(ט) אָמַר לָהֶם, צְאוּ וּרְאוּ אֵיזוֹהִי דֶרֶךְ יְשָׁרָה שֶׁיִּדְבַּק בָּהּ הָאָדָם. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, עַיִן טוֹבָה. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, חָבֵר טוֹב. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, שָׁכֵן טוֹב. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, הָרוֹאֶה אֶת הַנּוֹלָד. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר, לֵב טוֹב. אָמַר לָהֶם, רוֹאֶה אֲנִי אֶת דִּבְרֵי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲרָךְ מִדִּבְרֵיכֶם, שֶׁבִּכְלָל דְּבָרָיו דִּבְרֵיכֶם.
(9) He [Rabban Yohanan] said unto them: go forth and observe which is the right way to which a man should cleave? Rabbi Eliezer said, a good eye; Rabbi Joshua said, a good companion; Rabbi Yose said, a good neighbor; Rabbi Shimon said, foresight. Rabbi Elazar said, a good heart. He [Rabban Yohanan] said to them: I prefer the words of Elazar ben Arach, for in his words your words are included.
Hishtadlus for a Dvar Mitzvah
We see throughout the Torah that Moshe had to do his Hishtadlus - go to the front of the Leviim tent, put the gold into the fire.
ואולם תדע אשר אף השתדלות שזה הוא החיוב על האדם לעשות ביגיע כפיו, גם זה הוא סיבות מאת הבורא ברוך הוא שמזמין לפני האדם סיבה זו ועסק זה וכדומה, כי הקב"ה הוא סיבת כל הסיבות והוא מסבב כל הסיבות שיבואו אל האדם, ועל כן אמרו חז"ל (סוטה מ"ח:) כל מי שיש לו פת בסלו ואומר מה אוכל למחר אינו אלא מקטני אמנה, כי זאת היא בלתי ספק אשר למחר ודאי יסבבנו ה' הטוב אופן שיהיה לו לחם לאכול לפי אשר נגזר עליו, וכל אדם מובטח מאת הבורא ברוך הוא וברוך שמו על לחם לפי הטף ובגדים לכסות עצמו על צד סיפוק ההצטרכות ההכרחי כמאמר הכתוב (תהלים קל"ו, כ"ה) נותן לחם לכל בשר ואומר (שם קמ"ו. ז') נותן לחם לרעבים, והנה אמר מפורש לכל בשר, כי הכל מובטחין על פת במלח לשבוע, ויותר ממה שגזר עליו לא יועיל לו אף אם יעשה כל היום, ועל כן מי שיש לו היום פת ואומר מה אוכל למחר, ויגע ועובד על למחר הרי זה מקטני אמנה, כי למחר ודאי ישפיע לו ה' מה שיצטרך למחר, ובכדי להורות לעם ה' בחינה זו, שלא יהיה אדם אומר מה אוכל למחר, ויאמין באמונה שלימה כי ה' הוא העושה לו תמיד כל צרכו ויזמין מזונו למחר וליומא אחרא, עשה ה' הטוב, נס במן, שלא העדיף המרבה מן אכילת יום אחד, בכדי שלא יהיה אדם טורח להזמין מיום זה על למחר, רק יאמר ברוך ה' יום יום, ויאמין באמונה כי ה' אשר השפיע לו היום, ישפיע לו גם למחר בהשתדלות מה וגם במן היה להם השתדלות מה כמו הלקיטה וההולכה לביתו, אשר על כן הנה תחילה וילקטו המרבה והממעיט שאחד היה מרבה בלקיטה, כי חשש אולי לא יהיה לו מחר והזמין למחרתו, ואחד המעיט בלקיטה כי סמך על ברכת ה' שיברכנו ה' במעט כמרובה, וכן נעשה שלזה בירך ה' במעשה ידיו, והמרבה לא פעל כלום כי לא העדיף, ומשה רבינו כאשר הביט אל דבר זה, ראה מעשה ונזכר הלכה הליכות עולם, לומר להם דבר בעתו שאיש אל יותר ממנו עד בוקר, כי כן היה הצווי בפירוש, בכדי להשריש בעם ה' האמונה והבטחון על צד היותר שלם, וללמוד לדורות הבאים שלא יהיה אדם עובד בכל ימיו מיראתו על חסרון מזונותיו להבא רק כאשר יהיה לאדם על פרנסת יום זה, לא יעסוק עוד ביום זה בהשתדלות הפרנסה, ויניח הנשאר ביומו לעבודת בוראו, וכה יתנהג כל ימיו, ובנתינת לחם הראשון לישראל הקדים לצוות להם אופן התנהגותם שלא יעבוד האדם יומם ולילה על מזונותיו למלאות אוכל פיהו כי הרי במן הממעיט לא החסיר ולא העדיף המרבה, ועל כן מתמה הקרא ואומר.
