Now Moses, tending the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian, drove the flock into the wilderness, and came to Horeb, the mountain of God. A messenger of the Eternal appeared to him in a blazing fire out of a bush. He gazed, and there was a bush all aflame, yet the bush was not consumed. Moses said, “I must turn aside to look at this marvelous sight; why doesn’t the bush burn up?”
בְּלַבַּת אֵשׁ, לְלַבְּבוֹ כְּשֶׁיָּבוֹא לְסִינַי וְיִרְאֶה אוֹתָן אִשּׁוֹת וְלֹא יִירָא מֵהֶם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בְּלַבַּת אֵשׁ, מִשְּׁנֵי חֲלָקָיו שֶׁל סְנֶה וּלְמַעְלָה, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַלֵּב נָתוּן מִשְּׁנֵי חֲלָקָיו שֶׁל אָדָם וּלְמַעְלָה. מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה, שָׁאַל גּוֹי אֶחָד אֶת רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה, מָה רָאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְדַבֵּר עִם משֶׁה מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה. אָמַר לוֹ אִלּוּ מִתּוֹךְ חָרוּב אוֹ מִתּוֹךְ שִׁקְמָה כָּךְ הָיִיתָ שׁוֹאֲלֵנִי, אֶלָּא לְהוֹצִיאֲךָ חָלָק אִי אֶפְשָׁר, לָמָּה מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה, לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁאֵין מָקוֹם פָּנוּי בְּלֹא שְׁכִינָה אֲפִלּוּ סְנֶה. בְּלַבַּת אֵשׁ, בַּתְּחִלָּה לֹא יָרַד אֶלָּא מַלְאָךְ אֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה מְמֻצָּע וְעוֹמֵד בְּאֶמְצַע הָאֵשׁ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ יָרְדָה שְׁכִינָה וְדִבְּרָה עִמּוֹ מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, מָה הַסְּנֶה שָׁפָל מִכָּל הָאִילָנוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם, כָּךְ הָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל שְׁפָלִים וִיְרוּדִים לְמִצְרַיִם, לְפִיכָךְ נִגְלָה עֲלֵיהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ, בָּרוּךְ הוּא וּגְאָלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ג, ח): וָאֵרֵד לְהַצִּילוֹ מִיַּד מִצְרַיִם. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַסְּנֶה קָשֶׁה מִכָּל הָאִילָנוֹת, וְכָל עוֹף שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְתוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה אֵין יוֹצֵא בְּשָׁלוֹם, כָּךְ הָיָה שִׁעְבּוּד מִצְרַיִם קָשֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם מִכָּל הַשִּׁעְבּוּדִים שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם...
וְלָמָּה הֶרְאָה לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה בָּעִנְיָן הַזֶּה, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה מְחַשֵּׁב בְּלִבּוֹ וְאוֹמֵר, שֶׁמָּא יִהְיוּ הַמִּצְרִיִּים מְכַלִּין אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְפִיכָךְ הֶרְאָהוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵשׁ בּוֹעֶרֶת וְאֵינֶנּוּ אֻכָּל, אָמַר לוֹ כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַסְּנֶה בּוֹעֵר בָּאֵשׁ וְאֵינֶנּוּ אֻכָּל, כָּךְ הַמִּצְרִיִּים אֵינָן יְכוֹלִין לְכַלּוֹת אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל.
"In a flame of fire..." to embolden him, so that when he would come to Sinai and saw the fires he should not be afraid of them. Another explanation of "In a flame [labat] of fire" - from the upper half of the bush, jut as the heart ([leb] is in the upper half of a man. "From within the bush."
A Gentile once asked R. Joshua b. Karhah: Why did the Blessed Holy One see fit to speak to Moses from within a thorn-bush? [R. Joshua retorted]: If it had been a carob tree or a sycamore tree, you would have asked the same question. However to send you away you without any answer is not possible, [so] why from within a thorn-bush? To teach you that there is no empty place devoid of the Shechinah, not even a [lowly] thorn-bush.
"In a flame of fire." At first only one angel descended and stood in the center of the fire as an intermediary. Only afterwards did the Shechinah descend and spoke with him from within the thorn-bush.
