This source sheets examines the encounter between Jacob and Esau in Genesis 33:4 and the possible significance of the dotted text.
(א) וַיִּשָּׂ֨א יַעֲקֹ֜ב עֵינָ֗יו וַיַּרְא֙ וְהִנֵּ֣ה עֵשָׂ֣ו בָּ֔א וְעִמּ֕וֹ אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת אִ֑ישׁ וַיַּ֣חַץ אֶת־הַיְלָדִ֗ים עַל־לֵאָה֙ וְעַל־רָחֵ֔ל וְעַ֖ל שְׁתֵּ֥י הַשְּׁפָחֽוֹת׃ (ב) וַיָּ֧שֶׂם אֶת־הַשְּׁפָח֛וֹת וְאֶת־יַלְדֵיהֶ֖ן רִֽאשֹׁנָ֑ה וְאֶת־לֵאָ֤ה וִֽילָדֶ֙יהָ֙ אַחֲרֹנִ֔ים וְאֶת־רָחֵ֥ל וְאֶת־יוֹסֵ֖ף אַחֲרֹנִֽים׃ (ג) וְה֖וּא עָבַ֣ר לִפְנֵיהֶ֑ם וַיִּשְׁתַּ֤חוּ אַ֙רְצָה֙ שֶׁ֣בַע פְּעָמִ֔ים עַד־גִּשְׁתּ֖וֹ עַד־אָחִֽיו׃ (ד) וַיָּ֨רׇץ עֵשָׂ֤ו לִקְרָאתוֹ֙ וַֽיְחַבְּקֵ֔הוּ וַיִּפֹּ֥ל עַל־צַוָּארָ֖ו וַׄיִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄהׄוּׄ וַיִּבְכּֽוּ׃
(1) Looking up, Jacob saw Esau coming, with a retinue of four hundred. He divided the children among Leah, Rachel, and the two maids, (2) putting the maids and their children first, Leah and her children next, and Rachel and Joseph last. (3) He himself went on ahead and bowed low to the ground seven times until he was near his brother. (4) Esau ran to greet him. He embraced him and, falling on his neck, he kissed him; and they wept.
וישקהו נקוד.
וישקהו, “he kissed him;” this word has dots above the letters.
(Genesis 33:1-3 provides context for and the actions leading to Genesis 33:4, which contains a word with niqudot (dots) above.)
Commentary on וַׄיִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄהׄוּׄ in Genesis 33:4
וישקהו. נָקוּד עָלָיו; וְיֵשׁ חוֹלְקִין בַּדָּבָר הַזֶּה בַּבָּרַיְתָא דְּסִפְרֵי, יֵשׁ שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ נְקֻדָּה זוֹ שֶׁלֹּא נְשָׁקוֹ בְּכָל לִבּוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַאי, הֲלָכָה הִיא בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁעֵשָׂו שׂוֹנֵא לְיַעֲקֹב, אֶלָּא שֶׁנִּכְמְרוּ רַחֲמָיו בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה וּנְשָׁקוֹ בְּכָל לִבּוֹ (ספרי במדבר):
וישקהו AND HE KISSED HIM — Dots are placed above the letters of this word, and a difference of opinion is expressed in the Baraitha of Sifré (בהעלותך) as to what these dots are intended to suggest: some explain the dotting as meaning that he did not kiss him with his whole heart, whereas R Simeon the son of Johai said: Is it not well-known that Esau hated Jacob? But at that moment his pity was really aroused and he kissed him with his whole heart. (Sifrei Bamidbar 69.2)
וישקהו נקוד עליו, וידוע כי כל תיבה שהיא נקודה בכל הכתובים הענין להתעוררות דבר, וכאן למדך שנשיקה זו לא היתה בכל לבו רק נשיקת אף, כענין שכתוב (משלי כ״ז:ו׳) ונעתרות נשיקות שונא. ובא הנביא ע"ה ופירש (עמוס א׳:י״א) ויטרוף לעד אפו ועברתו שמרה נצח.
