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הקדמה: ספר רות כתבו שמואל הרמתי \ מואבי ולא מואבית


(יז) וַתִּקְרֶאנָה֩ ל֨וֹ הַשְּׁכֵנ֥וֹת שֵׁם֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר יֻלַּד־בֵּ֖ן לְנָעֳמִ֑י וַתִּקְרֶ֤אנָֽה שְׁמוֹ֙ עוֹבֵ֔ד ה֥וּא אֲבִי־יִשַׁ֖י אֲבִ֥י דָוִֽד׃ (פ) (יח) וְאֵ֙לֶּה֙ תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ פֶּ֖רֶץ הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת־חֶצְרֽוֹן׃ (יט) וְחֶצְרוֹן֙ הוֹלִ֣יד אֶת־רָ֔ם וְרָ֖ם הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת־עַמִּֽינָדָֽב׃ (כ) וְעַמִּֽינָדָב֙ הוֹלִ֣יד אֶת־נַחְשׁ֔וֹן וְנַחְשׁ֖וֹן הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת־שַׂלְמָֽה׃ (כא) וְשַׂלְמוֹן֙ הוֹלִ֣יד אֶת־בֹּ֔עַז וּבֹ֖עַז הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת־עוֹבֵֽד׃ (כב) וְעֹבֵד֙ הוֹלִ֣יד אֶת־יִשָׁ֔י וְיִשַׁ֖י הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת־דָּוִֽד׃
(17) and the women neighbors gave him a name, saying, “A son is born to Naomi!” They named him Obed; he was the father of Jesse, father of David. (18) This is the line of Perez: Perez begot Hezron, (19) Hezron begot Ram, Ram begot Ammi-nadab, (20) Amminadab begot Nahshon, Nahshon begot Salmon, (21) Salmon begot Boaz, Boaz begot Obed, (22) Obed begot Jesse, and Jesse begot David.

ומי כתבן משה כתב ספרו ופרשת בלעם ואיוב יהושע כתב ספרו ושמונה פסוקים שבתורה שמואל כתב ספרו ושופטים ורות דוד כתב ספר תהלים על ידי עשרה זקנים ע"י אדם הראשון על ידי מלכי צדק ועל ידי אברהם וע"י משה ועל ידי הימן וע"י ידותון ועל ידי אסף

The baraita now considers the authors of the biblical books: And who wrote the books of the Bible? Moses wrote his own book, i.e., the Torah, and the portion of Balaam in the Torah, and the book of Job. Joshua wrote his own book and eight verses in the Torah, which describe the death of Moses. Samuel wrote his own book, the book of Judges, and the book of Ruth. David wrote the book of Psalms by means of ten elders of previous generations, assembling a collection that included compositions of others along with his own. He included psalms authored by Adam the first man, by Melchizedek king of Salem, and by Abraham, and by Moses, and by Heman, and by Jeduthun, and by Asaph,

א"ל אבנר תנינא עמוני ולא עמונית מואבי ולא מואבית אלא מעתה ממזר ולא ממזרת ממזר כתיב מום זר מצרי ולא מצרית שאני הכא דמפרש טעמא דקרא (דברים כג, ה) על אשר לא קדמו אתכם בלחם ובמים דרכו של איש לקדם ולא דרכה של אשה לקדם היה להם לקדם אנשים לקראת אנשים ונשים לקראת נשים אישתיק מיד ויאמר המלך שאל אתה בן מי זה העלם התם קרי ליה נער הכא קרי ליה עלם הכי קא אמר ליה הלכה נתעלמה ממך צא ושאל בבית המדרש שאל אמרו ליה עמוני ולא עמונית מואבי ולא מואבית אקשי להו דואג כל הני קושייתא אישתיקו בעי לאכרוזי עליה מיד (שמואל ב יז, כה) ועמשא בן איש ושמו יתרא הישראלי אשר בא אל אביגיל בת נחש וכתיב (דברי הימים א ב, יז) יתר הישמעאלי אמר רבא מלמד שחגר חרבו כישמעאל ואמר כל מי שאינו שומע הלכה זו ידקר בחרב כך מקובלני מבית דינו של שמואל הרמתי עמוני ולא עמונית מואבי ולא מואבית ומי מהימן והאמר רבי אבא אמר רב כל תלמיד חכם שמורה הלכה ובא אם קודם מעשה אמרה שומעין לו ואם לאו אין שומעין לו שאני הכא דהא שמואל ובית דינו קיים