But know - though Hishtadlus is a Chiyuv for a person to work, also this is arranged by Hashem, who prepares for him this job/arrangement. Hashem arranges all the opportunities a person has. That is why Chazal say: anyone who has bread in his basket and asks what he will eat tomorrow is lacking in Emunah - he should know that surely Hashem will provide for him tomorrow just as he did today - according to whatever was decreed upon him. Every person is promised by Hashem that he will be provided with the necessary food and clothes. Gives bread to all flesh - the commentator says - every person is guaranteed bread with salt, and getting more than what was decreed for him will not help, even if he works all day. Therefore, anyone who has bread today and questions what he will have tomorrow, and works and toil for tomorrow's bread, because tomorrow surely Hashem will provide him with what he needs for tomorrow. To show Bnai Yisrael this, that a person should not question what he will eat tomorrow and should believe with a full belief that Hashem is always the one who provides him with what he needs for tomorrow and the next day. So Hashem did a nice thing and made the Nes of the Man, that there was no extra of what he ate one day, so a person should not be bothered to prepare today for tomorrow, but say Baruch Hashem Yom Yom. When they got the Man they had to do a measure of Hishtadlus - go out and collect it and bring it home. And Moshe told them to not collect more or less to put this complete Bitachon in Hashem in them. And to teach the future generations that they should not be afraid every day that they will be lacking tomorrow. And instead of constantly working non stop he should take time to serve Hashem.
(7) Blessed is he who trusts in the L-RD, Whose trust is the L-RD alone.
§ The mishna states that from the time when the Second Temple was destroyed men of faith ceased. Rabbi Yitzḥak says: These are people who believe in the Holy One, Blessed be He, and place their trust in Him in all their ways. As it is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Eliezer the Great says that whoever has bread in his basket to eat today and says: What shall I eat tomorrow, meaning he does not know how he will acquire bread for tomorrow, he is nothing other than from those of little faith. One must trust in God to provide him with his sustenance.
ונראה לי דאם אין לו פת בסלו נמצא הוא רעב ואם יאמר 'מָה אוֹכַל לְמָחָר' אף על פי שלא דבר כהוגן אין להאשימו על זאת דאין אדם נתפס על צערו (בבא בתרא טז.) אך אם יש לו פת בסלו אינו רעב ולכן אשום יאשם אם יאמר מה אוכל למחר!
ועוד נראה לי מי שיש לו פת בסלו לצורך מחר ודואג על הלפתן לומר 'מָה אוֹכַל לְמָחָר' הרי זה מקטני אמנה דהיה לו להאמין מי שהזמין לו הפת יזמין לו הלפתן גם כן.
This dispute highlights two opinions of how a person should act.
May it be Your will, O Lord my God,
that this enterprise be for healing and that You should heal me.
As You are a faithful God of healing and Your healing is truth.
Because it is not the way of people to heal, but they have become accustomed.
Rav Aḥa is saying that people should not practice medicine as they lack the ability to heal; rather, healing should be left to God.
So now we will use the Hashkafa to come to a conclusion of how a person should act.