Rabbi Eliezer said: Just as the thorn-bush is the lowliest of all trees in the world, so too Israel were lowly and downtrodden in Egypt. Therefore the Blessed Holy One revealed Godself to them and redeemed them, as it says (Exodus 3:8) "And I will go down and save them from the Egypt." Rabbi Yossi said: Just as the thorn-bush is the hardest of all the trees, and any bird that enters into it does not come out unharmed, so too the servitude in Egypt was harsher to God more than any other servitude in the world...
And why did the Blessed Holy One reveal Godself to Moses in this way? Because he [Moses] thought in his heart, saying, Maybe the Egyptians will destroy Israel. Therefore the Blessed Holy One revealed Godself in a thorn-bush that was burning but not consumed. God said to him, just as the thorn-bush is burning but is not consumed, so too the Egyptians will not be able to destroy Israel.
On the third day, as morning dawned, there was thunder, and lightning, and a dense cloud upon the mountain, and a very loud blast of the horn; and all the people who were in the camp trembled. Moses led the people out of the camp toward God, and they took their places at the foot of the mountain. Now Mount Sinai was all in smoke, for the Eternal had come down upon it in fire; the smoke rose like the smoke of a kiln, and the whole mountain trembled violently. The blare of the horn grew louder and louder. As Moses spoke, God answered him in thunder. The Eternal came down upon Mount Sinai, on the top of the mountain, and the Eternal called Moses to the top of the mountain and Moses went up.
What is written prior to this verse? Now Mount Sinai was altogether on smoke (Exod. 19:18). Altogether is stated, for otherwise one might believe that only the place where the Glory rested is meant here. Scripture says: Because the Lord descended upon it in fire (ibid.). This informs us that the entire Torah was of fire. It emanated from fire and it is compared to fire. As in the case of fire, if a person draws close to it they are warmed, and if they withdraw from it they become cold. Thus a person can warm himself at the fires of the wise.
בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים נִתְּנָה הַתּוֹרָה, בָּאֵשׁ וּבַמַּיִם וּבַמִּדְבָּר. בָּאֵשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהַר סִינַי עָשַׁן כֻּלּוֹ מִפְּנֵי אֲשֶׁר יָרַד עָלָיו ה' בָּאֵשׁ וַיַּעַל עֲשָׁנוֹ כְּעֶשֶׁן הַכִּבְשָׁן וְיֶחְרַד כָּל הָהָר מְאֹד (שמות יט, יח). בַּמַּיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ה' בְּצֵאתְךָ מִשֵּׂעִיר בְּצַעְדְּךָ וְגוֹ' (שופטים ה, ד). בַּמִּדְבָּר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי לֵאמֹר. וְלָמָּה נִתְּנָה בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ. לוֹמַר לְךָ, מַה דְּבָרִים הַלָּלוּ חִנָּם לְכָל בָּאֵי עוֹלָם, אַף הַתּוֹרָה חִנָּם לְכָל בָּאֵי עוֹלָם.
“The Torah was given through three things: through fire, through water, and through the desert. Through fire, as stated (in Exod. 19:18), ‘Now all of Mount Sinai was emitting smoke because the Eternal had descended upon it in fire, and the smoke from it arose like smoke from a furnace, and the whole mountain trembled greatly.’ Through water, as stated (in Jud. 5:4), ‘Eternal, when You went forth from Seir, when You marched [from the field of Edom, the earth trembled, even the heavens dripped, even the clouds dropped water].’ Through (i.e., in) the desert, as stated (in Numb. 1:1), ‘Then the Eternal spoke unto Moses in the Sinai desert.’” And why was it given through these three things? It is that, just as these are free for all who come into the world, so too are the words of the Torah free for all who come to the world.
"God said to Abram, 'Go forth from your land…'" (Genesis 12:1) Rabbi Yitzchak opened: "Listen, daughter, look, and incline your ear, and forget your people and your father's house." (Psalms 45:11) Rabbi Yitzchak said: this may be compared to a person who was traveling from place to place when they saw a castle aglow. They said, "Is it possible that this castle lacks a person to look after it?" The owner of the building looked at them and said, 'I am the master of the castle.'" What happened with Abraham our father was similar. He said, “Is it possible that this universe lacks a person to look after it?," the Holy Blessed One looked at him and said to him, 'I am the Master of the Universe...'" Hence, God said to Abram, [go forth...].