But this one, Pharaoh’s daughter, did not require such things, as she herself was the daughter of royalty, and therefore there would have been no reason to doubt the sincerity of her conversion. The Gemara asks: But let him derive that Pharaoh’s daughter was forbidden to Solomon for a different reason, as she was a first-generation Egyptian convert. Even if she converted, she would still have been an Egyptian convert of the first generation, and as such neither she nor her children would have been permitted to marry a Jew by birth (Deuteronomy 23:8–9). And if you would say that those whom the Torah rendered forbidden have already left Egypt and are now living elsewhere in the world, and those currently living in Egypt are others, there is a difficulty. As, isn’t it taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda said: Minyamin, an Egyptian convert, was a friend of mine from among the students of Rabbi Akiva, and he said: After I converted I was a first-generation Egyptian convert, and so I married another first-generation Egyptian convert. I will marry off my son, who is a second-generation Egyptian convert, to another second-generation Egyptian convert, so that my grandson will be fit to enter into the congregation. This indicates that first- and second-generation converts of Egyptian extraction were prohibited from entering into the congregation even during the period of the Mishna. Rav Pappa said: Shall we stand up and raise an objection from Solomon? Solomon did not marry anyone, as it is written in his regard: “Of the nations concerning which the Lord said to the children of Israel, You shall not go among them, neither shall they come among you; for surely they will turn away your heart after their gods; Solomon cleaved to these in love” (I Kings 11:2). Solomon cleaved to these women in love, but was not legally married to them. As Solomon had other forbidden wives, the case of Pharaoh’s daughter presents no special difficulty. In fact, none of these marriages were valid at all. But the phrase “and Solomon married” (I Kings 3:1) that appears in connection with Pharaoh’s daughter is difficult, as it indicates that this marriage was in fact valid. The Gemara answers: Due to the extraordinary love that he had for her, the verse relates to him as if he had married her through a legally valid marriage, even though this was not the case. Ravina said to Rav Ashi: But didn’t we learn in the mishna that a man with crushed testicles and one whose penis has been severed are permitted to marry a female convert and an emancipated maidservant? That indicates that it is only these women whom they are permitted to marry, but they are prohibited from marrying a Gibeonite woman. This appears to contradict the baraita that permits a man with crushed testicles to marry a Gibeonite. Rav Ashi said to Ravina: And according to your line of reasoning, say the latter clause of the mishna as follows: And they are prohibited only from entering into the congregation, and infer just the opposite, that it is only a woman who was born Jewish whom they are prohibited from marrying, but they are permitted to marry a Gibeonite woman, as she is not part of the congregation of the Lord. Rather, no inference is to be learned from this mishna, as the possible inferences are contradictory, and one must therefore rely on the halakha that was expressly taught. mishna Ammonite and Moabite converts are prohibited from entering into the congregation and marrying a woman who was born Jewish, and their prohibition is eternal, for all generations. However, their female counterparts, even the convert herself, are permitted immediately. Egyptian and Edomite converts are prohibited from entering into the congregation only for three generations, both males and females. Rabbi Shimon renders permitted Egyptian and Edomite females immediately. Rabbi Shimon said: The matter may be derived by way of an a fortiori inference: If in a place where the Torah rendered prohibited the males with an eternal prohibition, i.e., Ammonites and Moabites, it rendered permitted the females immediately, then in a place where it rendered prohibited the males for only three generations, i.e., Egyptians and Edomites, is it not right that we should render permitted the females immediately? Rabbi Shimon’s colleagues said to him: If you are reporting a halakha that you received from your teachers, we will accept it from you. But if you merely wish to prove your case with an a fortiori inference based on your own reasoning, there is a refutation of your argument. Rabbi Shimon said to them: That is not so. I disagree with your claim that the a fortiori inference can be refuted, but in any case I am stating a halakha handed down to me by my teachers. gemara The Gemara asks: From where are these matters derived that female Ammonites and Moabites are permitted immediately? Rabbi Yoḥanan said: As the verse states: “And when Saul saw David go forth against the Philistine, he said to Abner, the captain of the host: Abner, whose son is this youth? And Abner said: As your soul lives, O king, I cannot tell” (I Samuel 17:55). This verse is puzzling: Did Saul really not recognize him? But isn’t it previously written: “And David came to Saul, and stood before him; and he loved him greatly; and he became his armor-bearer” (I Samuel 16:21)? Rather, it must be that he was asking about David’s father. The Gemara is still puzzled by this verse: And did Saul not recognize David’s father? But isn’t it written with regard to Jesse, David’s father: “And the man in the days of Saul was old, and came among men” (I Samuel 17:12), and Rav, and some say Rabbi Abba, said: This is referring to Jesse, father of David, who always entered with multitudes [ukhlusa] and left with multitudes. As he was clearly a man of importance, everyone must have known who he was. Rather, this is what Saul was saying, in his attempt to clarify David’s lineage: Does he come from the descendants of Perez, or does he come from the descendants of Zerah? What is the significance of this question? If he comes from Perez he will be king, as a king may breach [poretz] a way for himself and no one can stop him. And if he comes from Zerah he will be merely a man of importance, but not a king. The Gemara continues with its explanation: For what reason did Saul say to Abner that he should inquire about David? As it is written: “And Saul clad David with his apparel [maddav]” (I Samuel 17:38), which indicates that the clothes were of David’s size [kemiddato]. And it is written with regard to Saul: “From his shoulders and upward he was higher than any of the people” (I Samuel 9:2). Upon seeing that his clothes fit David, Saul began to fear that it might be David who was destined for the throne, and he therefore inquired into his background. At that point, Doeg the Edomite said to Saul: Before you inquire as to whether or not he is fit for kingship, inquire as to whether or not he is even fit to enter into the congregation. What is the reason for such doubts? It is that he descends from Ruth the Moabite, and Moabites are permanently barred from entering the congregation. Abner said to him: We already learned that there is no room for such concern. As the verse states: “An Ammonite or a Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of the Lord” (Deuteronomy 23:4), teaching that an Ammonite man is barred from entering into the congregation, but not an Ammonite woman; and similarly, a Moabite man is barred from entering into the congregation, but not a Moabite woman. Doeg said to him: However, if that is so, say that the verse that renders it prohibited for a mamzer to enter the congregation renders prohibited only a male mamzer, but not a female mamzer. Abner replied: It is written: “A mamzer,” which should be understood not as a noun but as an adjective, denoting a strange blemish [mum zar], one who is defective due to a forbidden relationship, and this applies to males and females alike. Doeg retorted: If so, say that it is prohibited for only an Egyptian man to enter into the congregation, but not an Egyptian woman. Abner answered: Here it is different, as the reason for the prohibition recorded in this verse with regard to Ammonites is explicit: “Because they did not meet you with bread and with water on the way, when you came forth out of Egypt” (Deuteronomy 23:5). Since it is the way of a man to go forth to meet guests but it is not the way of a woman to go forth, females were not included in this prohibition. Doeg countered: Still, the men should have gone forth to meet the men, and the women to meet the women. Abner was silent, as he did not know how to respond to this objection. Immediately: “And the king said, inquire you whose son is this lad” (I Samuel 17:56). The Gemara comments: There, in the previous verse, Saul calls him youth [na’ar], and here he calls him lad [elem]. This change in the wording hints at the following discussion. Saul said to Doeg as follows: The halakha is hidden [nitalma] from you, and you are ignorant of the law. Go and inquire about the matter in the study hall. He went to the study hall and asked. They said to him: The halakha is: An Ammonite man is forbidden, but not an Ammonite woman; a Moabite man is forbidden, but not a Moabite woman. Doeg raised before them all those objections from the others who are disqualified from entering into the congregation, and they were silent, not knowing how to respond. Doeg then wanted to proclaim that David was disqualified from entering into the congregation. He was immediately answered. Here it says: “Now Amasa was the son of a man, whose name was Jithra the Israelite, that went into Abigal the daughter of Nahash” (II Samuel 17:25), and yet elsewhere it is written that Amasa’s father was named “Jether the