אנגריא - drafted
והכלל כי בהיות ישראל שלמים והם רבים, לא יתנהג עניינם בטבע כלל, לא בגופם, ולא בארצם, לא בכללם, ולא ביחיד מהם, כי יברך השם לחמם ומימם, ויסיר מחלה מקרבם, עד שלא יצטרכו לרופא ולהשתמר בדרך מדרכי הרפואות כלל, כמו שאמר (שמות טו כו): כי אני ה' רופאך. וכן היו הצדיקים עושים בזמן הנבואה, גם כי יקרם עוון שיחלו לא ידרשו ברופאים רק בנביאים, כעניין חזקיהו בחלותו (מ"ב כ ב ג). ואמר הכתוב (דהי"ב טז יב): גם בחליו לא דרש את ה' כי ברופאים, ואילו היה דבר הרופאים נהוג בהם, מה טעם שיזכיר הרופאים, אין האשם רק בעבור שלא דרש השם. אבל הוא כאשר יאמר אדם, לא אכל פלוני מצה בחג המצוות כי אם חמץ. אבל הדורש השם בנביא לא ידרוש ברופאים. ומה חלק לרופאים בבית עושי רצון השם, אחר שהבטיח וברך את לחמך ואת מימיך והסירותי מחלה מקרבך, והרופאים אין מעשיהם רק על המאכל והמשקה להזהיר ממנו ולצוות עליו. וכך אמרו (ברכות סד א): כל עשרין ותרתין שנין דמלך רבה רב יוסף אפילו אומנא לביתיה לא קרא, והמשל להם (במדב"ר ט ג): תרעא דלא פתיח למצותא פתיח לאסיא. והוא מאמרם (ברכות ס א): שאין דרכם של בני אדם ברפואות אלא שנהגו, אילו לא היה דרכם ברפואות יחלה האדם כפי אשר יהיה עליו עונש חטאו ויתרפא ברצון ה', אבל הם נהגו ברפואות והשם הניחם למקרי הטבעים. וזו היא כוונתם באמרם (שם): ורפא ירפא מכאן שנתנה רשות לרופא לרפאות. לא אמרו שנתנה רשות לחולה להתרפאות, אלא כיון שחלה החולה ובא להתרפאות כי נהג ברפואות והוא לא היה מעדת השם שחלקם בחיים, אין לרופא לאסור עצמו מרפואתו, לא מפני חשש שמא ימות בידו, אחרי שהוא בקי במלאכה ההיא, ולא בעבור שיאמר כי השם לבדו הוא רופא כל בשר, שכבר נהגו. ועל כן האנשים הנצים שהכו זה את זה באבן או באגרוף (שמות כא יח): יש על המכה תשלומי הרפואה, כי התורה לא תסמוך דיניה על הנסים, כאשר אמרה (דברים טו יא): כי לא יחדל אביון מקרב הארץ, מדעתו שכן יהיה. אבל ברצות השם דרכי איש אין לו עסק ברופאים.
The rule is that when the Jewish People are in a state of spiritual perfection, neither their physical bodies nor their country, nor any of their other affairs are governed by nature at all. This applies to the nation as a whole and to each individual Jew. For God `will bless their bread and their water, and remove illness from their midst' (Exodus 23:25). They will have no need of doctors, nor will they have to follow medical procedures even as precautionary measures, `For I, God, am your healer' (Exodus 15:26). In the era of prophecy, the tzaddikim acted accordingly. Even if they happened to sin and became sick, they consulted not doctors but prophets, as did King Hezekiah when he was sick (Kings II, 20, 2-3). It is said of King Asa that `even in his sickness he did not seek out God, but he turned to the doctors' (Chronicles II, 16:13). If it was common for them to go to doctors, why should the verse mention doctors at all? Asa's only guilt would have lain in the fact that he did not seek out God. But this phrasing is similar to saying, `He did not eat matzah on Pesach but chametz.' Someone who seeks out God through the priest will not consult doctors.
"What place do doctors have in the house of those who carry out the will of God, after He promised that `He will bless their bread and their water, and remove illness from their midst'? The only function of the medical profession should be to give nutritional advice - what to eat and drink and what to avoid. Thus the Rabbis said, `For the entire twenty-two years of Rabbah's leadership, Rav Yosef did not even call a bloodletter to his house' (Berakhot 64a). They went by the principle that `a door that does not open to charity will open to the doctor' (Bemidbar Rabbah 9:3). It is true that the Rabbis said, `because it is not the way of human beings to bring about a cure, but this is the practice' (Berakhot 60a,). But this merely means that, had they not been in the habit of resorting to medicine, a person who became sick because of his sin could have been healed through the will of God alone. However, since they resorted to medicines, God abandoned them to the vicissitudes of nature.
