Introduction: Why do we read Jonah on Yom Kippur?
...ומפטיר ביונה לפי שיש בה גודל כח התשובה:
...[The reason we read] maftir Yonah is because it has in it the measure of the power of teshuva.
(א) וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהֹוָ֔ה אֶל־יוֹנָ֥ה בֶן־אֲמִתַּ֖י לֵאמֹֽר׃ (ב) ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָעִ֥יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֖ה וּקְרָ֣א עָלֶ֑יהָ כִּֽי־עָלְתָ֥ה רָעָתָ֖ם לְפָנָֽי׃ (ג) וַיָּ֤קׇם יוֹנָה֙ לִבְרֹ֣חַ תַּרְשִׁ֔ישָׁה מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהֹוָ֑ה וַיֵּ֨רֶד יָפ֜וֹ וַיִּמְצָ֥א אֳנִיָּ֣ה ׀ בָּאָ֣ה תַרְשִׁ֗ישׁ וַיִּתֵּ֨ן שְׂכָרָ֜הּ וַיֵּ֤רֶד בָּהּ֙ לָב֤וֹא עִמָּהֶם֙ תַּרְשִׁ֔ישָׁה מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהֹוָֽה׃ (ד) וַֽיהֹוָ֗ה הֵטִ֤יל רֽוּחַ־גְּדוֹלָה֙ אֶל־הַיָּ֔ם וַיְהִ֥י סַֽעַר־גָּד֖וֹל בַּיָּ֑ם וְהָ֣אֳנִיָּ֔ה חִשְּׁבָ֖ה לְהִשָּׁבֵֽר׃ (ה) וַיִּֽירְא֣וּ הַמַּלָּחִ֗ים וַֽיִּזְעֲקוּ֮ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־אֱלֹהָיו֒ וַיָּטִ֨לוּ אֶת־הַכֵּלִ֜ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּֽאֳנִיָּה֙ אֶל־הַיָּ֔ם לְהָקֵ֖ל מֵֽעֲלֵיהֶ֑ם וְיוֹנָ֗ה יָרַד֙ אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה וַיִּשְׁכַּ֖ב וַיֵּרָדַֽם׃ (ו) וַיִּקְרַ֤ב אֵלָיו֙ רַ֣ב הַחֹבֵ֔ל וַיֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹ מַה־לְּךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם ק֚וּם קְרָ֣א אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ אוּלַ֞י יִתְעַשֵּׁ֧ת הָאֱלֹהִ֛ים לָ֖נוּ וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד׃ (ז) וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ לְכוּ֙ וְנַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת וְנֵ֣דְעָ֔ה בְּשֶׁלְּמִ֛י הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ וַיַּפִּ֙לוּ֙ גּֽוֹרָל֔וֹת וַיִּפֹּ֥ל הַגּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה׃ (ח) וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔יו הַגִּידָה־נָּ֣א לָ֔נוּ בַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר לְמִי־הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ מַה־מְּלַאכְתְּךָ֙ וּמֵאַ֣יִן תָּב֔וֹא מָ֣ה אַרְצֶ֔ךָ וְאֵֽי־מִזֶּ֥ה עַ֖ם אָֽתָּה׃ (ט) וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֲלֵיהֶ֖ם עִבְרִ֣י אָנֹ֑כִי וְאֶת־יְהֹוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י הַשָּׁמַ֙יִם֙ אֲנִ֣י יָרֵ֔א אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֥ה אֶת־הַיָּ֖ם וְאֶת־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה׃ (י) וַיִּֽירְא֤וּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ יִרְאָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה וַיֹּאמְר֥וּ אֵלָ֖יו מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ כִּֽי־יָדְע֣וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים כִּֽי־מִלִּפְנֵ֤י יְהֹוָה֙ ה֣וּא בֹרֵ֔חַ כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם׃ (יא) וַיֹּאמְר֤וּ אֵלָיו֙ מַה־נַּ֣עֲשֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ וְיִשְׁתֹּ֥ק הַיָּ֖ם מֵֽעָלֵ֑ינוּ כִּ֥י הַיָּ֖ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵֽר׃ (יב) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֲלֵיהֶ֗ם שָׂא֙וּנִי֙ וַהֲטִילֻ֣נִי אֶל־הַיָּ֔ם וְיִשְׁתֹּ֥ק הַיָּ֖ם מֵֽעֲלֵיכֶ֑ם