I. Who is Moshe's Mother? Family Ties Between Yocheved, Miriam, and Bat Pharaoh (...and Tzipora) in Rabbinic and Later Texts
(א) וַיֵּלֶךְ אִישׁ מִבֵּית לֵוִי וַיִּקַּח אֶת בַּת לֵוִי. (ב) וַתַּהַר הָאִשָּׁה וַתֵּלֶד בֵּן וַתֵּרֶא אֹתוֹ כִּי טוֹב הוּא וַתִּצְפְּנֵהוּ שְׁלֹשָׁה יְרָחִים. (ג) וְלֹא יָכְלָה עוֹד הַצְּפִינוֹ וַתִּקַּח לוֹ תֵּבַת גֹּמֶא וַתַּחְמְרָה בַחֵמָר וּבַזָּפֶת וַתָּשֶׂם בָּהּ אֶת הַיֶּלֶד וַתָּשֶׂם בַּסּוּף עַל שְׂפַת הַיְאֹר. (ד) וַתֵּתַצַּב אֲחֹתוֹ מֵרָחֹק לְדֵעָה מַה יֵּעָשֶׂה לוֹ. (ה) וַתֵּרֶד בַּת פַּרְעֹה לִרְחֹץ עַל הַיְאֹר וְנַעֲרֹתֶיהָ הֹלְכֹת עַל יַד הַיְאֹר וַתֵּרֶא אֶת הַתֵּבָה בְּתוֹךְ הַסּוּף וַתִּשְׁלַח אֶת אֲמָתָהּ וַתִּקָּחֶהָ. (ו) וַתִּפְתַּח וַתִּרְאֵהוּ אֶת הַיֶּלֶד וְהִנֵּה נַעַר בֹּכֶה וַתַּחְמֹל עָלָיו וַתֹּאמֶר מִיַּלְדֵי הָעִבְרִים זֶה. (ז) וַתֹּאמֶר אֲחֹתוֹ אֶל בַּת פַּרְעֹה הַאֵלֵךְ וְקָרָאתִי לָךְ אִשָּׁה מֵינֶקֶת מִן הָעִבְרִיֹּת וְתֵינִק לָךְ אֶת הַיָּלֶד. (ח) וַתֹּאמֶר לָהּ בַּת פַּרְעֹה לֵכִי וַתֵּלֶךְ הָעַלְמָה וַתִּקְרָא אֶת אֵם הַיָּלֶד. (ט) וַתֹּאמֶר לָהּ בַּת פַּרְעֹה הֵילִיכִי אֶת הַיֶּלֶד הַזֶּה וְהֵינִקִהוּ לִי וַאֲנִי אֶתֵּן אֶת שְׂכָרֵךְ וַתִּקַּח הָאִשָּׁה הַיֶּלֶד וַתְּנִיקֵהוּ. (י) וַיִגְדַּל הַיֶּלֶד וַתְּבִאֵהוּ לְבַת פַּרְעֹה וַיְהִי לָהּ לְבֵן וַתִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ מֹשֶׁה וַתֹּאמֶר כִּי מִן הַמַּיִם מְשִׁיתִהוּ.
(1) And there went a man of the house of Levi, and took to wife a daughter of Levi. (2) And the woman conceived, and bore a son; and when she saw him that he was a goodly child, she hid him three months. (3) And when she could not longer hide him, she took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch; and she put the child therein, and laid it in the flags by the river’s brink. (4) And his sister stood afar off, to know what would be done to him. (5) And the daughter of Pharaoh came down to bathe in the river; and her maidens walked along by the river-side; and she saw the ark among the flags, and sent her handmaid to fetch it. (6) And she opened it, and saw it, even the child; and behold a boy that wept. And she had compassion on him, and said: ‘This is one of the Hebrews’children.’ (7) Then said his sister to Pharaoh’s daughter: ‘Shall I go and call thee a nurse of the Hebrew women, that she may nurse the child for thee?’ (8) And Pharaoh’s daughter said to her: ‘Go.’ And the maiden went and called the child’s mother. (9) And Pharaoh’s daughter said unto her: ‘Take this child away, and nurse it for me, and I will give thee thy wages.’ And the woman took the child, and nursed it. (10) And the child grew, and she brought him unto Pharaoh’s daughter, and he became her son. And she called his name Moses, and said: ‘Because I drew him out of the water.’