"As for the rabbinic comment on the verse, `He shall cause him to be thoroughly healed' (Exodus 21:19) - `from here we learn that the physician has been given sanction to heal' (Berakhot 60a) - they did not say that license has been given to the sick to resort to medicine! What they meant is that if a doctor is approached by a patient who was in the habit of resorting to medicine and was not part of the community of God whose share is life, the doctor should not refrain from treating him, not from fear that the patient might die under his hand - seeing as the doctor is expert in his craft - nor on the grounds that God alone is the healer of all flesh - because this patient is already in the habit of resorting to medicine. It is true that if two people quarrel and one hits the other with a stone or his fist, the Torah lays down that the attacker must pay the medical expenses of the injured party (Exodus 21:18). But this is because Torah law does not rely on miracles, for God knew that `the needy will not cease from the midst of the earth' (Deuteronomy 15:11). But when a person's ways find favor in God's eyes, he has no business with doctors."
The principal message Moses teaches us here is that contrary to appearances, the power to keep us alive does not reside in the purely physical properties of bread, or any other food for that matter, but in the potential G’d has placed within that physical food to sustain and make grow the people who consume it. Bread was chosen as the example seeing that in order for man to even produce it so many steps are necessary that one could have thought that the finished product reflects man’s accomplishment more than it does G’d’s.
The closer we are to direct divine input and reduced reliance on intermediaries such as the eleven stages needed to convert a kernel of wheat into bread, the closer we are to the true life-giving forces of heaven. This is the meaning of Exodus 24,11: “they ‘saw’ G’d and they ate and drank.” The ability of the nobles of Israel described in that verse to have a vision of G’d is what gave them the energy they normally thought they derived by eating and drinking physical, conventional food.
Rabbi Yochanan in expounding this verse in Vayikra Rabbah 20,7 said: אכילה ודאית. This sounds as if he meant that the people described ate regular food after or in spite of having been granted such a vision of G’d. I do not believe that this is what Rabbi Yochanan had in mind. If that had been his meaning he need not have commented at all, as the matter is self-evident. I believe that Rabbi Yochanan meant that the effect of the vision described in the Torah was the same as the effect of consuming regular terrestrial food. Even though all the phenomena in the world are in the last analysis “intermediaries” having originated with G’d, i.e. are מוצא פי ה’, as we know from the very word כל, “everything,” the manna came more directly from G’d more than any other kinds of food. This is why G’d described it as לחם מן השמים, “bread from heaven” in Exodus 16,4. The complete meaning of the verse then is: “man lives by means of all the various divine sources of food and energy. Seeing that this is so the words מוצא פי ה’ mean that this food, the manna is even superior to the other foods which come from G’d only indirectly.
The Maggid of Dubno told the following parable: A poor man with a heavy bundle on his shoulders was walking along the highway. A rich man with a fancy carriage came by and generously offered him a ride. The poor man gladly accepted the offer. You can imagine the surprise of the wealthy man when he glanced at his passenger and noticed that he was still carrying the giant load on his shoulders. He called out to him, “My good man, what in the world are you doing? Why don’t you put your sack on the floor?” The humble traveler replied, “My dear sir you have been kind enough to me already. Your carriage has to bear the weight of my body even now. How can I presume to burden you with my bundle too?” At this point the host laughed heartily and lectured his guest, “Silly man, why strain your back? Don’t you see that all is the same for me whether you hold your parcel on your shoulder or whether you place it beside you? It’s still in the carriage and whatever you do the carriage is bearing its weight. You might as well let your burden down.”
We all acknowledge that ultimately our parnasah, our material success or lack thereof, is not dependent on us. So why, asks the Dubner Maggid, do we spend so much time fretting over it? Why do we vainly attempt to carry the psychological burden of making a living upon our shoulders, if in the end it’s really not up to us? Throw down your burden – and let Hashem, Who carries us and all our needs, do His job. This is precisely what David HaMelech says in Tehilim (Psalms 55:23), יהבך' ה על השלך Throw your ‘baggage’ upon Hashem, יכלכלך והוא ,and He will sustain you.”
אמר רב פפא היינו דאמרי אינשי גנבא אפום מחתרתא רחמנא קרי. דרש בר קפרא לעולם ילמד אדם את בנו אומנות נקיה וקלה. מאי היא אמר רב יהודה מחטא דתלמיותא:
רב פפא says: Thieves corrupt Rachamim by using it oppositely? Bar Kafra teaches: a person should always teach his son easy and clean Emunah?