כִּ֚י יוֹדֵ֣עַ אָ֔נִי כִּ֣י בְשֶׁלִּ֔י הַסַּ֧עַר הַגָּד֛וֹל הַזֶּ֖ה עֲלֵיכֶֽם׃ (יג) וַיַּחְתְּר֣וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים לְהָשִׁ֛יב אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָׁ֖ה וְלֹ֣א יָכֹ֑לוּ כִּ֣י הַיָּ֔ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵ֖ר עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃ (יד) וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ אֶל־יְהֹוָ֜ה וַיֹּאמְר֗וּ אָנָּ֤ה יְהֹוָה֙ אַל־נָ֣א נֹאבְדָ֗ה בְּנֶ֙פֶשׁ֙ הָאִ֣ישׁ הַזֶּ֔ה וְאַל־תִּתֵּ֥ן עָלֵ֖ינוּ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑יא כִּֽי־אַתָּ֣ה יְהֹוָ֔ה כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר חָפַ֖צְתָּ עָשִֽׂיתָ׃ (טו) וַיִּשְׂאוּ֙ אֶת־יוֹנָ֔ה וַיְטִלֻ֖הוּ אֶל־הַיָּ֑ם וַיַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַיָּ֖ם מִזַּעְפּֽוֹ׃ (טז) וַיִּֽירְא֧וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים יִרְאָ֥ה גְדוֹלָ֖ה אֶת־יְהֹוָ֑ה וַיִּֽזְבְּחוּ־זֶ֙בַח֙ לַֽיהֹוָ֔ה וַֽיִּדְּר֖וּ נְדָרִֽים׃
(יא) וַיֹּ֥אמֶר יְהֹוָ֖ה לַדָּ֑ג וַיָּקֵ֥א אֶת־יוֹנָ֖ה אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה׃ {ס}
In my trouble I called to the LORD,
And He answered me;
From the belly of Sheol I cried out,
And You heard my voice. (4) You cast me into the depths,
Into the heart of the sea,
The floods engulfed me;
All Your breakers and billows
Swept over me. (5) I thought I was driven away
Out of Your sight:
Would I ever gaze again
Upon Your holy Temple? (6) The waters closed in over me,
The deep engulfed me.
Weeds twined around my head. (7) I sank to the base of the mountains;
The bars of the earth closed upon me forever.
Yet You brought my life up from the pit,
O LORD my God! (8) When my life was ebbing away,
I called the LORD to mind;
And my prayer came before You,
Into Your holy Temple. (9) They who cling to empty folly
Forsake their own welfare, (10) But I, with loud thanksgiving,
Will sacrifice to You;
What I have vowed I will perform.
Deliverance is the LORD’s!
(11) The LORD commanded the fish, and it spewed Jonah out upon dry land.
Nineveh was an enormously large city-a a three days’ walk across. (4) Jonah started out and made his way into the city the distance of one day’s walk, and proclaimed: “Forty days more, and Nineveh shall be overthrown!” (5) The people of Nineveh believed God. They proclaimed a fast, and great and small alike put on sackcloth. (6) When the news reached the king of Nineveh, he rose from his throne, took off his robe, put on sackcloth, and sat in ashes. (7) And he had the word cried through Nineveh: “By decree of the king and his nobles: No man or beast—of flock or herd—shall taste anything! They shall not graze, and they shall not drink water! (8) They shall be covered with sackcloth—man and beast—and shall cry mightily to God. Let everyone turn back from his evil ways and from the injustice of which he is guilty. (9) Who knows but that God may turn and relent? He may turn back from His wrath, so that we do not perish.” (10) God saw what they did, how they were turning back from their evil ways. And God renounced the punishment He had planned to bring upon them, and did not carry it out.