Ishmaelite” (I Chronicles 2:17). Rava said: This teaches that he girded his sword like Ishmael, i.e., like an Arab, and said: Whoever does not accept this halakha and act accordingly shall be stabbed with the sword. This is the tradition that I received from the court of Samuel from Rama: An Ammonite man is prohibited from entering into the congregation, but not an Ammonite woman; a Moabite man is prohibited from entering into the congregation, but not a Moabite woman. The Gemara asks about this incident: And is he trusted to offer such testimony? But didn’t Rabbi Abba say that Rav said: With regard to every Torah scholar who issues a halakhic ruling based on a tradition he claims to have received from his teacher, and that ruling has practical ramifications for himself as well, if he stated the ruling already before the incident, i.e., before it had a bearing on his own case, one listens to him; but if not, if he reported the tradition only after it was personally relevant to him, one does not listen to him, as he is an interested party. Since Amasa was the son of Jesse’s daughter Abigail, as stated in the aforementioned verse in Chronicles, the matter certainly affected his own status. The Gemara answers: Here it is different, as Samuel and the other members of his court were still living, and the truth of Amasa’s report could be easily verified. The Gemara asks: In any case, the unanswered question raised by Doeg is difficult. The Gemara answers: Here, in Babylonia, they explained the matter based on the verse: “The king’s daughter is all glorious within” (Psalms 45:14), which indicates that it is unbefitting for a woman to venture outside at all, and therefore the Ammonite women would not have been expected to go forth to meet the Jewish women. In the West, Eretz Yisrael, they say, and some say it was Rabbi Yitzḥak who said: The verse states: “And they said to him: Where is Sarah your wife? And he said: Behold, in the tent” (Genesis 18:9), which teaches that it is praiseworthy for a woman to remain inside her home. The Gemara comments that this disagreement with regard to the source of the halakha that it is permitted for an Ammonite or Moabite woman to enter into the congregation is like the following dispute between tanna’im: The verse states: “An Ammonite or a Moabite” (Deuteronomy 23:4); an Ammonite man is barred from entering into the congregation, but not an Ammonite woman, and similarly, a Moabite man is barred from entering into the congregation, but not a Moabite woman. This is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda, who derives the halakha from the masculine form of these two terms. Rabbi Shimon says: The verse states: “Because they did not meet you with bread and with water on the way” (Deuteronomy 23:5). Since it is the way of a man, but not the way of a woman, to go forth to meet guests, females were not included in the prohibition. With regard to the same issue, Rava taught: What is the meaning of that which is written: “You have loosened my bands” (Psalms 116:16)? David said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, You have loosened the two bands that were on me, on account of which I and my entire family might have been disqualified, i.e., Ruth the Moabite woman and Na’ama the Ammonite woman. Owing to the allowance granted to Moabite and Ammonite women, we are permitted to enter the congregation. Rava further taught: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Many things have You done, O Lord my God, Your wonders and Your thoughts are upon us” (Psalms 40:6)? Upon me is not stated, but rather “upon us,” which teaches that Rehoboam, son of Solomon and grandson of David, was sitting on the lap of David, who said to him: These two verses were stated about me and about you, as Rehoboam’s mother was Na’ama the Ammonite. With regard to the same issue, Rava also taught: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Then I said: Behold, I have come; in the scroll of a book it is written about me” (Psalms 40:8)? David said: I had said that I have come only now; my life was created only recently, at the time of my birth. But I did not know that it was already written about me in the scroll of a book, that an ancient text already hints at my existence. There, with regard to the daughters of Lot, it is written: “And your two daughters that are found here” (Genesis 19:15), and here, with regard to David, it is written: “I have found David, My servant; I have anointed him with My holy oil” (Psalms 89:21). The lost article that was found among the daughters of Lot, the mothers of Ammon and Moab, is David and his royal house. Ulla said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The daughter of an Ammonite convert is fit not only to marry an ordinary Israelite, but even to marry into the priesthood. Rava bar Ulla said to Ulla: In accordance with whose opinion did you state this halakha? If it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, didn’t he say that the daughter of a male convert is like the daughter of a male ḥalal, one rendered unfit for the priesthood, which means that the daughter of any convert should be disqualified from the priesthood? And if you spoke in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, it is obvious that this is the case, as he said that even if a male convert marries a female convert, his daughter is fit to marry into the priesthood. And if you would say that Rabbi Yosei spoke only of those converts who are fit to enter into the congregation, but with regard to this one, an Ammonite convert, who is not fit to enter into the congregation, his daughter is not fit to marry a priest, there is a difficulty: From where does he derive this distinction? The Gemara answers: He derives this from the case of a High Priest who married a widow, a woman whom he is prohibited from marrying. Just as his daughter is disqualified from marrying into the priesthood, so too is the daughter of an Ammonite convert disqualified from marrying into the priesthood. However, an objection may be raised: What comparison can be made to a High Priest who married a widow, which is a stringent prohibition, as his intercourse involves a transgression? Can one say the same with regard to the daughter of an Ammonite convert, who could be born from a permitted relationship, e.g., from a male Ammonite convert who married a female Ammonite convert? The Gemara answers: Let the case of a ḥalal prove that this is not relevant, as his intercourse does not involve a transgression and yet his children are also ḥalalim, who are prohibited from marrying into the priesthood. However, another objection may be raised: What comparison can be made to a ḥalal, seeing that his essential formation involved a transgression, and therefore it is understandable that his disqualification extends to his offspring. Can one say the same with regard to the daughter of an Ammonite convert who was not the product of a forbidden union? The Gemara answers: Let the case of a High Priest who marries a widow prove that this is not relevant, as he was not the product of a forbidden union but nevertheless his daughter is disqualified from marrying into the priesthood. And the derivation has reverted to its starting point, and the discussion can go back and forth. At this point, however, the halakha can be derived from a combination of the two sources: The aspect of this case, that of a High Priest, is not like the aspect of that case, that of a ḥalal, and the aspect of that case is not like the aspect of this case; their common denominator is that he is not included in the majority of the congregation, i.e., the man is governed by a halakha that differs from that of most Jews. The High Priest’s intercourse with a widow involves a transgression, and the ḥalal is the product of a forbidden union. And in each case, the man’s daughter is disqualified from marrying into the priesthood. So too, an Ammonite convert is not included in the majority of the congregation, as it is prohibited for him to enter the congregation of Israel, and so his daughter is also disqualified from marrying into the priesthood. The Gemara objects: What is the common denominator between the case of the High Priest and that of the ḥalal that prevents one from utilizing it as a paradigm for other cases? Both of those cases include an aspect of transgression; the High Priest engaged in a forbidden act of intercourse, and the ḥalal is the product of a forbidden union. Perhaps that is the reason that the daughter in each of these cases is prohibited from marrying into the priesthood. In the case of the Ammonite convert, however, there is no transgression. The Gemara answers: Perhaps you spoke of an Ammonite convert who married the daughter of a Jew, and Rabbi Yoḥanan wished to teach that although his intercourse involves a transgression, as it is prohibited for him to enter into the congregation, his daughter is nevertheless fit to marry into the priesthood. Ulla said to him: Yes, this was Rabbi Yoḥanan’s teaching. As, when Ravin came from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, he said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: With regard to the daughter of an Ammonite convert who is the offspring of his forbidden marriage with a woman of Jewish birth, and similarly, with regard to the daughter of a second-generation Egyptian convert from his forbidden marriage with a woman of Jewish birth, Rabbi Yoḥanan said that she is fit to marry into the priesthood, whereas Reish Lakish said that she is disqualified from marrying a priest. Reish Lakish said she is disqualified, as he derives from the halakha governing a High Priest who married a widow that the daughter of any forbidden union is disqualified from the priesthood. Rabbi Yoḥanan said she is fit,

