Midrash: What is the nature of humanity? (were we all created in God's image?)

What does it mean to be created in "God's image?"

(יא) זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה בְּרָאָם (בראשית ה, ב), זֶה אֶחָד מִן הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁשִּׁנּוּ לְתַלְמַי הַמֶּלֶךְ, זָכָר וּנְקוּבָיו בְּרָאָם. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בַּר נְחֶמְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר יִצְחָק וְרַבָּנָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמְרֵי, בָּרָא בוֹ אַרְבַּע בְּרִיּוֹת מִלְּמַעְלָה, וְאַרְבַּע מִלְּמַטָּן, אוֹכֵל וְשׁוֹתֶה כִּבְהֵמָה, פָּרָה וְרָבָה כִּבְהֵמָה, וּמַטִּיל גְּלָלִים כִּבְהֵמָה, וּמֵת כִּבְהֵמָה. מִלְּמַעְלָה, עוֹמֵד כְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת, מְדַבֵּר כְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת, יֵשׁ בּוֹ דַּעַת כְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת, וְרוֹאֶה כְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת. וּבְהֵמָה אֵינָה רוֹאָה, אֶתְמְהָא. אֶלָּא זֶה מְצַדֵּד. רַבִּי תִּפְדָאי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא, הָעֶלְיוֹנִים נִבְרְאוּ בְּצֶלֶם וּבִדְמוּת וְאֵינָן פָּרִין וְרָבִין, וְהַתַּחְתּוֹנִים פָּרִים וְרָבִים, וְלֹא נִבְרְאוּ בְּצֶלֶם וּבִדְמוּת. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲרֵינִי בּוֹרֵא אוֹתוֹ בְּצֶלֶם וּבִדְמוּת מִן הָעֶלְיוֹנִים, פָּרָה וְרָבָה מִן הַתַּחְתּוֹנִים. רַבִּי תִּפְדָאי בְּשֵׁם רַב אַחָא אָמַר, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אִם בּוֹרֵא אֲנִי אוֹתוֹ מִן הָעֶלְיוֹנִים הוּא חַי וְאֵינוֹ מֵת, מִן הַתַּחְתּוֹנִים הוּא מֵת וְאֵינוֹ חַי, אֶלָּא הֲרֵי אֲנִי בּוֹרֵא אוֹתוֹ מִן הָעֶלְיוֹנִים וּמִן הַתַּחְתּוֹנִים, אִם יֶחְטָא יָמוּת, וְאִם לֹא יֶחְטָא יִחְיֶה.

"Man and woman, he created them." This is one of the things they changed for Ptolemy the king. "Man and his holes, he created them."

Rabbi Yehoshua bar Nechemiah, in the name of Rabbi Chanina bar Yitzchak, and Rabbanan in the name of Rabbi Elazar said, "God created in man four creations from above, and four from below. He eat and drinks like an animal. He reproduces like an animal. He defecates like an animal, and he dies like an animal. From above: He stands like Ministering Angels. He speaks like Ministering Angels. He has intelligence by Ministering Angels, and he sees like Ministering Angels. And animals don't see?! Rather, man has peripheral vision.

Rabbi Tafdai in the name of Rabbi Achah: Those above - they were created in the image and likeness, and they don't reproduce. And those below - they do reproduce, and they were not create in the image and likeness like those above. God said, "Behold, I am creating him in the image and likeness like those above, and they will reproduce like those below. Rabbi Tafdai in the name of Rabbi Achah said, "God said, "If I create him from those above, he will live and never die, and if I create him from those below, he will die and not live. Rather, behold, I am creating the from both those above and those below. If he sins, he will die, and if he does not sin, he will live.

That means Everyone is made in God's Image, right?

(יב) וּרְדוּ בִדְגַת הַיָּם (בראשית א, כח), אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא, אִם זָכָה רְדוּ, וְאִם לָאו יֵרְדוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב דִּכְפַר חָנִין, אֶת שֶׁהוּא בְּצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ, וּרְדוּ. אֶת שֶׁאֵינוֹ בְּצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ, יֵרְדוּ. רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב דְּמִן כְּפַר חָנָן אָמַר, יָבוֹא צַלְמֵנוּ וּדְמוּתֵנוּ, וְיִרְדֶּה לְשֶׁאֵינוֹ דּוֹמֶה לְצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ.

(12) “And dominate /ur’du the fish of the sea.” Rabbi Chanina said, "If [a person] merited, “dominate! /ur’du” [the animals]; and if not, “they will be dominated /yeiradu” [by the animals]."

Rabbi Yaakov of Kfar Chanan said, "The one that is “in our image as our likeness” - “dominate! /ur’du”; the one that is not in our image and in our likeness - “they will be dominated /yeiradu."