(ד) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהֹוָ֔ה הַהֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽךְ׃ (ה) וַיֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־הָעִ֔יר וַיֵּ֖שֶׁב מִקֶּ֣דֶם לָעִ֑יר וַיַּ֩עַשׂ֩ ל֨וֹ שָׁ֜ם סֻכָּ֗ה וַיֵּ֤שֶׁב תַּחְתֶּ֙יהָ֙ בַּצֵּ֔ל עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִרְאֶ֔ה מַה־יִּהְיֶ֖ה בָּעִֽיר׃ (ו) וַיְמַ֣ן יְהֹוָֽה־אֱ֠לֹהִ֠ים קִיקָי֞וֹן וַיַּ֣עַל ׀ מֵעַ֣ל לְיוֹנָ֗ה לִֽהְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־רֹאשׁ֔וֹ לְהַצִּ֥יל ל֖וֹ מֵרָֽעָת֑וֹ וַיִּשְׂמַ֥ח יוֹנָ֛ה עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֖וֹן שִׂמְחָ֥ה גְדוֹלָֽה׃ (ז) וַיְמַ֤ן הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ תּוֹלַ֔עַת בַּעֲל֥וֹת הַשַּׁ֖חַר לַֽמׇּחֳרָ֑ת וַתַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הַקִּֽיקָי֖וֹן וַיִּיבָֽשׁ׃ (ח) וַיְהִ֣י ׀ כִּזְרֹ֣חַ הַשֶּׁ֗מֶשׁ וַיְמַ֨ן אֱלֹהִ֜ים ר֤וּחַ קָדִים֙ חֲרִישִׁ֔ית וַתַּ֥ךְ הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה וַיִּתְעַלָּ֑ף וַיִּשְׁאַ֤ל אֶת־נַפְשׁוֹ֙ לָמ֔וּת וַיֹּ֕אמֶר ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי׃ (ט) וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל־יוֹנָ֔ה הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן וַיֹּ֕אמֶר הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖י עַד־מָֽוֶת׃ (י) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהֹוָ֔ה אַתָּ֥ה חַ֙סְתָּ֙ עַל־הַקִּ֣יקָי֔וֹן אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹא־עָמַ֥לְתָּ בּ֖וֹ וְלֹ֣א גִדַּלְתּ֑וֹ שֶׁבִּן־לַ֥יְלָה הָיָ֖ה וּבִן־לַ֥יְלָה אָבָֽד׃ (יא) וַֽאֲנִי֙ לֹ֣א אָח֔וּס עַל־נִינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ מִֽשְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣וֹ לִשְׂמֹאל֔וֹ וּבְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה׃
(א) בחמישי ברח יונה מפני אלהים, ולמה ברח, אלא פעם ראשון שלחו להשיב את גבול ישראל ועמדו דבריו, שנאמר (מלכים ב יד, כה): "הוּא הֵשִׁיב אֶת גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִלְּבוֹא חֲמָת" וגו'. פעם שניה שלחו לירושלים להחריבה, כיון שעשו תשובה הקב"ה עשה כרוב חסדיו ונחם על הרעה ולא חרבה, והיו ישראל קוראין אותו נביא שקר. פעם ג' שלחו לנינוה, דן יונה דין בינו לבין עצמו, אמר: אני יודע שזה הגוי קרובי התשובה הם, עכשיו עושין תשובה והקב"ה שולח רוגזו על ישראל, ולא די שישראל קורין אותי נביא השקר אלא אף העכומ"ז. הריני בורח לי למקום שלא נאמר כבודו שם; אם על השמים נאמר שכבודו שם, שנאמר (תהלים קיג, ד): "עַל הַשָּׁמַיִם כְּבוֹדוֹ", על הארץ נאמר שכבודו שם, שנאמר (ישעיהו ו, ג): "מְלֹא כָל הָאָרֶץ כְּבוֹדוֹ", הריני בורח לי למקום שלא נאמר כבודו שם. ירד יונה ליפו ולא מצא שם אניה לירד בה, והאניה שירד בה יונה היתה רחוקה מיפו מהלך שני ימים לנסות את יונה. מה עשה הקב"ה, הביא עליה רוח סערה בים והחזירה ליפו, וראה יונה ושמח בלבו ואמר: עכשיו אני יודע שדרכי מיושרה לפני.
(a collection of aggadic-midrashic texts commenting on Biblical stories; c. 8th-9th century)
(1) THE HISTORY OF JONAH
ON the fifth day Jonah fled before his God. Why did he flee? Because on the first occasion when (God) sent him to restore the border of Israel, his words were fulfilled, as it is said, "And he restored the border of Israel from the entering in of Hamath" (2 Kings 14:25). On the second occasion (God) sent him to Jerusalem to (prophesy that He would) destroy it. But the Holy One, blessed be He, did according to the abundance of His tender mercy and repented of the evil (decree), and He did not destroy it; thereupon they called him a lying prophet. On the third occasion (God) sent him against Nineveh to destroy it. Jonah argued with himself, saying, I know that the nations are nigh to repentance, now they will repent and the Holy One, blessed be He, will direct His anger against Israel. And is it not enough for me that Israel should call me a lying prophet; but shall also the nations of the world (do likewise)? Therefore, behold, I will escape from His presence to a place where His glory is not declared. (If) I ascend above the heavens, it is said, "Above the heavens is his glory" (Ps. 113:4). (If) above the earth, (it is said), "The whole earth is full of his glory" (Isa. 6:8); behold, I will escape to the sea, to a place || where His glory is not proclaimed. Jonah went down to Joppa, but he did not find there a ship in which he could embark, for the ship in which Jonah might have embarked was two days' journey away from Joppa, in order to test Jonah. What did the Holy One, blessed be He, do? He sent against it a mighty tempest on the sea and brought it back to Joppa. Then Jonah saw and rejoiced in his heart, saying, Now I know that my ways will prosper before me.
