. Y. Gen. L, 3. —3) to be cheerful, feel the wine; cmp. בְּלוּזְמָא. Snh. 38ᵃ כיון דאִיבְּסוּם when they were feeling the wine. Sabb. 66ᵇ. B. Bath. 73ᵇ bot.—Meg. 7ᵇ מיחייב אינש לִבְּסוּמֵי וכ׳ (= לאיבסומי, v. Rashi a. l.) one must cheer himself up with wine &c. Ib. איבסום they were feeling the wine (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note). [Targ. Cant. II, 5 אתבסם, v. בְּסַס.]
והנה בכאן שתי קושיות. א' המדה הרעה משכרות הגדול הזה שהתירו חז"ל לפום ריהטי. הב' נתקשה לתוס' (מגילה ז, ב ד"ה דלא) איך הוא באפשר שיהי' האדם כל כך שיכור שלא ידע בין ארור המן לברוך מרדכי, על כן כתבו כל הנוסחא. עוד יש לדקדק דקדוק הלשון שאמר חייב לבסומי, כי השכרות גדול אינו נקרא בסומי, רק מבוסם נקרא מי שאינו שיכור כל כך. על כן אני אומר שאדרבא באמרם זה הזהירנו באזהרה שלא נשכר כל כך, רק חייב אינש לישאר מבוסם, רק רשאי להיות שכור היינו כשלא ידע בין ארור המן, וזהו דבר בלתי אפשר כמו שהקשיתי, ממילא יהיה קיים הדבר שמחייב לישאר מבוסם, כי התנאי בטל והחיוב קיים, ודוק היטב (והאריך מוסר מענין שעושין בפורים בטול ברכת המזון ותפילה):
Basically, we are confronted here with two difficulties. 1) How is it possible that the sages have not only permitted but have encouraged indulgence in the evil practice of getting drunk? 2) Tossaphot wonder how it is possible for a Jew to become so drunk that he forgets the difference between cursing Haman and blessing Mordechai? We have quoted the entire line from the Talmud because of this question of Tossaphot. We also need to examine the language used in the Talmud to describe this degree of drunkenness. Real drunkenness is never referred to as בסומי, but rather as מבוסם (an expression describing the feeling of exhilaration resulting from drinking alcoholic beverages). It follows that a person who is not really drunk is called בסומי. I therefore believe that the sages -rather than encouraging excessive drinking- encouraged a minimal intake of wine or other alcoholic beverage. Since it is impossible for a Jew to fulfil the condition that he should forget the distinction between "cursed be Haman,” and "blessed be Mordechai,” the entire statement of the sages regarding the amount of drink on Purim becomes null and void. Nonetheless there remains the commandment to drink some intoxicating beverage.