And he became her son--Because she saved him from death and raised him with her money.
(א) ויהי לה לבן ... ובעבור שגדלו נקרא בנו:
(1) And he became her son -- Because she raised him, he was called her son.
- R' Tali Adler makes three points which connect Miriam and Bat Pharaoh:
-Meeting of Egyptian woman and Israelite--the ultimate Egyptian woman, the daughter of Pharaoh, and the ultimate Israelite woman, Moshe's sister
-Water significance: Bat Pharoah identifies herself with water like Miriam--ki min hamayim mishitihu
- Puah- Miriam's rebelliousness
(שמות א, טו): ויאמר מלך מצרים למילדות וגו'. מה היו המילדות? ... רבי שמואל בר נחמן אמר: אשה ובתה, יוכבד ומרים ...
רבי חנינא בר רב יצחק אמר..פועה, שהופיעה פנים כנגד אביה, שהיה עמרם ראש סנהדרין באותה שעה, כיון שגזר פרעה, ואמר (שמות שם, כב): כל הבן הילוד. אמר עמרם: ולריק ישראל מולידים?! מיד הוציא את יוכבד ופרש עצמו מתשמיש המטה, וגרש את אשתו כשהיא מעוברת משלשה חודשים. עמדו כל ישראל וגרשו את נשותיהן. אמרה לו בתו: גזרתך קשה משל פרעה, שפרעה לא גזר אלא על הזכרים, ואתה על הזכרים ונקבות! פרעה רשע הוא, וגזרתו ספק מתקימת ספק אינה מתקימת, אבל אתה צדיק, וגזרתך מתקימת! עמד הוא והחזיר את אשתו, עמדו כל ישראל והחזירו את נשותיהם. הוי, פועה, שהופיעה פנים כנגד אביה:
(טו) וּבְנֵי כָּלֵב בֶּן יְפֻנֶּה עִירוּ אֵלָה וָנָעַם וּבְנֵי אֵלָה וּקְנַז. (טז) וּבְנֵי יְהַלֶּלְאֵל זִיף וְזִיפָה תִּירְיָא וַאֲשַׂרְאֵל. (יז) וּבֶן עֶזְרָה יֶתֶר וּמֶרֶד וְעֵפֶר וְיָלוֹן וַתַּהַר אֶת מִרְיָם וְאֶת שַׁמַּי וְאֶת יִשְׁבָּח אֲבִי אֶשְׁתְּמֹעַ. (יח) וְאִשְׁתּוֹ הַיְהֻדִיָּה יָלְדָה אֶת יֶרֶד אֲבִי גְדוֹר וְאֶת חֶבֶר אֲבִי שׂוֹכוֹ וְאֶת יְקוּתִיאֵל אֲבִי זָנוֹחַ וְאֵלֶּה בְּנֵי בִּתְיָה בַת פַּרְעֹה אֲשֶׁר לָקַח מָרֶד.
(15) And the sons of Caleb the son of Jephunneh: Iru, Elah, and Naam; and the sons of Elah: Kenaz. (16) And the sons of Jehallelel: Ziph, and Ziphah, Tiria, and Asarel. (17) And the sons of Ezrah: Jether, and Mered, and Epher, and Jalon. And she bore Miriam, and Shammai, and Ishbah the father of Eshtemoa— (18) and his wife Hajehudijah bore Jered the father of Gedor, and Heber the father of Soco, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah—and these are the sons of Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh whom Mered took.