וישקהו, “and he kissed him.” The word is written with dots on top of the letters. We know that whenever the sages of the massorah have seen fit to place these dots on top of a word or a letter they did so in order to attract our attention. Here the reason they placed these dots was to let us know that this kiss was not whole-hearted. It was a kiss which originated in anger. We find a similarly motivated kiss in Proverbs 27,6 ונעתרות נשיקות שונא, “the kisses of an enemy are profuse.” Amos 1,11 explains the matter when he writes: ויטרוף לעד אפו ועברתו שמרה נצח, “because his anger raged unavailing, and his fury stormed forever. “
וישקהו, נקוד עליו, בב"ר (שם) אמר ר"ש בן אלעזר בכל מקום שאתה מוצא כתב רבה על הנקודה אתה דורש את הכתב, נקודה רבה על הכתב אתה דורש את הנקודה. כאן לא הכתב רבה ולא הנקודה רבה, מלמד שנשקו בכל לבו. א"ר ינאי א"כ למה נקד עליו, אלא מלמד שלא בקש לנשקו אלא לנשכו ונעשה צוארו של יעקב של שיש ושניו של עשו של שעוה, זה בכה על צוארו וזה בכה על שניו:
וישקהו, the word has a dot on each of the letters. In Bereshit Rabbah 78,9 Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says that everywhere where you find the dots do not cover each letter of the word underneath we give preference to the meaning of the text as is, without the dots. When there are more dots than letters, we give emphasis in our interpretation to the dots. In this instance, there are as many dots as there are letters in the word וישקהו, so that we understand that Esau kissed Esau sincerely with all his heart. To this Rabbi Yannai countered by asking that if this is indeed so, why bother to put any dots on the word if they do not affect the meaning? We therefore must interpret that originally Esau had intended to bite Yaakov’s neck feigning an embrace. G’d made his teeth as soft as wax and Yaakov’s neck as hard as ivory. ויבכו, one on account of his neck, the other on account of his teeth.
יש שדרשו נקודה זו לומר שלא נשקו בכל לבו. ר"ל מלת וישקהו נקוד לבד השי"ן שבו אינה נקודה והוי כאילו כתיב ויק"הו לשון הקהה את שיניו (הגדה של פסח) שהיה בדעתו לנשכו:
There are those who explained these dots as saying that he did not kiss him wholeheartedly. Meaning: וישקהו has dots on all letters except the ש. Thus it is as if it is written ויקהו, as in הקהה את שיניו (blunt his teeth — Pesach Haggadah). This is because he intended to bite him.
וישקהו: אומר ראז' (ואחרים לפניו) כי הנקודות שעל המלה הזאת, להורות שבקצת ספרים לא היתה כתובה, ושכן Origenes לא מצא אותה בספריו. ואמת הוא כי על הרוב אין נפילה על הצואר בין האוהבים אלא לנשק, וא"כ היה אפשר שיאמר הכתוב ויפל על צואריו ויבכו בלא מלת וישקהו, והיתה הנשיקה מובנת מאליה, כמו ביוסף עם יעקב (למטה מ"ו כ"ט) ויפל על צואריו ויבך על צואריו עוד. שנשק אותו אעפ"י שלא נכתב. ואפשר ג"כ כי בחוזק ההתפעלות ישאר האוהב על צוארי האוהבו משתאה ומשתומם, ולא ישקהו, ויתכן שכן היה הענין ביוסף עם יעקב, אבל יעקב ועשו אין ספק כי לא היתה ביניהם חבה יתרה, ולא היה שם חוזק התפעלות שיגרום לאחד מהם שישאר משתאה ומשתומם.
The truth is that most of the time, "falling one another's neck" only is mentioned when there is a kiss, and therefore the text could have mentioned this, along with the weeping, without explicitly mentioning that they kissed; the kiss would have been understood implicitly like Ya'akov and Yosef in Gen. 46:29 ("And Yosef...went up to meet his father...and fell on his neck and wept on his neck a good while"). In the latter case, Yosef clearly kissed him without it having to be mentioned in the text. It's also possible that in a state of great emotional excitement one would be too wonderstruck and stunned to kiss the other person; perhaps this was the case with Yosef and Ya'akov. However, regarding Ya'akov and Esav there's no doubt that there was no great affection between them, certainly not the type of excitement that would lead to being wonderstruck and stunned.