מצוה קיג, קיד: בפרשת (א) תצא כתוב לא יבא עמוני ומואבי בקהל ה' הנה בארנו במצות שאור ודבש בל תקטירו בשם רבי' שלמה ובשם רבי יצחק שמואבי לאו בפני עצמו ועמוני לאו בפני עצמו ושנינו ביבמות [דף ע"ו] עמוני ומואבי אסורין ואיסורן איסור עולם הזכרים אפי' בני בניהם עד סוף כל הדורות אסורין לישא ישראלי' אבל (ב) הנקבות מותרת מיד כשאר אומות וכן קבלו מבית דין של שמואל הרמתי והוא קבל דבר זה הל"מ עמוני ולא עמונית מואבי ולא מואבית והטעם מפרש המקרא על דבר אשר לא קדמו אתכם בלחם ובמים והרב ר' יוסי מקרטרש היה אומר כי בעמון היה טעם זה כי מתוך המקרא משמע כי מואבים קדמו כמו בני עשו שנא' אוכל בכסף תשבירני ואכלתי ומים בכסף תתן לי ושתיתי כאשר עשו לי בני עשו היושבים בשעיר והמואבים היושבים בער אבל במואב מפרש אח"כ טעם אחר ואשר שכר עליך את בלעם בן בעור וגו' וכשם שטעם זה למואב לבדו כך טעם ראשון לעמון לבדו וגם משני הטעמים יש ללמוד שנשים מותרת שאין דרכם לקדם ולא לשכור וכן יש בירו' דהערל:

נד) עמוני ולא עמונית כ' הרמב"ם ספר קדושה בפי"ב מאסורי ביאה הנ"ל שהוא הל"מ ולא ידעתי מנא לי' כי בגמ' בפ' הערל לא נזכר רק שכך קיבלו מב"ד של שמואל הרמתי ואין זה ענין להל"מ וכמה דברים זכרו בש"ס בשם חגי זכריה ומלאכי ואינם הל"מ כמ"ש לעיל על עמון ומואב מעשרין. והנה לדעת הרמב"ם שעמוני ולא עמוני' הל"מ היה נשכח משאול וב"ד וכל הדור ההוא ונחלקו בו מצד הדקדוק והסברא עד שחגר יתרא הישראלי חרבו ואמר קבלתו מיהו בזה י"ל דאותו מחלוקת נעשה מדואג וסייעתו מתוך השנאה שהיו להם על דהמע"ה ובכה"ג כתבו התוס' על מחלוקת שאול ודוד במקדש במלוה ופרוטה במס' חגיגה די"ו:

א. אם גיירו מחלון וכליון נשותיהם


אַלְמֹנִי. אַלְמוֹן מִבְּלִי שֵׁם. (סְפָרִים אֲחֵרִים, אַלְמֹנִי שֶׁהָיָה אַלְמָן מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ לִדְרשׁ, עַמּוֹנִי וְלֹא עַמּוֹנִית, מוֹאָבִי וְלֹא מוֹאָבִית וְהוּא אָמַר, "פֶּן אַשְׁחִית אֶת נַחֲלָתִי":)
And so. אַלְמֹנִי means widowed, without a name. (Another version: [He is called] אַלְמֹנִי because he was widowed of the words of the Torah, for he should have expounded, “[only] an Ammonite [is forbidden in marriage to a Jewish woman], but not an Ammonitess [i.e., an Ammonite woman is not forbidden in marriage to a Jewish man]; a Mo’avite, but not a Mo’aviteess.” Yet he said, “for I would mar my own inheritance.”)
וַיָּמ֥וּתוּ גַם־שְׁנֵיהֶ֖ם מַחְל֣וֹן וְכִלְי֑וֹן וַתִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽאִשָּׁ֔ה מִשְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖יהָ וּמֵאִישָֽׁהּ׃
Then those two—Mahlon and Chilion—also died; so the woman was left without her two sons and without her husband.
אָסוּר לָצֵאת מֵאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ לְעוֹלָם. אֶלָּא לִלְמֹד תּוֹרָה אוֹ לִשָּׂא אִשָּׁה אוֹ לְהַצִּיל מִן הָעַכּוּ''ם. וְיַחְזֹר לָאָרֶץ. וְכֵן יוֹצֵא הוּא לִסְחוֹרָה. אֲבָל לִשְׁכֹּן בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ אָסוּר אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן חָזַק שָׁם הָרָעָב עַד שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה שְׁוֵה דִּינָר חִטִּין בִּשְׁנֵי דִּינָרִין. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים כְּשֶׁהָיוּ הַמָּעוֹת מְצוּיוֹת וְהַפֵּרוֹת בְּיֹקֶר. אֲבָל אִם הַפֵּרוֹת בְּזוֹל וְלֹא יִמְצָא מָעוֹת וְלֹא בְּמָה יִשְׂתַּכֵּר וְאָבְדָה פְּרוּטָה מִן הַכִּיס. יֵצֵא לְכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁיִּמְצָא בּוֹ רֶוַח. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֻּתָּר לָצֵאת אֵינָהּ מִדַּת חֲסִידוּת שֶׁהֲרֵי מַחְלוֹן וְכִלְיוֹן שְׁנֵי גְּדוֹלֵי הַדּוֹר הָיוּ וּמִפְּנֵי צָרָה גְּדוֹלָה יָצְאוּ וְנִתְחַיְּבוּ כְּלָיָה לַמָּקוֹם:
It is forbidden to leave Eretz Yisroel, ever, except for purposes of learning Torah or marrying or to save (his money) from the non-Jews. Then he must return to the Land. One may leave for commerce. However, one may not reside (permanently)33Without intention of returning. outside of the Land unless there is famine so severe that wheat which once cost one Dinar now costs two Dinars. This rule applies when people have money and the fruit is expensive. However, if fruit is cheap, but people have no money or income, and he doesn’t even have a cent in his pocket, one may go to wherever he can to make a living34Lit., make a profit.. Although it may be permissible to leave the country, it would not be “altruistic” to do so. For we see that Machlon and Kilyon, two of the greats35That is, great community leaders. of their generation, left only because of the considerable troubles there were then and, nevertheless, perished.
וכן היה ר"ש בן יוחאי אומר אלימלך מחלון וכליון גדולי הדור היו ופרנסי הדור היו ומפני מה נענשו מפני שיצאו מארץ לחוצה לארץ שנאמר (רות א, יט) ותהם כל העיר עליהן ותאמרנה הזאת נעמי מאי הזאת נעמי א"ר יצחק אמרו חזיתם נעמי שיצאת מארץ לחו"ל מה עלתה לה
And Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai would likewise say: Elimelech and his sons Mahlon and Chilion were prominent members of their generation and were leaders of their generation. And for what reason were they punished? They were punished because they left Eretz Yisrael to go outside of Eretz Yisrael, as it is stated concerning Naomi and Ruth: “And all the city was astir concerning them, and the women said: Is this Naomi?” (Ruth 1:19). The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of the phrase: “Is this Naomi”? How does this indicate that her husband and sons were punished for leaving Eretz Yisrael? Rabbi Yitzḥak says that the women said: Have you seen what befell Naomi, who left Eretz Yisrael for outside of Eretz Yisrael? Not only did she not escape tribulations there, but she lost her status entirely.
וְעַל דַּעֲבַרוּ עַל גְּזֵירַת מֵימְרָא דַּיָי וְאִתְחַתַּנוּ בְּעַמְמִין נוּכְרָאִין אִתְקְטַעוּ יוֹמֵיהוֹן וּמִיתוּ אַף תַּרְוֵיהוֹן מַחְלוֹן וְכִלְיוֹן בְּאַרְעָא מְסָאַבְתָּא וְאִשְׁתְּאַרַת אִתְּתָא מַתְכְּלָא מִתְּרֵין בְּנַהָא וְאַרְמְלָא מִבַּעְלָהּ:
And because they transgressed the decree of the Word of the Lord by intermarrying with strange peoples, their days were cut short, and the two of them, Mahlon and Kilion, also died, in an unclean land; and the woman was left bereft of her two sons and widowed of her husband.
(ומודיעים אותו עון שכחה ופאה): ואין מרבים עליו ואין מדקדקים עליו: אמר רבי אלעזר מאי קראה דכתיב (רות א, יח) ותרא כי מתאמצת היא ללכת אתה ותחדל לדבר אליה אמרה לה אסיר לן תחום שבת (רות א, טז) באשר תלכי אלך אסיר לן יחוד (רות א, טז) באשר תליני אלין מפקדינן שש מאות וי"ג מצות (רות א, טז) עמך עמי אסיר לן עבודת כוכבים (רות א, טז) ואלהיך אלהי ארבע מיתות נמסרו לב"ד (רות א, יז) באשר תמותי אמות ב' קברים נמסרו לב"ד (רות א, יז) ושם אקבר
The baraita continues: And they inform him of the sin of neglecting the mitzva to allow the poor to take gleanings, forgotten sheaves, and produce in the corner of one’s field. And they do not overwhelm him with threats, and they are not exacting with him about the details of the mitzvot, i.e., the court should not overly dissuade the convert from converting. Rabbi Elazar said: What is the verse from which this ruling is derived? As it is written: “And when she saw that she was steadfastly minded to go with her, she left off speaking with her” (Ruth 1:18). When Naomi set out to return to Eretz Yisrael, Ruth insisted on joining her. The Gemara understands this to mean that Ruth wished to convert. Naomi attempted to dissuade her, but Ruth persisted. The verse states that once Naomi saw Ruth’s resolve to convert, she desisted from her attempts to dissuade her. The Gemara infers from here that the same approach should be taken by a court in all cases of conversion. The Gemara reconstructs the original dialogue in which Naomi attempted to dissuade Ruth from converting: Naomi said to her: On Shabbat, it is prohibited for us to go beyond the Shabbat limit. Ruth responded: “Where you go, I shall go” (Ruth 1:16), and no further. Naomi said to her: It is forbidden for us to be alone together with a man with whom it is forbidden to engage in relations. Ruth responded: “Where you lodge, I shall lodge” (Ruth 1:16), and in the same manner. Naomi said to her: We are commanded to observe six hundred and thirteen mitzvot. Ruth responded: “Your people are my people” (Ruth 1:16). Naomi said to her: Idolatrous worship is forbidden to us. Ruth responded: “Your God is my God” (Ruth 1:16). Naomi said to her: Four types of capital punishment were handed over to a court with which to punish those who transgress the mitzvot. Ruth responded: “Where you die, I shall die” (Ruth 1:17). Naomi said to her: Two burial grounds were handed over to the court, one for those executed for more severe crimes and another for those executed for less severe crimes. Ruth responded: “And there I shall be buried” (Ruth 1:17).
לֹֽא־יָבֹ֧א עַמּוֹנִ֛י וּמוֹאָבִ֖י בִּקְהַ֣ל יְהוָ֑ה גַּ֚ם דּ֣וֹר עֲשִׂירִ֔י לֹא־יָבֹ֥א לָהֶ֛ם בִּקְהַ֥ל יְהוָ֖ה עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃
No Ammonite or Moabite shall be admitted into the congregation of the LORD; none of their descendants, even in the tenth generation, shall ever be admitted into the congregation of the LORD,

שהזהירנו מהתחתן בזכרי עמון ומואב לבד אפילו אחר הכנסם בדת. והוא אמרו יתעלה לא יבא עמוני ומואבי בקהל ה', והעובר על לאו זה לוקה כלומר שגר עמוני ומואבי כשבא על ישראלית בנשואין לוקין שניהם מן התורה. וכבר התבארו משפטי מצוה זו ביבמות. (כי תצא למלחמה, שם):

וטעם מבית לחם פעם אחרת, להודיעם שהם אזרחים. ועוד בעבור שאמר 'אפרתים', וזאת המלה פעם הוא ליחס המקום הנקרא אפרת, ופעם אחת ממשפחת אפרים. ואפרת שם אשת כלב בן חצרון, ונקרא המקום על שמה, כמו מצרים. ולא יתכן שיקחה מחלון וכליון אלו הנשים עד שנתגיירו, והעד 'אל עמה ואל אלהיה'.

אל עמה ואל אלהיה. לעד שהתגיירו.

(רות א) וַתֹּאמֶר הִנֵּה שָׁבָה יְבִמְתֵּךְ אֶל עַמָּהּ וְאֶל אֱלֹהֶיהָ. אָמַר ר' נָחוּם אָמַר ר' יְהוּדָה, מִדְּקָאָמַר שָׁבָה, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁגִּיּוֹרֶת הָיְתָה בַּתְּחִלָּה. וּכְתִיב וְאֶל אֱלֹהֶיהָ, דְּהָא אֱלוֹהַּ אֶחָד הָיָה לָהּ עִם נָעֳמִי, וְעַכְשָׁיו חָזְרָה לְסִרְחוֹנָהּ הָרִאשׁוֹן, וְטָעֲתָה אַחַר עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁלָּהּ.