One wonders how there arose in the heart of a wise man, who knew God and God’s deeds, the thought to flee from before God. For Jonah was in God’s hand and the world is filled with God’s glory. How could he rebel against the prophetic command, since it is [specifically] stated [earlier] that he is “the prophet”?
(translation by Rabbi Dr. Shmuly Yanklowitz)
(א) וירע אל יונה. אמר עכשיו יאמרו העכו"ם שאני נבי' השקר:
(Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchak; France, 1040-1105)
(1) Now it displeased Jonah—He said, “Now the nations will say that I am a false prophet.”
[The Book of Jonah] was written to be a moral lesson to Israel, for a foreign nation that is not part of Israel was ready to repent, and the first time a prophet rebuked them, they turned to a complete repentance from evil.
(translation by Rabbi Dr. Shmuly Yanklowitz)
(א) השאלות: לא מצאנו בשום מקום שישלח ה' נביא מבני ישראל בפרטות שילך אל מדינה מן האומות להחזיר אותם בתשובה, כי זה רק מיוחד לישראל שחלה בם השגחה האלהית כמ"ש חז"ל. ומקרא מפורש כי העמים אשר אתה יורש אותם אל מעוננים וכו' ישמעו, ואתה לא כן וכו' נביא וכו' ומה נשתנה ענין נינוה ששלח אליהם את יונה?, ומדוע לא שמע יונה בקול ה' והיה לו לרוץ בשמחה להשיב בני אדם מדרכם הרעה, ומה בכך שאינם מבני ישראל?, ואיך עבר יונה על דברי ה' לכבוש נבואתו ונביא הכובש נבואתו חייב מיתה?. מדוע אמר וקרא עליה ולא פירש לו מה יקרא, ובפעם השני אמר וקרא עליה את הקריאה אשר אנכי דבר אליך?:
(R' Meïr Leibush ben Yehiel Michel Wisser; present-day Ukraine, 1809-1879)
(1) The questions: we do not find in any text that God would send a prophet of Israel to go to another country to get them to repent. This is specific to Israel, to whom divine providence applies, as our sages said...How was Nineveh different, that God sent Jonah? And why did Jonah not heed God's voice? He should have sprinted joyfully to get human beings to repent from their evil way, and what matter is it that they were not of Israel? And how could Jonah transgress God's command by suppressing his prophecy? A prophet who does this is liable to the death penalty! And why did God say, "Proclaim" without saying what to proclaim, and only specifying the second time "Proclaim that which I shall tell you"?
שאלו לחכמה חוטא מהו עונשו אמרו להם חטאים תרדף רעה שאלו לנבואה חוטא מהו עונשו אמרה להן הנפש החוטאת היא תמות שאלו לקודשא בריך הוא חוטא מהו עונשו אמר להן יעשו תשובה ויתכפר לו.
It was asked of wisdom, "What happens to the sinner?" Wisdom answered, "Evil pursues the wicked!" It was asked of prophecy, "What happens to the sinner?" Prophecy answered, "The sinful soul shall perish!" It was asked of Hashem, "What happens to a sinner?" Hashem answers, "Do Teshuva and he will be forgiven!"
pg. 367: "...the message of [God's] anger includes a call to return and to be saved. The call of anger is a call to cancel anger...There is no divine anger for anger's sake. Its meaning is...instrumental: to bring about repentance; its purpose and consummation is its own disappearance..."
pg: 368: "God's change of mind displeased Jonah exceedingly. He had proclaimed the doom of Nineveh with a certainty, to the point of fixing the time, as an inexorable decree without qualification. But what transpired proved the word of God was neither firm nor reliable. To a prophet who stakes his life on the reliability and infallibility of the word of God, such realization leads to despair...The prophet was now alone, angry with man and displeased with God..."
"God's answer to Jonah, stressing the supremacy of compassion, upsets the possibility of looking for rational coherence of God's ways with the world. History would be more intelligible if God's word were the last word, final and unambiguous like a dogma or an unconditional decree. It would be easier if God's anger became effective automatically: once wickedness had reached its full measure, punishment would destroy it. Yet, beyond justice and anger lies the mystery of compassion."
