** Mishkan fulfills Divine need (see mainly 2nd part)
L’SHOCHNI B’THOCHAM’ — “on condition that I dwell in the midst of them.” This is Rashi’s language. But the usage of the letter lamed [l’shochni] for a condition of this kind is not found [elsewhere in Scripture]! It is possible that He is stating: “and they shall know ‘when’ I dwell among them that I am the Eternal their G-d that brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, for they will [then] know My Glory and believe that I brought them forth from the land of Egypt.” It is similar in usage to the verses: And David had great success ‘l’chol drachav’ [which is like b’chol drachav — “in all his ways”]; that thou hast chosen ‘l’ben Yishai’ [which means b’ben Yishai — “the son of Jesse”]; because ye rebelled against My word ‘l’mei Meribah’ [which means b’mei Meribah — “in (or ‘at’) the waters of Meribah”], and similar cases.
But Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra explained [the verse to mean that] the purpose of My bringing them forth from the land of Egypt was only that I might dwell in their midst, and that this was the fulfilment of [the promise to Moses], you shall serve G-d upon this mountain. He explained it well, and if it is so, there is in this matter a great secret. For in the plain sense of things it would appear that [the dwelling of] the Divine Glory in Israel was to fulfill a want below, but it is not so. It fulfilled a want above, being rather similar in thought to that which Scripture states, Israel, in whom I will be glorified. And Joshua said, [For when the Canaanites… hear of it… and cut off our name from the earth,] and what wilt Thou do for Thy Great Name? There are many verses which express this thought: He hath desired it [i.e., Zion] for His habitation; Here I dwell; for I have desired it. And it is further written, and I will remember the land.
(א) וְעָשׂוּ לִי מִקְדָּשׁ וְשָׁכַנְתִּי בְּתוֹכָם (שמות כה, כח). אֵימָתַי נֶאֶמְרָה לְמֹשֶׁה הַפָּרָשָׁה הַזּוֹ שֶׁל מִשְׁכָּן, בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים עַצְמוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁפָּרָשַׁת הַמִּשְׁכָּן קוֹדֶמֶת לְמַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי שַׁלּוּם: אֵין מֻקְדָּם וּמְאֻחָר בַּתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: נָעוּ מַעְגְּלֹתֶיהָ לֹא תֵדָע (משלי ה, ו), מְטֻלְטָלוֹת הֵן שְׁבִילֶיהָ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה וּפָרָשִׁיּוֹתֶיהָ. הֱוֵי, בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים נֶאֱמַר לְמֹשֶׁה וְעָשׂוּ לִי מִקְדָּשׁ.
(ב) מִנַּיִן? שֶׁכֵּן עָלָה מֹשֶׁה בְּשִׁשָּׁה בְּסִיוָן, וְעָשָׂה אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם וְאַרְבָּעִים לַיְלָה, וְעוֹד עָשָׂה אַרְבָּעִים, וְעוֹד עָשָׂה אַרְבָּעִים, הֲרֵי מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים. וְאַתָּה מוֹצֵא, שֶׁבְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים נִתְכַּפֵּר לָהֶם, וּבוֹ בַּיּוֹם אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְעָשׂוּ לִי מִקְדָּשׁ וְשָׁכַנְתִּי בְּתוֹכָם, כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּדְעוּ כָּל הָאֻמּוֹת שֶׁנִּתְכַּפֵּר לָהֶם עַל מַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל. וּלְכָךְ נִקְרָא מִשְׁכַּן הָעֵדוּת (שמות לח, כט), שֶׁהוּא עֵדוּת לְכָל בָּאֵי הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שׁוֹכֵן בְּמִקְדַּשְׁכֶם.
(ג) אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: יָבֹא זָהָב שֶׁבַּמִּשְׁכָּן וִיכַפֵּר עַל זָהָב שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה בּוֹ אֶת הָעֵגֶל, שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ: וַיִּתְפָּרְקוּ כָּל הָעָם אֶת נִזְמֵי הַזָּהָב וְגוֹ' (שמות לב, ג). וּלְכָךְ מִתְכַּפְּרִין בַּזָּהָב, וְזֹאת הַתְּרוּמָה אֲשֶׁר תִּקְחוּ מֵאִתָּם זָהָב. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: כִּי אַעֲלֶה אֲרֻכָה לָךְ וּמִמַּכּוֹתַיִךְ אֶרְפָּאֵךְ (ירמיה ל, יז).
** Order of parshiot
(1) And let them make Me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them (Exod. 25:8). On which day did He relate to Moses the portion relating to the Temple? It was on the Day of Atonement. That was so despite the fact that the Torah portion describing the Sanctuary precedes the incident of the golden calf. R. Judah the son of R. Shalum said: There is actually no such thing as preceding or following in the Torah, as is said: Lest she should walk the even path of life, her ways wander, but she knoweth it not (Prov. 5:6). This verse refers to the arrangement of the Torah and its sections. Hence, it was on the Day of Atonement that He told Moses: Make Me a Sanctuary.