Rabbi Yaakov of Kfar Chanan said, "[one who is "in our image as our likeness"] comes and dominates the one who is not like on who is "in our image as our likeness."

How similar to God are we, really?

(י) אָמַר רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן טָעוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת וּבִקְּשׁוּ לוֹמַר לְפָנָיו קָדוֹשׁ. מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ וְאִפַּרְכוֹס שֶׁהָיוּ בְּקָרוּכִין, וְהָיוּ בְּנֵי הַמְדִינָה מְבַקְּשִׁין לוֹמַר לַמֶּלֶךְ דּוֹמִינוֹ, וְלֹא הָיוּ יוֹדְעִין אֵיזֶהוּ, מֶה עָשָׂה הַמֶּלֶךְ דְּחָפוֹ וְהוֹצִיאוֹ חוּץ לַקָּרוּכִין, וְיָדְעוּ הַכֹּל שֶׁהוּא אִפַּרְכוֹס. כָּךְ בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, טָעוּ בּוֹ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת וּבִקְּשׁוּ לוֹמַר לְפָנָיו קָדוֹשׁ. מֶה עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הִפִּיל עָלָיו תַּרְדֵּמָה וְיָדְעוּ הַכֹּל שֶׁהוּא אָדָם. הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה ב, כב): חִדְלוּ לָכֶם מִן הָאָדָם אֲשֶׁר נְשָׁמָה בְּאַפּוֹ כִּי בַּמֶּה נֶחְשָׁב הוּא.

Rabbi Hoshaya said, "When God was creating the First Person, the Ministering Angels erred and wanted to say before him, "Kadosh!." A parable: To a king and his regional minister who were in their chariot. And the citizens wanted to say to the king, "Our master!" And they did not know which was the king. What did the king do? He pushed the minister and sent him out of the chariot, and they all knew that he was the minister. So too, when God was creating the First Person, the Ministering Angels erred and wanted to say before the king, "Kadosh!" What did God do? He put him down to sleep and they all knew that he was Adam. This is what it means, "Oh, cease to glorify man, Who has only a breath in his nostrils! For by what does he merit esteem?" (Isaiah 2:22).

Is man's creation based on a lie?

(ד) אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִבְרֹאת אֶת אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, רָאָה צַדִּיקִים וּרְשָׁעִים יוֹצְאִים מִמֶּנּוּ, אָמַר אִם אֲנִי בּוֹרֵא אוֹתוֹ רְשָׁעִים יוֹצְאִים מִמֶּנּוּ, וְאִם לֹא אֶבְרָא אוֹתוֹ הֵיאַךְ צַדִּיקִים יוֹצְאִים מִמֶּנּוּ. מֶה עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הִפְלִיג דַּרְכָּן שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים מִכְּנֶגֶד פָּנָיו וְשִׁתֵּף בּוֹ מִדַּת רַחֲמִים וּבְרָאוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים א, ו): כִּי יוֹדֵעַ יקוק דֶּרֶךְ צַדִּיקִים וְדֶרֶךְ רְשָׁעִים תֹּאבֵד, אִבְּדָהּ מִכְּנֶגֶד פָּנָיו וְשִׁתֵּף בּוֹ מִדַּת רַחֲמִים וּבְרָאוֹ. רַבִּי חֲנִינָא לֹא אָמַר כֵּן, אֶלָּא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבָּא לִבְרֹאת אֶת אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, נִמְלַךְ בְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת וְאָמַר לָהֶן: נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם בְּצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ אָמְרוּ לוֹ, אָדָם זֶה מַה טִּיבוֹ, אָמַר לָהֶן צַדִּיקִים עוֹמְדִים מִמֶּנּוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב: כִּי יוֹדֵעַ יקוק דֶּרֶךְ צַדִּיקִים, כִּי הוֹדִיעַ יקוק דֶּרֶךְ הַצַּדִּיקִים לְמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת, וְדֶרֶךְ רְשָׁעִים תֹּאבֵד, אִבְּדָהּ מֵהֶם, גִּלָּה לָהֶם שֶׁהַצַּדִּיקִים עוֹמְדִים מִמֶּנּוּ וְלֹא גִּלָּה לָהֶם שֶׁהָרְשָׁעִים עוֹמְדִים הֵימֶנּוּ, שֶׁאִלּוּ גִּלָּה לָהֶם שֶׁהָרְשָׁעִים עוֹמְדִים הֵימֶנּוּ לֹא הָיְתָה מִדַּת הַדִּין נוֹתֶנֶת שֶׁיִּבָּרֵא.