That a thief has Emunah and will call out to Hashem for help - a person should teach his son so he won't have this bad Emunah.
We must not commit the error of believing that Joseph placed his faith in the Chief of the butlers. He most certainly placed his faith exclusively in G’d. He only thought that G’d might employ the Chief of the butlers as a tool to bring about his release from the dungeon. He had some reason to believe this seeing that the dream the Chief of the butler had dreamt in jail in which Joseph was imprisoned appeared to him as part of a miraculous chain of circumstances.
How do we reconcile this with the comment of Bereshit Rabbah 89,3 that Joseph had two years added to the time he had to stay in jail because he said the above-cited two words to the Chief of the butlers (as we pointed out in our commentary on 39,5) that he was punished for pleading with the Chief of the butlers to become the instrument of orchestrating his release? It was not fitting for someone of Joseph’s caliber to be on the lookout for an instrument that G’d should appoint to bring about changes in his fate. He should have been content to trust that G’d would be able to find such opportunities when He deemed the time right for this. G’d does not need Joseph or anyone else to prompt Him in such matters. Joseph’s conduct was accounted a sin only because he was on such a high moral level, and G’d is especially strict in His dealings with people who have attained such a level (Baba Kama 50). To illustrate how someone else behaved in similar circumstances, compare the situation of the prophet Elijah in Kings I 17,6. The prophet was hiding in an inhospitable part of the country and had no access to food. He was told by G’d to drink from the waters of the river Krit (there could not have been much water due to the drought) and G’d told him that He would summon the raven to bring him food. He followed G’d’s instructions. The instrument of keeping him alive, i.e. providing him with food, was the raven. It is also possible that the food the ravens brought Elijah came from the palace of Yehoshaphat, King of Yehudah (compare Vayikra Rabbah 19). In either event the provision G’d made for Elijah was of a miraculous nature. Elijah did not involve himself in bringing about means of sustaining himself in a natural way. At any rate, Joseph did not think of the butler as the source of his release from jail but as an instrument to be used by G’d to that end. He should not even have done this and this is why he was punished.
Here one may ask, if this is so, then Moses himself sinned in this matter, as it is said, And the thing pleased me well! And furthermore why did he tell [the spies] to find out about the Land, whether it is good or bad, since he had already been told at the beginning that it is a good Land, and a large one? Moreover, what did the spies do [wrong], since Moses told them, And see the Land what it is; and the people that dwelleth therein, whether they are strong or weak, whether they are few or many, and he said to see about the cities [that they dwell in] whether in camps, or in strongholds, and at the least they had to give him an answer to [the questions] that he commanded them [to find out about]! And what was their trespass, and what was their sin when they told Moses, Nevertheless the people that dwell in the Land are fierce, and the cities are fortified, and very great? Did he then send them on the understanding that they would give him a false report! And do not think that their trespass consisted only in their report that it is a Land that eateth up the inhabitants thereof, for prior telling this to the people, Caleb already quarrelled with them! And likewise it is written, [that the people said], Our brethren [i.e., the spies] have made our heart to melt, saying: The people is greater and taller than we etc., and here it is written, to fall by the sword; our wives and our little ones will be a prey. And yet Moses our teacher [himself] said similar things to the children [of the generation of the spies], and he emphasized to them the power of the people and the strength of their cities, and the might of the giants to a much greater extent than what the spies had told their fathers, as it is written, Hear O Israel: thou art to pass over the Jordan this day, to go in to dispossess nations greater and mightier than thyself, cities great and fortified up to heaven, a people great and tall, the sons of the Anakim, whom thou knowest, and of whom thou hast heard say: ‘Who can stand before the sons of Anak!’ Now if the trespass of the spies and their sin consisted of this [discouraging report that they gave about the strength of the people in Canaan], why did he [Moses] dismay the heart of their children in the same way that the spies dismayed the heart of their fathers? Moreover, what reason was there for Moses our teacher to send this mission? If [they would report that] the Land is good, and its inhabitants are weak — well and good; but if [they would say that] it is bad, or that the people are strong — would it enter his mind to take them back to Egypt!