These commentaries generally agree that the dots above וַׄיִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄהׄוּׄ ("and he kissed him") are significant and require attention, but contain divergent opinions about whether Esau was sincere in his kissing of Jacob.
Looking Both Ways at וַׄיִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄהׄוּׄ
(א) וַיִּשָּׂ֨א יַעֲקֹ֜ב עֵינָ֗יו וַיַּרְא֙ וְהִנֵּ֣ה עֵשָׂ֣ו בָּ֔א וְעִמּ֕וֹ אַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת אִ֑ישׁ וַיַּ֣חַץ אֶת־הַיְלָדִ֗ים עַל־לֵאָה֙ וְעַל־רָחֵ֔ל וְעַ֖ל שְׁתֵּ֥י הַשְּׁפָחֽוֹת׃ (ב) וַיָּ֧שֶׂם אֶת־הַשְּׁפָח֛וֹת וְאֶת־יַלְדֵיהֶ֖ן רִֽאשֹׁנָ֑ה וְאֶת־לֵאָ֤ה וִֽילָדֶ֙יהָ֙ אַחֲרֹנִ֔ים וְאֶת־רָחֵ֥ל וְאֶת־יוֹסֵ֖ף אַחֲרֹנִֽים׃ (ג) וְה֖וּא עָבַ֣ר לִפְנֵיהֶ֑ם וַיִּשְׁתַּ֤חוּ אַ֙רְצָה֙ שֶׁ֣בַע פְּעָמִ֔ים עַד־גִּשְׁתּ֖וֹ עַד־אָחִֽיו׃ (ד) וַיָּ֨רׇץ עֵשָׂ֤ו לִקְרָאתוֹ֙ וַֽיְחַבְּקֵ֔הוּ וַיִּפֹּ֥ל עַל־צַוָּארָ֖ו וַׄיִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄהׄוּׄ וַיִּבְכּֽוּ׃
(1) Looking up, Jacob saw Esau coming, with a retinue of four hundred. He divided the children among Leah, Rachel, and the two maids, (2) putting the maids and their children first, Leah and her children next, and Rachel and Joseph last. (3) He himself went on ahead and bowed low to the ground seven times until he was near his brother. (4) Esau ran to greet him. He embraced him and, falling on his neck, he kissed him; and they wept.
It is interesting to note the sequence of action in Genesis 33:1-4: Jacob, Esau, and both. In Genesis 33:1-3, Jacob is the subject of these sentences, as he takes various actions. Genesis 33:4 starts with Esau taking action (e.g., "ran" and "embraced") and ends with Jacob and Esau taking action together (i.e., "they wept").
In the text, וַׄיִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄהׄוּׄ appears between וַיִּפֹּ֥ל עַל־צַוָּארָ֖ו ("[Esau fell] on [Jacob's] neck") and וַיִּבְכּֽוּ ("they wept"). It is possible that the dots on וַׄיִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄהׄוּׄ denote the ambiguity of its meaning "he kissed him". Who kisses whom? Could the kissing have been mutual before they wept (together)?: Esau kisses Jacob while Jacob kisses Esau.
Much like the meaning of וַׄיִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄהׄוּׄ being read both ways, the dots on וַׄיִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄהׄוּׄ may be asking us to look both ways at וישקהו. Reversing וישקהו yields והקשיו. The result is also a word.
As used by Abarbanel, Gabbai, and Wessely, והקשיו appears to mean "and his hardships" or "and his difficulties". From earlier text, "his hardships" could refer to either Jacob or Esau. Perhaps this is meant to show that pain (from personal hardships) was reversed or alleviated by the kissing as an act of reconciliation. Later, Jacob and Esau bury their father, Isaac.