ב. שיטת הצפנת פענח: גיורין למפרע


וַיִּקַּ֞ח עֲשָׂרָ֧ה אֲנָשִׁ֛ים מִזִּקְנֵ֥י הָעִ֖יר וַיֹּ֣אמֶר שְׁבוּ־פֹ֑ה וַיֵּשֵֽׁבוּ׃
Then [Boaz] took ten elders of the town and said, “Be seated here”; and they sat down.
גופא אמר רב נחמן אמר לי הונא בר נתן תנא מנין לברכת חתנים בעשרה שנאמר (רות ד, ב) ויקח עשרה אנשים מזקני העיר ויאמר שבו פה ורבי אבהו אמר מהכא (תהלים סח, כז) במקהלות ברכו אלהים ה' ממקור ישראל
§ Apropos the source for the benediction of the grooms, the Gemara discusses the matter itself. Rav Naḥman said: Huna bar Natan said to me that it was taught: From where is it derived that the benediction of the grooms is recited in a quorum of ten men? It is as it is stated: “And he took ten men of the Elders of the city and said: Sit you here, and they sat” (Ruth 4:2). And Rabbi Abbahu said that the source is from here: “In assemblies [mak’helot], bless God, the Lord, from the source of Israel” (Psalms 68:27). This verse indicates that a congregation [kahal], which contains at least ten men, blesses God when reciting a benediction related to the source of Israel, i.e., conjugal relations, which will lead to the birth of Jewish children.
אמר רבי חלבו אמר רב הונא א"ר אבא בר זבדא אמר רב אחת בתולה ואחת אלמנה טעונה ברכה ומי אמר רב הונא הכי והאמר רב הונא אלמנה אינה טעונה ברכה לא קשיא כאן בבחור שנשא אלמנה כאן באלמון שנשא אלמנה ואלמון שנשא אלמנה לא והאמר רב נחמן אמר לי הונא בר נתן תנא מנין לברכת חתנים בעשרה שנאמר (רות ד, ב) ויקח עשרה אנשים מזקני העיר ויאמר שבו פה וישבו ובועז אלמון שנשא אלמנה הוה
§ Rabbi Ḥelbo said that Rav Huna said that Rabbi Abba bar Rav Zavda said that Rav said: Both a virgin and a widow who marry require that the benediction of the grooms be recited. The Gemara asks: Did Rav Huna say that? But didn’t Rav Huna say: A widow does not require that a benediction be recited? The Gemara answers: This is not difficult. Here, where Rav Huna said that a widow requires a benediction, it is with regard to a bachelor who married a widow. There, where Rav Huna said she does not require a benediction, it is with regard to a widower who married a widow. The Gemara asks: And does a widower who married a widow not require a benediction to be recited? But didn’t Rav Naḥman say: Huna bar Natan said to me that it was taught: From where is it derived that the benediction of the grooms is recited in a quorum of ten men? It is as it is stated with regard to Boaz, who married Ruth: “And he took ten men of the Elders of the city and said: Sit you here, and they sat” (Ruth 4:2). And when Boaz married Ruth, he was a widower marrying a widow. As that is the primary source for the obligation to recite the benediction, apparently the benediction is recited even in that case.
בועז אלמון הוה - דאמר מר אבצן זה בועז וכבר היו לו ל' בנים ושלשים בנות בבבא בתרא (דף צא.):
אמר רבה בר רב הונא אמר רב אבצן זה בעז מאי קמ"ל כי אידך דרבה בר רב הונא דאמר רבה בר רב הונא אמר רב מאה ועשרים משתאות עשה בעז לבניו שנאמר (שופטים יב, ט) ויהי לו שלשים בנים ושלשים בנות שלח החוצה ושלשים בנות הביא לבניו מן החוץ וישפט את ישראל שבע שנים ובכל אחת ואחת עשה שני משתאות אחד בבית אביו ואחד בבית חמיו ובכולן לא זימן את מנוח אמר כודנא עקרה במאי פרעא לי תאנא וכולן מתו בחייו והיינו דאמרי אינשי בחייך דילדת שיתין שיתין למה ליך איכפל ואוליד חד דמשיתין זריז
Apropos the story of Ruth the Gemara adds: Rabba bar Rav Huna says that Rav says: The judge Ibzan of Bethlehem (see Judges 12:8–10) is Boaz. The Gemara asks: What is he teaching us? The Gemara explains that this comment is in accordance with the other statement of Rabba bar Rav Huna, as Rabba bar Rav Huna says that Rav says: Boaz prepared one hundred and twenty feasts for his children at their weddings. As it is stated, concerning Ibzan: “And he had thirty sons, and thirty daughters he sent abroad, and thirty daughters he brought in from abroad for his sons. And he judged Israel seven years” (Judges 12:9). The verse indicates that he had sixty children. And at each and every wedding he prepared for his children, he made two feasts, one in the house of the father of the groom and one in the house of the father-in-law of the groom. And he did not invite Manoah, the future father of Samson, whose wife was barren (see Judges 13:2) to any of them, as he said: It is not worth inviting him; he is a sterile mule, how will he pay me back? Manoah will never invite me in return, as he has no children. A Sage taught: And all of the children of Ibzan died during his lifetime. And this explains the adage that people say: Why do you need the sixty, the sixty children that you beget during your lifetime? Go to the trouble and beget one who will be more diligent than sixty. This adage refers to Boaz, who had sixty children who died, and yet his last child, born from Ruth, is his glory, as King David was born from this line.
מתה אשתו של בועז - ולאשמועינן אתא שהקב"ה מקדים רפואה למכה ויש לו לאדם לבטוח בהקב"ה:
והא בועז אלמון שנשא אלמנה הוה - לאו דוקא אלמנה דכשנשאת למחלון (וכליון) היתה נכרית אלא כיון דבעולה היא כאלמנה חשיב לה:
And Boaz was a widower, marrying a widow. The Gemara attempts to prove that even a widower who marries a widow is required to recite a beracha. The proof is that Boaz who had previously been married (see Rashi ז. ד"ה בועז אלמון הוה) was reciting a beracha upon marrying Rus who had been widowed from Machlon. Tosfos questions Rus’ status as a widow. Since she had not converted to Judaism when she was married to her first husband Machlon, her marriage was actually invalid and she did not have the status of a previously married person.
The use of the word widow to describe Rus is imprecise. For when she was married to Machlon she was a gentile.1See R’ Yacov of Emden who disagrees with Tosfos. He argues that the verse refers to her as אשת מחלון - the wife of Machlon, which indicates that there was a valid marriage and that she must have been converted prior to her marriage to Machlon. He also cites מדרש רות רבה and Bava Basro 91a as proof that there was a valid marriage. However, in our version of the מדרש פרק ב' ט' we find that the מדרש clearly says that Rus and Orpah were not converted when they married Machlon and Chilyon. I have also not found the Gemara in Bava Basra 91a that says that Rus converted before marrying Machlon. See Yevamot 47b, where it appears that the Gemara derives many of the laws of conversion from the conversation of naomi and Rus. This indicates that Rus had not previously converted. See R’ Yacov of Emden for his somewhat forced understanding of this Gemara. The marriage was invalid and she does not have the status of a previously married person. Technically, she was not a widow.2For example if one vowed not to benefit from a widow, one would be allowed to benefit from a convert such as Rus, who although she acted as a wife to Machlon was not actually his wife according to Torah law. She is therefore not a widow. But she definitely is no longer a betulah, since she did have relations with Machlon.
Rather, The Gemara means as follows: Since she was not a betulah because she definitely had lived with Machlon, in regard to the need of reciting a beracha for the marriage, she is considered like a widow.
(י) וְגַ֣ם אֶת־ר֣וּת הַמֹּאֲבִיָּה֩ אֵ֨שֶׁת מַחְל֜וֹן קָנִ֧יתִי לִ֣י לְאִשָּׁ֗ה לְהָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔וֹ וְלֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֛ת מֵעִ֥ם אֶחָ֖יו וּמִשַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑וֹ עֵדִ֥ים אַתֶּ֖ם הַיּֽוֹם׃
(10) I am also acquiring Ruth the Moabite, the wife of Mahlon, as my wife, so as to perpetuate the name of the deceased upon his estate, that the name of the deceased may not disappear from among his kinsmen and from the gate of his home town. You are witnesses today.”