But the explanation of this subject is as follows: The Israelites wanted [to act] in the way that all those who come to wage war in a foreign country do, namely to send out men to become acquainted with the roads and entrances to the cities; so that when they return [from their mission], the scouts will go at the head of the army, to show them the way, in a similar manner to that which it says, Show us, we pray thee, the entrance into the city. Thus [the Israelites wanted the reconaissance party] to advise them which city they should attack first, and from which direction it would be easy to capture the Land. This is what they said explicitly, and they [the spies] shall bring us back word of the way by which we must go up, and the cities unto which we shall come, that is to say, the cities into which we shall come first, and from which we will enter the whole country. Now this is the correct guidance [to give] to anyone who [plans to] conquer a country. And so did Moses himself do, as it is said, And Moses sent to spy out Jazer, and Joshua the son of Nun also [sent] two spies. It was for this reason that [the people’s request to send out scouts] pleased Moses, for Scripture does not [allow man] to rely on a miracle in any of its affairs. Instead, it commands those who go out to battle to arm themselves, to take [all necessary] precautions, and to set ambushes [if needed], as Scripture relates in connection with the battle for [the city of] Ai, which was by command of G-d, and similarly in many places. Then Moses consulted the Divine Presence and G-d gave him permission, saying, “Send thee men, that they may spy out the land of Canaan and become acquainted with it, and bring back a report to you, and according to their information you should take counsel regarding the conquest.” Now Moses told the spies, Get you up here into the south, meaning: “Go up by this road into the south so that you will get to know the people who live in the land of the south — [this being] the direction from which Israel was [approaching] — [and see] whether they are strong and [the Israelites] when dealing with them will need to be very much on their guard and well-armed; similarly, [see] the cities, and whether they are fortified so that [the inhabitants] are well-entrenched, and it will therefore be necessary to build forts and ramps, or [even] to come against them from another direction.” Moses further told them that they should get to know the Land itself, whether it is good or bad, and if it is bad, they should first conquer other parts [of it]; for they spied out the hill-country of the Amorites from the side of Hebron, and even Joshua did not conquer all [areas of the Land], — this being the meaning of the expression and what the Land is that they dwell in, meaning the people who live in the land of the south.
[Furthermore] it is possible that it was because Moses knew that it is a fertile and good land, — as he was told, unto a good Land and a large one, unto a Land flowing with milk and honey, — that he told them to set their minds ascertaining this [fact], so that [upon their return] they would tell the people about it, and they would rejoice and gain renewed strength to go up there in joy. Therefore he told them, And be ye of good courage, and bring of the fruit of the Land, so that they [the people] would see with their own eyes the goodness of the Land. Now it is well-known that Egypt is not very far from Hebron — approximately a seven-days’ journey distant — and the border of the land of Canaan comes close to Egypt, and it is therefore impossible that people who live in Egypt should not know about the land of Canaan whether it is good or bad. And indeed Moses’ intention was to find out the way by which he should go up, and the cities which he was to capture first, as I have explained. However, since the Israelites in Egypt were slaves doing most rigorous work, they did not know, neither did they understand [the nature of the Land], therefore Moses wanted the spies to tell them all the particulars of the Land in order to cause them to rejoice in its qualities, since he [himself] knew of them [as explained above.].
Now it appears to me from the language of Scripture that Moses did not [in fact] consult the Divine Presence [as to whether he should send spies at all], but the meaning of Send thee men is that they [the people] had decided [already] to send spies, and it was customary to send two spies secretly, saying: [‘Go view the Land’], and that they be taken [only] from some [tribes of the people]; but G-d Who knows the future commanded Moses [here] to send one man from each of the tribes of Israel, every one a prince among them. [This is because] G-d wanted all the great men to be [represented] equally in this matter, so that perhaps they would remember and turn unto the Eternal, and if not, so that the decree [of punishment] would apply equally to the whole people, this being the meaning of the expression [that Moses sent them] according to the commandment of the Eternal, for it was by command of G-d that they were to be princes and heads of the children of Israel.