Rabbi Berachya said, "When God was creating the First Person, he said that righteous and evil people would come from him. He said, "If I create him, evil people will come from him, and if I don't create him, how could righteous people come from him? What did God do? He removed from Him the ways of the evil people and attached the attribute of mercy to him (?) and created him. This is what it means, "For the LORD cherishes the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked is doomed" (Psalms 1:6). He removed them from before His face, and attached to it the attribute of mercy."

Rabbi Chanina did not say thus. Rather, when God was creating the First Person, he consulted with the Ministering Angels, and said to them, "Shall we make Adam in our image as our likeness?" They said to Him, "This Adam - what is his nature?" He said to them, "Righteous ones stand from him." This is what it means, "For God knows the ways of the righteous" - "makes known the ways of the righteous to the Ministering Angels," and "the way of the wicked is doomed" - it was lost on them. He revealed to them that righteous, but not the evil, for if he revealed this to them, that evil people would come from him, the attribute of justice would not have permitted Him to create him.

What's better - Peace and Kindness, or Truth and Justice? And where does man fit?

(ה) אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִבְרֹאת אֶת אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, נַעֲשׂוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת כִּתִּים כִּתִּים, וַחֲבוּרוֹת חֲבוּרוֹת, מֵהֶם אוֹמְרִים אַל יִבָּרֵא, וּמֵהֶם אוֹמְרִים יִבָּרֵא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים פה, יא): חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת נִפְגָּשׁוּ צֶדֶק וְשָׁלוֹם נָשָׁקוּ. חֶסֶד אוֹמֵר יִבָּרֵא, שֶׁהוּא גּוֹמֵל חֲסָדִים. וֶאֱמֶת אוֹמֵר אַל יִבָּרֵא, שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ שְׁקָרִים. צֶדֶק אוֹמֵר יִבָּרֵא, שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה צְדָקוֹת. שָׁלוֹם אוֹמֵר אַל יִבָּרֵא, דְּכוּלֵיהּ קְטָטָה. מֶה עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נָטַל אֱמֶת וְהִשְׁלִיכוֹ לָאָרֶץ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דניאל ח, יב): וְתַשְׁלֵךְ אֱמֶת אַרְצָה, אָמְרוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים מָה אַתָּה מְבַזֶּה תַּכְסִיס אַלְטִיכְסְיָה שֶׁלָּךְ, תַּעֲלֶה אֱמֶת מִן הָאָרֶץ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים פה, יב): אֱמֶת מֵאֶרֶץ תִּצְמָח. רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי לָהּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר אִידֵי וְרַבִּי פִּינְחָס וְרַבִּי חֶלְקִיָּה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי סִימוֹן אָמַר, מְאֹד, הוּא אָדָם. הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית א, לא): וַיַּרְא אֱלֹקִים אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, וְהִנֵּה טוֹב אָדָם. רַב הוּנָא רַבָּהּ שֶׁל צִפּוֹרִין אֲמַר עַד שֶׁמַּלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת מִדַּיְּנִין אֵלּוּ עִם אֵלּוּ וּמִתְעַסְּקִין אֵלּוּ עִם אֵלּוּ בְּרָאוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. אָמַר לָהֶן מָה אַתֶּם מִדַּיְּנִין כְּבָר נַעֲשָׂה אָדָם.

Rabbi Simon said, "When God was creating the First Person, he divided the Ministering Angels into different courts. Some said, 'Don't create.' And some said, 'Create.' This is what it means, 'Chesed and Emet meet; Tzedek and Shalom kiss' (Psalms 85:11). Chesed says, "Create for man does acts of kindness.' And Emet says, 'Don't create for they are all liars.' Tzedek says, 'Create, for he acts justly.' And Shalom says, 'Don't create, for they are all in strife.' What did God do? He took "Emet" and sent him down to the ground. This is what it means, 'it hurled truth to the ground' (Daniel 8:12). The Ministering Angels said before God, "Master of the Universes! Why are you disparaging your seal (?)? Raise Emet from the ground" This is what it means, 'Truth springs up from the earth; [justice looks down from heaven]' (Psalms 85:12).

Rabbanan said in the name of Rabbi Chanina bar Idi, and Rabbi Pinchas and Rabbi Chilkiya, in the name of Rabbi Simon, 'Very good / me'od' - This is a hint to Adam. This is what it means, "And God saw all that he had created and behold it was very good" - "and behold man was good."

Rav Hunah, the rabbi (?) of Tziporin said, "While the Ministering Angels were arguing these with those, and they were busy with these and those, God created him. He said to them, "What are you arguing about? Man was already created / na'asah."