(31) And he said, “I venture again to speak to my Lord: What if twenty should be found there?” And He answered, “I will not destroy, for the sake of the twenty.” (32) And he said, “Let not my Lord be angry if I speak but this last time: What if ten should be found there?” And He answered, “I will not destroy, for the sake of the ten.” (33) When the LORD had finished speaking to Abraham, He departed; and Abraham returned to his place.
אולי ימצאון שם עשרה PERADVENTURE THERE SHALL TEN BE FOUND THERE — For a smaller number he did not plead because he knew already of two instances where less than ten had failed to save the wicked. He said to himself: In the generation of the Flood there were eight righteous people, viz., Noah, his sons and their wives, and they could not save their generation, and for nine by means of including God in the count he had already pleaded but had found no acceptance.
(2) Now I hear,” he went on, “that there are rations to be had in Egypt. Go down and procure rations for us there, that we may live and not die.” (3) So ten of Joseph’s brothers went down to get grain rations in Egypt;
(ה) מִיָּד שָׁמַע יַעֲקֹב שֶׁהָיָה שֶׁבֶר בְּמִצְרַיִם, וְאָמַר לְבָנָיו רְדוּ שָׁמָּה וְשִׁבְרוּ וְגוֹ'. וַיֵּרְדוּ אֲחֵי יוֹסֵף עֲשָׂרָה. וְלָמָּה עֲשָׂרָה, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן כֹּחַ לִדְחוֹת הַפֻּרְעָנוּת, שֶׁכֵּן כְּשֶׁבָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְהַחֲרִיב אֶת סְדוֹם וְהָיָה אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ מְבַקֵּשׁ עֲלֵיהֶן רַחֲמִים מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם, הִתְחִיל מְסַפֵּר מִן חֲמִשִּׁים עַד עֲשָׂרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אוּלַי יִמָּצְאוּן שָׁם עֲשָׂרָה (בראשית יח, לב), כִּי עֲשָׂרָה הִיא עֵדָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: עַד מָתַי לָעֵדָה וְגוֹ' (במדבר יד, כז), וּכְתִיב: אֱלֹהִים נִצָּב בַּעֲדַת אֵל (תהלים כב, א). לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר וַיֵּרְדוּ אֲחֵי יוֹסֵף עֲשָׂרָה...
(5) As soon as Jacob heard that there was corn in Egypt, he said to his sons: Get you down thither, and buy for us from them, etc. And Joseph’s ten brethren went down (ibid. 42:2–3). Why did all ten go? Because in that number resides the power to set aside retribution. For example, when the Holy One, blessed be He, was about to destroy Sodom, our patriarch Abraham pleaded for heavenly mercy in their behalf. He spoke first of fifty men, but finally reduced the number to ten, as it is said: Perhaps ten shall be found there.
(כז) עַד־מָתַ֗י לָעֵדָ֤ה הָֽרָעָה֙ הַזֹּ֔את אֲשֶׁ֛ר הֵ֥מָּה מַלִּינִ֖ים עָלָ֑י אֶת־תְּלֻנּ֞וֹת בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל אֲשֶׁ֨ר הֵ֧מָּה מַלִּינִ֛ים עָלַ֖י שָׁמָֽעְתִּי׃
(27) “How much longer shall that wicked community [the 10 spies?] keep muttering against Me? Very well, I have heeded the incessant muttering of the Israelites against Me.
אמר ר' יעקב אמר רבי יוחנן אין פרהסיא פחותה מעשרה בני אדם פשיטא ישראלים בעינן דכתיב (ויקרא כב, לב) ונקדשתי בתוך בני ישראל בעי רבי ירמיה תשעה ישראל ונכרי אחד מהו תא שמע דתני רב ינאי אחוה דרבי חייא בר אבא אתיא תוך תוך כתיב הכא ונקדשתי בתוך בני ישראל וכתיב התם (במדבר טז, כא) הבדלו מתוך העדה הזאת מה להלן עשרה וכולהו ישראל אף כאן עשרה וכולהו ישראל
Rabbi Ya’akov says that Rabbi Yoḥanan says: An action is not considered a public act if it is performed in the presence of fewer than ten people. The Gemara clarifies this point: It is obvious that we require that these ten people be Jews, as it is written in the verse from which we derive the requirement of ten for the sanctification of God’s name: “And I shall be sanctified among the children of Israel” (Leviticus 22:32). Rabbi Yirmeya asks: What is the halakha if there were nine Jews and one gentile present? The Gemara answers: Come and hear an answer from what Rav Yannai, the brother of Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba, teaches in a baraita: This is derived by means of a verbal analogy between the word “among” written with regard to the sanctification of God’s name, and the word “among” written with regard to Korah and his assembly. Here, with regard to the sanctification of God’s name, it is written: “And I shall be sanctified among the children of Israel,” and there, with regard to Korah, it is written: “Separate yourselves from among this congregation” (Numbers 16:21). Just as there, the congregation of spies numbered ten, and all were Jews, so too here, concerning the sanctification of God, there must be ten, all of them being Jews.
In explaining Abba Binyamin’s statement, Ravin bar Rav Adda said that Rabbi Yitzḥak said: From where is it derived that the Holy One, Blessed be He, is located in a synagogue? As it is stated: “God stands in the congregation of God; in the midst of the judges He judges” (Psalms 82:1). The congregation of God is the place where people congregate to sing God’s praises, and God is located among His congregation. And from where is it derived that ten people who pray, the Divine Presence is with them? As it is stated: “God stands in the congregation of God,” and the minimum number of people that constitute a congregation is a quorum of ten.
אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בָּא בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת, וְלֹא מָצָא בָּהּ עֲשָׂרָה — מִיָּד הוּא כּוֹעֵס, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״מַדּוּעַ בָּאתִי וְאֵין אִישׁ קָרָאתִי וְאֵין עוֹנֶה״.
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: When the Holy One, Blessed be He, enters a synagogue and does not find ten people there, He immediately becomes angry, as it is stated: “Why, when I came, was there no one? When I called, there was no one to answer…Behold, with My rebuke I dry up the sea, I make the rivers a wilderness” (Isaiah 50:2).
(ט) ישתדל אדם להתפלל בב"ה עם הציבור ואם הוא אנוס שאינו יכול לבא לב"ה יכוין להתפלל בשעה שהציבו' מתפללין
(9) A person should make an effort to pray in the synagogue with a congregation, and if he is unable (lit. "anus", coerced) - that one is not able to come to the synagogue, one should intend to pray at the time that the congregation is praying