Another way to look at והקשיו involves Jacob's wife Rachel. Later in Genesis 35:17 (see below), when Rachel is soon to give birth to her second child, the text offers the word בְהַקְשֹׁתָהּ in describing her hard labor. These plural words have third-person singular male and female possessive endings, respectively, and appear to have the same root (הקש) with parallel meanings related to "hardship" or "difficulty". Perhaps then, והקשיו refers to Jacob specifically and his hardships or difficulties concerning Rachel. Immediately following, does Genesis 35:18 (see below) reflect this idea in stating that Rachel and Jacob do not agree on the name for their second son? This disagreement is interesting because, as Ramban noted (see below near the end), Jacob has accepted the names of his other children from their mother.
[Note: The number of p'sukim between וַׄיִּׄשָּׁׄקֵ֑ׄהׄוּׄ and בְהַקְשֹׁתָהּ is only one less (63) than the number of p'sukim (64) between לָ֤ׄנׄוּׄ וּׄלְׄבָׄנֵ֙ׄיׄנׄוּ֙ׄ עַׄד־עוֹלָ֔ם and וַיְנַבֵּל (the occurrence of the most sequential dots over text in the Torah; see "Concealing Overt Acts: Looking the Other Way".) In contrast, between these two occurrences, the number of words is very different between the dotted text and subsequent explanatory word.]
(יז) וַיְהִ֥י בְהַקְשֹׁתָ֖הּ בְּלִדְתָּ֑הּ וַתֹּ֨אמֶר לָ֤הּ הַמְיַלֶּ֙דֶת֙ אַל־תִּ֣ירְאִ֔י כִּֽי־גַם־זֶ֥ה לָ֖ךְ בֵּֽן׃ (יח) וַיְהִ֞י בְּצֵ֤את נַפְשָׁהּ֙ כִּ֣י מֵ֔תָה וַתִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ בֶּן־אוֹנִ֑י וְאָבִ֖יו קָֽרָא־ל֥וֹ בִנְיָמִֽין׃
(17) When her labor was at its hardest, the midwife said to her, “Have no fear, for it is another boy for you.” (18) But as she breathed her last—for she was dying—she named him Ben-oni; but his father called him Benjamin.
בן אוני בן צערי בנימין נראה בעיני לפי שהוא לבדו נולד בארץ כנען שהוא בנגב כשאדם בא מארם נהרים כמו שאמר בנגב בארץ כנען (במדבר לג מ) הלוך ונסוע הנגבה (בראשית י״ב:ט׳) בנימין בן ימין לשון צפון וימין אתה בראתם (תהלים פט יג) ולפיכך הוא מלא לשון רש"י (רש"י על בראשית ל״ה:י״ח) ולא הבינותי זה שתהא ארץ ישראל דרומית לארם נהרים שהרי ארם מזרחית לארץ ישראל כדכתיב (בראשית כ״ט:א׳) וילך ארצה בני קדם וכתיב (במדבר כג ז) מן ארם ינחני בלק מלך מואב מהררי קדם ויעקב עבר הירדן שהוא למזרחה של ארץ ישראל והיה חוזר דרך אדום שהוא בדרום ארץ ישראל נמצא ארם מזרחית דרומית לארץ ישראל וארץ ישראל לצפונה אבל אם נולד בתחום בית לחם אפרתה שהוא בארץ יהודה כדכתיב (שופטים יט ב) בית לחם יהודה וכתיב (מיכה ה א) ואתה בית לחם אפרתה צעיר להיות באלפי יהודה הנה הוא בדרומה של ארץ ישראל והנה בין בית אל ובין בית לחם אפרת נולד ואם המקום בהר אפרים הרי הוא בצפונה של ארץ ישראל כדכתיב (יהושע יח ה) יהודה יעמוד על גבולו מנגב ובית יוסף יעמדו על גבולם מצפון ואם בחלקו של בנימין גם כן אינה בדרום דכתיב ויהי להם גבול לפאת צפונה ומכל מקום אין טעם לקרותו בן דרום והנכון בעיני כי אמו קראתו בן אוני ורצתה לומר בן אבלי מלחם אונים (הושע ט ד) לא אכלתי באוני (דברים כו יד) ואביו עשה מן אוני כחי מלשון ראשית אוני (בראשית מ״ט:ג׳) ולאין אונים (ישעיהו מ כט) ולכן קרא אותו בנימין בן הכח או בן החוזק כי הימין בו הגבורה וההצלחה כענין שכתוב (קהלת י ב) לב חכם לימינו ימינך תמצא לכל שונאיך (תהלים כא ט) ימין ה' רוממה (שם קיח טז) רצה להיות קורא אותו בשם שקראתו אמו כי כן כל בניו בשם שקראו אותם אמותם יקראו והנה תרגם אותו לטובה ולגבורה וראיתי בבראשית רבה (בראשית רבה פ״ב:ט׳) בן אוני בן צערי ואביו קרא לו בנימין בלשון הקדש ולא ידעתי מהו כי הכל לשון הקדש וכן שם כל בניו לשון קדש הוא אבל רמזו למה שאמרתי שתרגם הלשון לטובה:
‘BEN ONI’ (THE SON OF MY SORROW). I am of the opinion that he was so called because he alone was born in the land of Canaan which lies to the south (yamin) as one comes from Aram-naharaim, just as it is said: In the south, in the land of Canaan; Going on still toward the south. Binyamin thus means a son of the south, just as in the verse: The north ‘v’yamin’ (and the south) Thou hast created them. For this reason the name Binyamin is here written “full” [with a yud after the mem to indicate that the name is derived from the word yamin (south)]. This is Rashi’s language.But I do not understand this claim that the Land of Israel lies to the south of Aram-naharaim for Aram is eastward of the Land of Israel, as it is written, And he came to the land of the children of the east, and it is further written, From Aram Balak bringeth me, the king of Moab from the mountains of the East, and Jacob crossed the Jordan which is to the east of the Land of Israel, and he returned by way of Edom which is south of the Land of Israel. Thus you find that Aram is south-east of the Land of Israel, and the Land of Israel is to its north. However, if Benjamin was born within the border of Bethlehem Ephrathah which is in the land of Judah — as it is written, Bethlehem in Judah, and it is further written, But thou, Bethlehem Ephratha, which art little to be among the thousands of Judah — this was in the south of the Land of Israel, and he was thus born between Beth-el and Bethlehem Ephrath. And if the place was in the hill country of Ephraim, then it is in the north of the Land of Israel, as it is written, Judah shall abide in his border on the south, and the house of Joseph shall abide in their border on the north. And if it was in the portion of Benjamin, it was also not in the south, for it is written, And their border was on the north side. Thus in any case there was no reason to call Benjamin “a son of the south.”The correct interpretation appears to me to be that his mother called him ben oni, and she meant to say, “the son of my mourning, similar in expression to: bread of ‘onim’ (mourners); I have not eaten thereof ‘b’oni’ (in my mourning). And his father understood the word oni in the sense of “my strength,” similar in expression to: the first-fruits of ‘oni’ (my strength); And to those who have no ‘onim’ (power). And therefore he called him Binyamin, “the son of power” or “the son of strength,” for in the right hand (yamin) there is strength and success, just as it is written: A wise man’s understanding is at his right hand; Thy right hand shall overtake all those that hate thee; The right hand of the Eternal is exalted. Jacob wanted to call him by the name his mother had called him, for all his children were called by the names their mothers had called them, and he thus rendered it to good and to strength.Now I have seen in Bereshith Rabbah: “Ben oni, ‘the son of my sorrow.’ And his father called him Benjamin, i.e., in the Sacred Language.” I do not know what this means for it is all the Sacred Language, and so are the names of all his sons in the Sacred Language. However, the Rabbis have alluded to that which I have said, namely, that Jacob rendered the expression so that it signified good.