It [further] appears to me according to the plain meaning of Scripture that G-d [in speaking] to Moses did not refer [at all] to the request which the people had made, to send out spies, nor to Moses’ consent to that request, for if that were the case, Scripture here would have related: “And the children of Israel approached Moses and said: Let us send men before us etc. And the thing pleased Moses well,” and afterwards it would have written: “And the Eternal spoke unto Moses, saying: ‘Send thee men as they have spoken to you, one man etc.’” But the matter was as follows. The Israelites asked to send [spies], and the thing pleased Moses well, and afterwards a Divine communication came to Moses, as did all other such communications, merely saying, Send thee men, this being the reason [for the necessity of the subsequent explanatory words], that they may spy out the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel, as He is speaking of a new matter about which nothing has [hitherto] been related. All this was because the Eternal was pleased, for His righteousness’ sake that the mission be at His command, and that it be with [the participation of] all their tribes and their great men, so that [the people] should be saved.
Similarly it appears that they asked of Moses, Let us send men before us, ‘v’yachperu’ (that they may search) the Land for us, which means spying out the roads and [working out] the strategy of conquest, similar to the expression from there ‘chaphar’ (he spieth out) the prey. This is the meaning of [the words] before us [Let us send men ‘before us’], for they [the Israelites] would follow them [later on] in their route, similar to the expression, and the ark of the covenant went ‘before them’. G-d, however, commanded ‘v’yathuru’ the land of Canaan, which refers to a choice, as is made by those who come to buy something, similar in expression to the verse, beside that which ‘mei’anshei hatarim’ (the traffickers) and merchants. Similarly: into a land that ‘tarti’ (I had sought out) for them; also, ‘lathur’ (to seek out) a resting-place for them. Therefore Moses commanded them to state specifically whether it is good or bad … whether it is fat or lean etc., all this being in order to cause them to rejoice, for it is the beauty of all lands, and they would go up to it with great eagerness. Thus this subject is related here without explanation [of the exact sequence of events leading up to the sending of the spies], as it occurred, but in the Book of Deuteronomy Moses mentioned to them all the happenings from their beginning, in order to declare to them their transgression, that they sinned by their [very] request which they themselves initiated.
In the opinion of our Rabbis their sin was in saying Let us send men before us, because they had seen the salvation of the Eternal which He continually did for them, and they should have followed the cloud whither the spirit was to go, and Moses accepted their request to fulfill their desire. The meaning, then, of [the verse] And the thing pleased me well is: “I endured your evil plan and directed that it be done”. And G-d commanded him that he send one man of every tribe of their fathers etc., just like it is said in the case of Samuel, Hearken unto the voice of the people in all that they say unto thee; for they have not rejected thee, but they have rejected Me, that I should not be King over them. Now these men [who were sent out as spies] were not pointed out by name by the word of G-d, as was the case at the census and at the division of the Land, for no mishap occurs to those who carry out the command of G-d, and whoso keepeth the commandment shall know no evil thing. Therefore He, blessed be He, only commanded Moses one man of every tribe of their fathers shall ye send etc., and that they be princes, and Moses at his own discretion chose these men and sent them, and they wrought evil unto themselves.
