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Nedarim 37b-The Torah's Text- Halacha LeMoshe MiSinai

אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק: מִקְרָא סוֹפְרִים, וְעִיטּוּר סוֹפְרִים, וְקַרְיָין וְלָא כְּתִיבָן, וּכְתִיבָן וְלָא קַרְיָין — הֲלָכָה לְמֹשֶׁה מִסִּינַי.

On a related note, Rabbi Yitzḥak said: The vocalization of the scribes, and the ornamentation of the scribes, and the verses with words that are read but not written, and those that are written but not read are all halakha transmitted to Moses from Sinai.
מִקְרָא סוֹפְרִים: אָרֶץ, שָׁמָיִם, מִצְרָיִם.
The Gemara elaborates: The vocalization of the scribes is referring to words that when they appear at the end of phrases, clauses, or verses, their vocalization changes, e.g., eretz with a segol under the letter alef to aretz with a kamatz under the letter alef; shamayim with a pataḥ under the letter mem, to shamayim with a kamatz under the letter mem; and mitzrayim with a pataḥ under the letter reish, to mitzrayim with a kamatz under the letter reish.

עִיטּוּר סוֹפְרִים: ״אַחַר תַּעֲבֹרוּ״, ״אַחַר תֵּלֵךְ״, ״אַחַר תֵּאָסֵף״...

The ornamentation of the scribes are expressions that the scribes understood in a manner that differs slightly from its plain understanding. For example: “Then [aḥar] go on” (Genesis 18:5); “then [aḥar] she will go” (Genesis 24:55); “afterward [aḥar] you will be gathered” (Numbers 31:2);

קַרְיָין וְלָא כְּתִיבָן: ...״אֵת״ ״דְּהֻגֵּד הֻגַּד״, ״אֵלַי״ דְּ״הַגֹּרֶן״, ״אֵלַי״ דְּ״הַשְּׂעֹרִים״, הָלֵין קַרְיָין וְלָא כְּתִבָן.

Words that are read but not written are included in the halakha transmitted to Moses from Sinai. For example... "that" in the verse “it has been told me all that you have done unto your mother-in-law” (Ruth 2:11); “to me” that is found in the passage “and she said unto her: All that you say to me I will do (Ruth 3:5); and “to me” that is in the verse “he gave me these six measures of barley; for he said to me (Ruth 3:17). These (are examples of) words that are read but not written.

וּכְתִבָן וְלָא קַרְיָין:..

And there are words that are written but not read. For example...

... ״אִם״ דְּ״כִי גֹאֵל״ — הָלֵין כְּתִבָן וְלָא קַרְיָין.

...and for “if” that is in the verse “that if I am a near kinsman” (Ruth 3:12). These (are examples of) words that are written but not read.

...אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא: לֹא נִיתְּנָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא לְמֹשֶׁה וּלְזַרְעוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כְּתׇב לְךָ״, ״פְּסׇל לְךָ״: מָה פְּסוֹלְתָּן שֶׁלְּךָ — אַף כְּתָבָן שֶׁלְּךָ. מֹשֶׁה נָהַג בָּהּ טוֹבַת עַיִן וּנְתָנָהּ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, וְעָלָיו הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר: ״טוֹב עַיִן הוּא יְבֹרָךְ וְגוֹ׳״.

...Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said: The Torah was given initially only to Moses and his descendants, as it is stated: “Write for you” (Exodus 34:27), and it is also stated: “Hew for you” (Exodus 34:1), meaning: Just as their waste is yours, so too their writing is yours. However, Moses treated the Torah with generosity and gave it to the Jewish people. And about him, the verse says: “He that has a bountiful eye shall be blessed, as he gives of his bread to the poor” (Proverbs 22:9).

וזה עיקר יש לך לעמוד על סודו. והוא שהפירושים המקובלים מפי משה אין מחלוקת בהם בשום פנים...

And [about] this fundamental principle, you must understand its secret. And that is that the explanations that were transmitted from the mouth of Moshe (ie Halacha LeMoshe MiSinai) have no disagreement about them in any way.

...ועל כן כל דבר שאין לו רמז במקרא ואינו נקשר בו ואי אפשר להוציאו בדרך מדרכי הסברא עליו לבדו נאמר הלכה למשה מסיני.

...And therefore, only about anything that does not have a hint in Scripture and is not connected to it and it is impossible to extrapolate by one of the ways of reasoning, is it said [that it is a] 'law of Moshe from Sinai.'

אמר רב יהודה אמר רב בשעה שעלה משה למרום מצאו להקב"ה שיושב וקושר כתרים לאותיות אמר לפניו רבש"ע מי מעכב על ידך אמר לו אדם אחד יש שעתיד להיות בסוף כמה דורות ועקיבא בן יוסף שמו שעתיד לדרוש על כל קוץ וקוץ תילין תילין של הלכות
§ Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: When Moses ascended on High, he found the Holy One, Blessed be He, sitting and tying crowns on the letters of the Torah. Moses said before God: Master of the Universe, who is preventing You from giving the Torah without these additions? God said to him: There is a man who is destined to be born after several generations, and Akiva ben Yosef is his name; he is destined to derive from each and every thorn of these crowns mounds upon mounds of halakhot. It is for his sake that the crowns must be added to the letters of the Torah.
אמר לפניו רבש"ע הראהו לי אמר לו חזור לאחורך הלך וישב בסוף שמונה שורות ולא היה יודע מה הן אומרים תשש כחו כיון שהגיע לדבר אחד אמרו לו תלמידיו רבי מנין לך אמר להן הלכה למשה מסיני נתיישבה דעתו
Moses said before God: Master of the Universe, show him to me. God said to him: Return behind you. Moses went and sat at the end of the eighth row in Rabbi Akiva’s study hall and did not understand what they were saying. Moses’ strength waned, as he thought his Torah knowledge was deficient. When Rabbi Akiva arrived at the discussion of one matter, his students said to him: My teacher, from where do you derive this? Rabbi Akiva said to them: It is a halakha transmitted to Moses from Sinai. When Moses heard this, his mind was put at ease, as this too was part of the Torah that he was to receive.
Seder Eliyahu Zuta, sec. 2: Once I was walking along the road and a certain person found me, and approached me in a heretical manner. He knew Scripture, but he did not know Mishna. He said to me: Scripture was given to us at Mount Sinai; Mishna was not given to us at Mount Sinai!
I said to him: My son, surely [both] Scripture and Mishna were given from the mouth of the Lord! What is the difference between Scripture and Mishna? To what may the matter be compared? To a king of flesh and blood who had two servants, whom he loved with absolute love. To each he gave a kav of wheat and a bundle of flax. What did the clever one do? He took the flax and wove from it a cloth, and he took the wheat and turned it into fine flour. He sifted it, ground it, kneaded it, baked it, arranged it on a table, spread a cloth over it, and left it [there] before the king came. The foolish one did nothing. After some time, the king arrived at his house and said to them: My sons, bring me what I gave you. The one took out the bread of fine flour on the table with a cloth of flax spread over it; the other took out the wheat in a basket, with the bundle of flax on top of it... When the Holy One, blessed be He, gave the Torah to Israel, He gave it to them as wheat to elicit from it fine flour, and as flax to elicit from it a cloth.