- Bat Pharaoh's rebelliousness: defying her father like Miriam did:
"ואלה בני בתיה בת פרעה אשר לקח מרד..." וכי מרד שמו? והלא כלב שמו! אלא אמר הקב"ה: יבוא כלב שמרד במרגלים וישא בתיה בת פרעה שמרדה בגלולי בית אביה.
וַיְהִי כִּי יָרְאוּ הַמְיַלְּדוֹת אֶת הָאֱלֹהִים וַיַּעַשׂ לָהֶם בָּתִּים רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל חַד אָמַר בָּתֵּי כְהוּנָּה וּלְוִיָּה וְחַד אָמַר בָּתֵּי מַלְכוּת מַאן דְּאָמַר בָּתֵּי כְהוּנָּה וּלְוִיָּה אַהֲרֹן וּמֹשֶׁה וּמַאן דְּאָמַר בָּתֵּי מַלְכוּת דָּוִד נָמֵי מִמִּרְיָם קָאָתֵי דִּכְתִיב וַתָּמׇת עֲזוּבָה אֵשֶׁת כָּלֵב וַיִּקַּח לוֹ כָלֵב אֶת אֶפְרָת וַתֵּלֶד לוֹ אֶת חוּר וּכְתִיב וְדָוִד בֶּן אִישׁ אֶפְרָתִי וְגוֹ׳...
And the one who says that it is referring to houses of royalty is referring to David, who also comes from Miriam, as it is written: “And Azubah,” the wife of Caleb, “died, and Caleb took to him Ephrath, who bore him Hur” (I Chronicles 2:19) and, as will be explained further, Ephrath is Miriam. And it is written: “David was the son of that Ephrathite of Bethlehem in Judah” (I Samuel 17:12). Therefore, he was a descendant of Miriam.
The Gemara discusses the family of Caleb: In Chronicles it says: “And Caleb, the son of Hezron, begot children of Azubah his wife, and of Jerioth, and these were her sons: Jesher, and Shobab, and Ardon” (I Chronicles 2:18). The Gemara asks: Was Caleb actually the son of Hezron? Wasn’t he the son of Jephunneh, as the verse states in Numbers 13:6? The Gemara answers: He was the son of Hezron, but he is called “son of Jephunneh” as an appellation indicating that he was a son who turned away [sheppana] from the counsel of the spies... T. The verse states: “And Caleb, the son of Hezron, begot children of Azubah his wife, and of Jerioth, and these were her sons: Jesher, and Shobab, and Ardon” (I Chronicles 2:18). The Gemara analyzes the verse: The verse refers to the wife of Caleb by the name Azubah. The Sages teach that this is Miriam. And why is she called Azubah? As everyone initially abandoned her [azavuha] and did not want to marry her because she was sickly and unattractive. The verse additionally states: “And Caleb, the son of Hezron, begot children [holid] of Azubah his wife”
And the one who says that it is referring to houses of royalty is referring to David, who also comes from Miriam, as it is written: “And Azubah,” the wife of Caleb, “died, and Caleb took to him Ephrath, who bore him Hur” (I Chronicles 2:19) and, as will be explained further, Ephrath is Miriam. And it is written: “David was the son of that Ephrathite of Bethlehem in Judah” (I Samuel 17:12). Therefore, he was a descendant of Miriam. The Gemara discusses the family of Caleb: In Chronicles it says: “And Caleb, the son of Hezron, begot children of Azubah his wife, and of Jerioth, and these were her sons: Jesher, and Shobab, and Ardon” (I Chronicles 2:18). The Gemara asks: Was Caleb actually the son of Hezron? Wasn’t he the son of Jephunneh, as the verse states in Numbers 13:6? The Gemara answers: He was the son of Hezron, but he is called “son of Jephunneh” as an appellation indicating that he was a son who turned away [sheppana] from the counsel of the spies. The Gemara asks: But it is still difficult. Hezron could not be his father, as Caleb was the son of Kenaz, as it is written: “And Othniel, the son of Kenaz, Caleb’s younger brother, took it” (Judges 1:13). This would mean that Caleb was also a son of Kenaz. Rava said: Caleb was the stepson of Kenaz, as he and Othniel shared a mother but had different fathers. The Gemara comments: The language of another verse is also precise based on this explanation, as it is written: “And Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite said unto him” (Joshua 14:6). Although his father was Jephunneh, he is known as “the Kenizzite,” although