(2) Whence do we know this to be so? Moses went up Mount Sinai on the sixth day of Sivan, and remained there for forty days and forty nights. He stayed there another forty days, and then a final forty days, totaling one hundred and twenty days in all. Thus you find that it must have been on the Day of Atonement that he told Moses about the Temple, for it was on that day that they were forgiven. And on that day the Holy One, blessed be He, told them: Make Me a Sanctuary, that I may dwell therein, so that the nations might know that He had forgiven them for the episode of the golden calf. It was called the Sanctuary of the Testimony, for it bore witness to the nations of the world that the Holy One, blessed be He, dwelt within their Sanctuary.
(3) The Holy One, blessed be He, declared: Let gold be placed within the Sanctuary to atone for the gold with which the golden calf was fashioned, as it is said: And all the people broke off the golden rings (Exod. 32:3). Thus they atoned with gold; And this is the offering which ye shall take of them: gold (ibid. 25:2). The Holy One, blessed be He, said: For I will restore health unto thee, and I will heal thee of thy wounds (Jer. 30:17).
(ג) דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְיִקְחוּ לִי תְּרוּמָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שיר השירים ה, ב): אֲנִי יְשֵׁנָה וְלִבִּי עֵר, אָמְרָה כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲנִי יָשַׁנְתִּי לִי מִן הַקֵּץ, אֶלָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עֵר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עג, כו): צוּר לְבָבִי וְחֶלְקִי אֱלֹהִים לְעוֹלָם. אֲנִי יְשֵׁנָה מִן הַמִּצְווֹת, אֲבָל זְכוּת אֲבוֹתַי עוֹמֶדֶת לִי וְלִבִּי עֵר. אֲנִי יְשֵׁנָה מִמַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל, וְלִבִּי עֵר, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַרְתִּיק עָלַי, הֱוֵי: וְיִקְחוּ לִי תְּרוּמָה. (שיר השירים ה, ב): פִּתְחִי לִי אֲחֹתִי רַעְיָתִי, עַד מָתַי אֶהְיֶה מִתְהַלֵּךְ בְּלֹא בַּיִת, (שיר השירים ה, ב): שֶׁרֹאשִׁי נִמְלָא טָל, אֶלָּא עֲשׂוּ לִי מִקְדָּשׁ שֶׁלֹא אֶהְיֶה בַּחוּץ.
** order of parshiot
(3) Another interpretation: "And they shall take for Me an offering": this is the meaning of the verse (Song of Songs 5:2) "I was sleeping but my heart was awake." The people Israel said: "I have been asleep in regard to the end, however the Holy One is awake" as it is written: "the Rock of my heart and my portion is E-lohim, forever" (Ps. 73:26) I am asleep in regard to mitzvot, but the merit of my ancestors stands for me, and my heart is awake. I am asleep from the story of the calf but my heart is awake and the Holy Blessed One knocked at it, that is "and they shall take for Me an offering". "Open up for me, my sister, my friend" (Song of Songs 5:2). For how long must I travel without a home? "My head is drenched in dew", rather, make Me a Mikdash so that I need not be on outside.
ויתן אל משה וגו'. אֵין מֻקְדָּם וּמְאֻחָר בַּתּוֹרָה – מַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל קֹדֶם לְצִוּוּי מְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן יָמִים רַבִּים הָיָה – שֶׁהֲרֵי בְי"ז בְּתַמּוּז נִשְׁתַּבְּרוּ הַלּוּחוֹת, וּבְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים נִתְרַצָּה הַקָּבָּ"ה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, וּלְמָחֳרָת הִתְחִילוּ בְנִדְבַת הַמִּשְׁכָּן וְהוּקַם בְּאֶחָד בְּנִיסָן (תנחומא):
** order of parshiot
And He gave Moses, etc. There is no antecedent and subsequent [i.e., chronological order] [invariably] in the Torah. The incident of the [golden] calf precedes the commandment to construct the sanctuary by many days. It was on the seventeenth of Tammuz when the tablets were broken, and on Yom Hakippurim when the Holy One, Blessed Be He, was conciliated by Israel. And the next day they [i.e., Israel] began to donate to the Mishkan, which was erected on the first of Nissan.
We may assume that the term Sanctuary covers the instruction to erect a Temple both at the time and during later periods of Jewish history. It is a comprehensive positive commandment basically applicable not only in the desert but whenever the Jewish people reside in the Holy Land. Actually this duty is incumbent upon Israel even while the nation is in exile. The only reason this commandment cannot be fulfilled when the people are exiled is that G'd has specifically forbidden that any site other than the Temple Mount in Jerusalem serve as such a Sanctuary once the first Temple had been built by Solomon. Compare the legislation in Deut. 12,9, where G'd speaks of Israel's having attained מנוחה ונחלה, "rest and inheritance," as prerequisites for the erecting of a permanent (as opposed to collapsible) Sanctuary for G'd. This is why the Torah does not introduce this subject matter by referring to a משכן, a temporary structure. Had the Torah mentioned this term first we would have thought that the commandment was of a temporary nature. Once the Torah had introduced the concept of a Sanctuary for G'd it could proceed to give us the details that were applicable in the desert at the time the Torah had been given. You will find that Maimonides writes in the first chapter of the section of his code dealing with the laws applicable to the Temple that it is a positive commandment to build a house for G'd as the Torah has written: "and they shall construct a Sanctuary for Me." He based himself on the fact that the Torah called the Sanctuary משכן already in the very verse following this commandment. Another reason it is called Sanctuary is that as soon as the people would begin construction it was already considered sacred although the structure had not yet been completed and G'd's presence had not yet taken up residence therein.