(א) מה תצעק אלי. קשה ולמול מי יצעק אם לא לה' אלקיו ובפרט בעת צרה דכתיב (יונה ב׳:ג׳) קראת מצרה לי, (תהילים קי״ח:ה׳) מן המצר קראתי יה, ואם לצד שהרבה להתפלל הלא כל עוד שלא נענה מהעונה בצר לו לא ירף מתפלה. עוד רואני כי נתקבלה תפלתו ואמר לו ה' הרם את מטך וגו' אם כן קבלנות זה שאמר מה תצעק אלי למה. עוד קשה אומרו דבר אל בני ישראל ויסעו להיכן יסעו אם רודף מאחור והים לפניהם, ואם הכוונה אחר שיבקע הים אם כן היה לו לומר הרם את מטך וגו' ואחר כך יאמר דבר אל בני ישראל וגו': (ב) אכן יתבאר הענין על פי מאמרם ז''ל (שמות רבה פכ''א) שישראל היו נתונין בדין מה אלו אף אלו, ודבר ידוע הוא כי כח הרחמים הוא מעשים טובים אשר יעשה האדם למטה יוסיפו כח במדת הרחמים ולהיפך ב''מ ימעיטו הכח, והוא אומרו (דברים לב יח) צור ילדך תשי, והנה לצד שראה אל עליון כי ישראל קטרגה עליהם מדת הדין, והן אמת כי חפץ ה' לצדק ישראל אבל אין כח ברחמים לצד מעשיהם כנזכר, אשר על כן אמר למשה תשובה נצחת מה תצעק אלי פירוש כי אין הדבר תלוי בידי הגם שאני חפץ עשות נס כיון שהם אינם ראוים מדת הדין מונעת ואין כח ברחמים כנגד מדת הדין המונעת, ואמר אליו דבר אל בני ישראל פירוש זאת העצה היעוצה להגביר צד החסד והרחמים דבר אל בני ישראל ויתעצמו באמונה בכל לבם ויסעו אל הים קודם שיחלק על סמך הבטחון כי אני אעשה להם נס ובאמצעות זה תתגבר הרחמים ואתה הרם את מטך פירוש באמצעות מעשה הטוב נעשה להם הנס ובקע הים כי גדול הבטחון והאמונה הלז להכריעם לטובה. ותמצא שכן היה וצדיק הראשון הוא נחשון בן עמינדב ונכנס עד גרונו ולא נבקע הים עד שאמר כי באו מים עד נפש כמאמרם ז''ל (סוטה ל''ז.) ובזה נתישבו הכתובים על נכון. ונראה לי לומר כי רשם ה' לומר להם טעם תגבורת הדין עליהם לצד שהם המעיטו בלבם האמונה ואמרו הלא טוב לנו את עבוד מצרים לזה צוה ה' לעשות כנגד עון זה הצדקת האמונה בכל תוקף. גם בזה רמזם לדעת הסובב תגבורת הדין מחדש:
(1) מה תצעק אלי, "why are you crying out to Me, etc.?" The word "to Me" is difficult. Who else was Moses supposed to cry out to if not to G'd? We find both in Jonah 2,3 and in Psalms 118,5 that in times of distress one is supposed to cry out to G'd as did both Jonah and David successfully. If G'd meant that Moses indulged in too much prayer that would seem an unjustified criticism as long as Moses' prayer had not yet been answered. Besides, we see from G'd's instructions in verse 16 that Moses was to raise his staff that G'd did answer his prayer. If so, why did G'd ask Moses: "why do you cry out to Me? What is G'd's answer "speak to the children of Israel so that they will move on" supposed to mean? Where were they supposed to move to? The Egyptians were behind them and the sea was in front! If G'd meant that they should move after they would observe the sea split, G'd should first have told Moses to raise his staff and afterwards have given the command that the Israelites were to move into the bed of the sea! (2) We have to refer to Shemot Rabbah 21,7 where Samael is described as opposing the impending miracle claiming that until very recently the Israelites had worshiped idols with the same fervor as the Egyptians. In other words, the Israelites were subject to the attribute of Justice. G'd (i.e. the attribute of Mercy) told Moses that the Israelites (or he) were addressing themselves to the wrong attribute in their prayers for help. We have a tradition based on Deut. 32,18 צור ילדך תשי, "you have weakened the Rock which begot you," that G'd's respective attributes are "strengthened" or "weakened" in accordance with the deeds we perform or do not perform here on earth. While it was true that the attribute of Mercy was anxious to perform a life-saving miracle on behalf of the Israelites, they had not yet qualified for such a miracle by their deeds. G'd advised Moses "speak to the children of Israel to perform an act of faith such as entering the sea so that I can activate My attribute of Mercy and perform the miracle that I have in mind." Following such a demonstration of faith Moses was to raise his staff to enable G'd to perform the splitting of the Sea of Reeds. When G'd said to Moses: "why do you cry out to Me?," He meant: "the matter is altogether not in My hands." If and when Moses had spoken to the children of Israel and they had demonstrated the necessary mesasure of faith, only then: "raise your staff, etc., and divide the sea!" This is precisely what happened after Nachshon ben Aminadav of the tribe of Yehudah walked into the sea up to his neck before the sea had split. Sotah 69 reports concerning him that the waters of the sea were about to drown him. In view of the foregoing none of the verses present a problem, neither as to content nor as to their sequence. The principal reason the Israelites had been handed over to the attribute of Justice was that they had said they were better off serving Egypt than dying in the desert. This is why G'd (the attribute of Mercy) had declared that their appeal to Him at that stage was useless.