Jonah seems spiritually numb to his responsibilities toward the innocent sailors on his ship. Rather than supporting them in their fight against the waves or, even better, returning to his mission and thereby saving their lives, he goes to sleep. The unnamed sailors on the boat fervently and loyally pray for salvation—first to their own gods (Jonah 1:5), and then to the God of Israel (Jonah 1:14). But Jonah, the prophet, does not pray. Rather, he descends to the bottom of the ship to sleep. Why did Jonah not pray from below the ship as well? Why did he simply go to sleep? Rabbi Steven Bob meditates on the maturing relationship between the sailors and God:
"Earlier, in verse 5, each sailor prayed to his own god. Here the sailors do not pray to their own gods; rather they pray to the one God of Israel, acknowledging the power of that God. They use the four-letter name of The Eternal in their prayer. They have come to understand that YHVH truly rules the universe."
Sickness, natural disasters, and other tragedies are inexplicable. Still, sometimes they inspire both courage and kindness in our fight to alleviate the suffering of others. Sadly, Jonah the Prophet is not an ideal model for an empathetic response to the suffering of others. However, maybe we can make an effort to see Jonah through empathic eyes. Sometimes sleep is a sign of depression. Many, indeed, are paralyzed by the horrors of the world to the point they cannot do much more than sleep. We must be sensitive to that. The rest of us, though, should remain awake, alert, and ready to serve. As Jews, we ought to do whatever we can to ease the suffering of others. I believe that this is what God wants us to do—while we might need to learn to live without answers to our ultimate questions. How could you ease the suffering of others?
In one of the most fantastic stories of the Bible, God charges Jonah, an unknown prophet, to travel to the corrupt city of Nineveh (near Mosul in modern-day Iraq). There he is to rebuke its inhabitants for their evil ways and inform them that in 40 days the entire city will be destroyed.
In an unusual move for a prophet, Jonah seeks to abdicate his responsibility and attempts to run away. He boards a ship and flees to Tarshish (a city near Gibraltar or alternatively, near Tunis) when a fierce gale erupts and threatens to capsize the ship. While everyone on board is frantic and praying, Jonah heads to the bowels of the boat to sleep, knowing it’s him that the storm is chasing.
Eventually Jonah reveals his identity, and that since he’s running from God, the tempest is threatening everyone onboard. He advises the others to throw him overboard in order to quell the heavenly rage. Reluctantly, they oblige and the sea is calm again. At this point, the story turns Disneyesque; a giant fish comes along and swallows the prophet for three days, during which he has a change of heart and repents.
The fish spits Jonah out, and he makes his way to Nineveh, where he convinces the king and its citizens to repent, so the city is saved. In the aftermath, Jonah becomes despondent and laments that he had avoided going on the mission because as God is ever forgiving, Jonah would wind up looking like a charlatan who forecasted doom when he knew it would likely not happen.
God responds that every human and creature is infinitely precious to him. How can any other consideration be more important? Just as we would want an infinite number of chances for forgiveness for ourselves, so we should wish the same for all of humanity.
The question is: Why was this story chosen to be read on the holiest day of the year, and at its most sublime time, just before the Neila prayer in the closing hours of Yom Kippur?
The mystics explain that the story of Jonah must also be understood as a profound allegory. It is the story of our journey through life, and our essential purpose and mission in the world, and this is the ultimate theme of Yom Kippur.
The name Jonah means dove. The Talmud teaches that the Jewish people are called doves (Song of Songs 5:2), for a dove is eternally faithful to its mate. Thus we are all Jonahs sent into this world on a mission to transform this Nineveh of a planet into a world of goodness and kindness. Yet most of us look for ways to evade that responsibility by hiding in our “boats,” symbolized by our bodies that carry us through life. We spend our lives running from our authentic self, becoming engulfed in all sorts of distractions so we don’t have to face the truth of who we are.
But one can’t run forever; we all encounter storms one day that wake us up. For some it can be a crisis of health or employment, for others the feeling that our fellow brothers and sisters around the world are increasingly at risk, and Israel’s security once again threatened. Indeed, the world is shaking all around us, challenging us to confront our Jewish identity and realize that ultimately there’s no running from God.
Yet there is one day a year that calls to us and says although you may have been running or hiding all year, it’s not too late to come home. No matter that you may have lapsed from living Jewishly or didn’t step into a shul all year, you are still a perfect white dove. Deep down, even when we are trying to flee from our historic calling, we know who we are.
Yom Kippur is the one day a year that tolerates no superficiality. We are given the opportunity to encounter our most quintessential self, where, like Jonah, we declare, “Ivri anochi,” I am a Jew.
Transformation is not something that happens once and for all time. The people turn three different times in [Deut. 30:1-10], and as it closes, they are promised a great blessing, but only if they continue to turn in the future. Transformation does not have a beginning, a middle, or an end. We never reach the end of Teshuvah. It is always going on. We are awake for a moment, and then we are asleep again. Teshuvah seems to proceed in a circular motion. Every step away is also a step toward home.