he was not actually a son of Kenaz. The Gemara accepts this proof and states: Conclude from it that Rava’s explanation is correct. The verse states: “And Caleb, the son of Hezron, begot children of Azubah his wife, and of Jerioth, and these were her sons: Jesher, and Shobab, and Ardon” (I Chronicles 2:18). The Gemara analyzes the verse: The verse refers to the wife of Caleb by the name Azubah. The Sages teach that this is Miriam. And why is she called Azubah? As everyone initially abandoned her [azavuha] and did not want to marry her because she was sickly and unattractive. The verse additionally states: “And Caleb, the son of Hezron, begot children [holid] of Azubah his wife”
"The Talmud in Megillah 13a attempts to explain Chronicles and, in doing so, creates a new understanding of Bat Pharaoh. As previously stated, the Talmud expounds that Bat Pharaoh was called a Judean because she “repudiated idolatry.” The Talmud explains that just as Caleb rebelled against the suggestions of the spies, so too, Bat Pharaoh rebelled against her father’s household. In this retelling, the Talmud uses a play on words as the word "Mered”) comes from the root “to rebel.” Finally, in analyzing whether or not Bat Pharaoh is truly the “birthmother,” the Talmud explains that “whoever raises an orphan boy or girl in his house, scripture considers it as if she gave birth to him.” Reading this text alone could lead one to assume that the rabbis are interested in giving Bat Pharaoh credit for being a good person, thus granting her the status of an honorary Judean. Bat Pharaoh the honorary status of Judean for being a good person. She made a positive choice to help raise Moses and from her we learn the value of raising orphan children. However, in retelling the story, the Talmud demonstrates an interest bringing Bat Pharaoh closer to by presenting her as Moses’ birth mother, as a convert, and the wife of Caleb, a member of the Israelite community.
Link to R' Pressner's full thesis
"Cassuto’s commentary assigns the mother role to Moses’ birth mother, Bat Pharaoh, and Moses’ sister. Commenting on the interaction between Moses’ sister and Bat Pharaoh, Cassuto doubts that Bat Pharaoh would have taken on the role of providing a wet nurse and saving Moses on her own without Moses’ sister’s intervention. Furthermore, Cassuto explains that it is as if Moses’ sister makes Moses her son when she states, “Shall I get for you a wet-nurse?” According to Cassuto, Bat Pharaoh acts based on Moses’ sister’s cues and not based on her own feelings or perceptions. What Cassuto adds to the story is the potential that Moses’ sister becomes his mother and the possibility that while Moses was indeed adopted by Bat Pharaoh, the adoption was not as “strong,” innate, or natural as one might intuit. By the time Moses is weaned, he has three different mothers."
"The Zohar, a 14th century mystical commentary, provides Bat Pharaoh with the status of a blood relative. This commentary radically changes what we know about Pharaoh’s daughter from the text. The Zohar explains that Batya, the name given to her in the Talmud, was not actually Pharaoh’s birth daughter. She was Tziporah’s twin sister. Tziporah eventually becomes Moses’ wife in the biblical text. The Zohar expounds that both Tziporah and Bat Pharaoh were orphans and that Pharaoh took in Batya as his daughter. This text is incredibly provocative. Not only does it attempt to provide a closer connection between Moses and Bat Pharaoh but it ultimately transforms Moses’ aunt ( my clarification: his adoptive mom's sister) into his wife and imagines his mother as an adoptee. It is probable that the writer of this myth not only wanted to strengthen the ties between Bat Pharaoh and Moses but also wanted to weaken those between Bat Pharaoh and her father.