צפנת פענח, מגילת רות:

ר"ל כך דעיין מ"ש כתובות דף ז' ע"ב דהם לא גיירו אותם גירות גמורה בטבילה כדת, והוה שלא בב"ד, מחמת דאז לא נתברר הדין של מואבית ואסור לישא אותה [וגם נתגיירו לשם אישות, ועיין ברמב"ם הל' איס"ב פי"ג], אך זה רק בנתגיירו, ולכך באמת קבלה עליה כל המצוות רק בלא טבילה, וזה הארכתי דאם אח״כ טבל נעשה גר משעת קבלה, [עיין בירו׳ פ״ד דקדושין ועמ״ש בזה ברמב״ם בהל' איס״ב וכ״מ בזה] ואח״כ דאז נתברר הדין דמואבית מותרת וטבלה הוה גיורת למפרע והוה אשת המת ולכך שוב לא בא על הנכרית, ועיין סנהדרין דף פ״ב לא יהיה ער כו', ולכך נקרא מחלון, עיין ב״ב דף צ״א ע״ב ובספרי פ׳ בהעלותך ואח״כ נמחל לו, אבל כליון כיון דלא טבלה הוה עכו״ם, וכליון כי נכלה לגמרי, ועמ״ש בספרי דהוה כמו מקריב למולך עיין מגילה דף כ״ה, ובירוש׳ שם ובספרי וא״ש הכל בזה, וא״כ אח״כ כשקבלה גירות גמורה [וטבלה] הוה אשת מחלון דחל עליה קדושין למפרע, ועמ״ש בהל׳ עבדים בזה ועיין חולין דף [ע׳] ע״ש ובירוש׳ דיבמות רפ״ד וכ״מ בזה, וזה להקים שם המת כנ״ל.

אלא לאתויי גר שמל ולא טבל וקסבר אינו גר עד שימול ויטבול. קשיא לי אם כן היינו עכו"ם, ואף על פי שמל הרי הוא כערל דהוה ליה כערבי מהול. וליתא דשאני הכא דמילתו לשם יהדות, ואף על פי שלא נגמר גירותו, מכל מקום כבר התחיל ונכנס קצת בדת יהודית שאינו צריך אלא טבילה.

(א) שאלת דמעשה בגר שמל וחלה ושהה ימים ולא טבל ונגע ביין אם אסרו וכן אם מזמנין עליו או מצטרף לעשרה ואם קדש אשה אי חיישינן לקדושיו אם הוא עדיין בלתי ישראל או ישראל לכל דבריו:

(ב) תשובה מעשה בא לפני ר"י ז"ל כיוצא בזה והתיר את היין אפי' בשתייה ואזיל לשיטתיה דגר תושב מגעו מותר בשתייה וכ"ש גר שמל וקבל עליו מצות. ועוד ראיה דאמרינן עבדים ובני שפחות שמלו ולא טבלו צא והכרז על בניהם שהם ממזרים ואע"פ שסתמן נוגעין ביין לא הקפיד. ותו בשל סופרים הלך אחר המיקל בסתם יינם בשתייה וה"ה במגען ואפילו ללישנא קמא דקאמר יינם כשמנם היינו משום חתנות אבל על מגעו בשל ישראל לא יקפיד ואעפ"כ לא ראה ר"י להתיר לכתחלה שיגע ביין ואע"ג דאמרינן בפ' ר' ישמעאל דעבדים שמלו ולא טבלו עושין יין נסך היינו מפני שאין מתגיירין בלב שלם מרצון נפשם אלא בעל כרחן מאימת רבן. והר"ן ז"ל דחה ראיות הללו וכתב דליכא לדמויי מל ולא טבל לגר תושב משום דגר תושב מקבל מהשתא וגר אינו מקבל אלא לאחר טבילה:

(ג) ואני אומר דעדיף טפי מל ולא טבל מגר תושב מכמה טעמי חדא דגר תושב לא קבל שום מצוה ממצות ישראל וזה קבל עליו מקצת מצות קלות וחמורות. ומ"ש הר"ן ז"ל שאינו מקבל אלא לאחר טבילה ליתא דניהו דלא מיענש עלייהו אלא עד לאחר טבילה אבל מהשתא קבלינהו עליה. ותו דגר תושב לא מל וזה כבר מל ויצא מטומאת העכו"ם. ותו דגר תושב לא קבל עליו דת ישראל וזה כבר קבל עליו להיות כמונו אלא שנאנס ולא היה יכול לגמור הדבר. ומכל הני טעמי אני אומר דאפילו למאן דאית ליה גר תושב אוסר היין במגעו מודה הוא בגר שמל ולא טבל. והאשר"י ז"ל כתב זה המעשה בלא חולק ולא כתב מה שלא רצה ר"י לעשות מעשה לכתחלה משמע דס"ל דאפי' לכתחלה מותר:

(ד) ולענין להצטרף לכל דבר שבקדושה ולענין אי חיישינן לקידושיו הדבר ברור שאינו כישראל לשום דבר דקייל"ן מל ולא טבל כאלו לא מל. אלא שיצא מכלל עכו"ם שמצוה להחיותו ואין מגעו ביין טמא ולכלל ישראל לא בא עד שיטבול ודברים ברורים הם. והנראה לע"ד כתבתי: (שאלה ת"פ נכתוב בחלק ד' בענין אחר שאלה תתקפ"ו):

ונ"מ ג"כ דאף דקיי"ל בע"ז דכ"ז כמ"ד דאשה כשרה למול זה רק גבי ישראל אבל במילה דלשם גירות אז דווקא ע"י איש דהוא בגדר משפט וצריך איש דווקא ואז אם טבל לאחר זמן רב הוה גר למפרע [השמטה וכן הדין גבי גיורת היכי דטבלה ולא קיבלה המצוות דזה מעכב ובפרט בגיורת, וע' תוס' שבת דף ס"ח וביבמות ד' מ"ד ודף מ"ה וכ"מ ותוס' סנהדרין דף ס"ח ע"ב ובל' רבינו בהל' איסו"ב פי"ג הל' י"ז נראה שם שמחלק בין גר לגיורת, אך אם קיבלה המצוות אח"כ בב"ד נעשית גיורת למפרע, ועי' בירוש' קידושין פ"ד גבי גרים שנתגיירו משום ד"א אף אי נימא דלא הוו גרים מ"מ אם נתגיירו אח"כ לש"ש צריך לקבלם תיכף דהוו גרים למפרע, ובזה א"ש מה שהקשו התוס' כתובות דף ז' ע"ב ד"ה והא מה דאמר שם דרות המואבי' הוה אלמנה דהרי הוה נכרית עי"ש ועי' בספרי פ' בהעלותך גבי הך דב"ב דף צ"א ע"ב נקט ששרפו בניהם לע"ז ר"ל דמבואר בספרי פ' שופטים דבא על הנכרית הוה כן, עי' מגילה דף כ"ה ובירוש' שם, עכ"פ הוה בגדר ב"נ ואף דמבואר בב"ב דף צ"א דהוו גדולי הדור, אך משום דמבואר בירוש' יבמות פ"ח וקידושין דעדיין לא ידעו ההלכה דמואבי ולא מואבית וזהו מן ההלכות שנשתכחו בימי אבלו של משרע"ה דתמורה דף ט"ז ואח"כ נתחדשו אז בימי בועז, והנה מבו' במסקנא ביבמות דף ע"ו יע"ש דף ע"ט וכתובות דף כ"ט דהלאו דלא יבא עמוני וכו' הוא רק לאחר שנתגיירה (ועי' בד' רבינו בהל' איסו"ב וכבר כתבתי בזה בח"א) והטבילו אותן בלא קבלת המצוות ויצאו מכלל עכו"מ ולכלל ישראל לא באו ובפרט אז דצריכים להביא קרבן גירות ואז מעכב ועי' כריתות דף ט' ותוס' קידושין דף ס"ב וכ"מ וברמב"ם פ"א מהל' מחוס"כ א"כ אח"כ שקיבלה רות ע"ע כל המצו' ועי' יבמות דף מ"ז וגם בבית מדרשו של בועז עי' ירוש' כתובות פ"א דאז מינה בועז זקנים מקרא דויאמר להם שבו א"כ נעשית גיורת למפרע והוה קידושי מחלון קידושין גמורים אף לאחר מיתה עי' בירו' קדושין פ"ג ותו"י יומא די"ג ולא דמי להירוש' הנ"ל דלהירוש' עי"ז היא נעשית זקוקה ליבם ושפיר נעשית מקודשת למפרע וה"נ כן, וזה דכתיב בסוף רות דנעשית למפרע אשת המת ולא יכרת שם המת כו' ר"ל משום דמבו' ערובין די"ט דבא על הנכרית אין אאע"ה מעלה אותו שנמשך כו' ול"ל כמ"ש בהל' איסו"ב פי"ב דזה הפסד גדול שאין כמוהו כו' משום דאין זרעו מתייחס אחריו אך כאן נעשית למפרע אשתו של מחלון ואין נכרת וע"כ נקראת אלמנה וא"ש. ע"כ השמטה]. וכדמוכח מהך דשבת דפ"ו גבי פולטת דאף דגמר הגירות הוה אח"כ מ"מ הוה טמאה אם פלטה [...]

וכן היה ר"ש בן יוחאי אומר אלימלך מחלון וכליון גדולי הדור היו ופרנסי הדור היו ומפני מה נענשו מפני שיצאו מארץ לחוצה לארץ שנאמר (רות א, יט) ותהם כל העיר עליהן ותאמרנה הזאת נעמי מאי הזאת נעמי א"ר יצחק אמרו חזיתם נעמי שיצאת מארץ לחו"ל מה עלתה לה
And Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai would likewise say: Elimelech and his sons Mahlon and Chilion were prominent members of their generation and were leaders of their generation. And for what reason were they punished? They were punished because they left Eretz Yisrael to go outside of Eretz Yisrael, as it is stated concerning Naomi and Ruth: “And all the city was astir concerning them, and the women said: Is this Naomi?” (Ruth 1:19). The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of the phrase: “Is this Naomi”? How does this indicate that her husband and sons were punished for leaving Eretz Yisrael? Rabbi Yitzḥak says that the women said: Have you seen what befell Naomi, who left Eretz Yisrael for outside of Eretz Yisrael? Not only did she not escape tribulations there, but she lost her status entirely.
חֲזִיתֶם נָעֳמִי שֶׁיָּצְאָה מֵהָאָרֶץ לְחוּץ לָאָרֶץ, מֶה עָלְתָה לָהּ. נראה דדריש תיבת הֲזֹאת (רות א, יט) לתיבת חֲזוֹת דאות ה' תתחלף באלף באחה"ע וּגְדוֹלֵי הַדּוֹר מצד העושר וּפַרְנְסֵי הַדּוֹר מחמת חכמה.
ומה שאמר אוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם שֶׁבָּאת רוּת מֵתָה אִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁל בֹּעַז נראה לי בס"ד דיליף לה מדכתיב וַיִּקֶר מִקְרֶהָ חֶלְקַת הַשָּׂדֶה לְבֹעַז (רות ב, ג) והיינו דידוע דהאשה מכונית בשם 'שדה' ולזה אמר וַיִּקֶר מִקְרֶהָ שבאה לכאן הוא חֶלְקַת הַשָּׂדֶה לְבֹעַז רצונו לומר השדה שהיא אשתו של בועז שנחלקה ונפרדה ממנו לבית עולמה.
גם רמז בתיבת וַיִּקֶר מִקְרֶהָ 'וי קר', מִקְרֶהָ רצונו לומר וַי שהיה לבועז במיתת אשתו קר מִקְרֶהָ של רות שבאה לְחֶלְקַת הַשָּׂדֶה אֲשֶׁר לְבֹעַז ונראה דאשתו של בועז נפטרה בערב שבועות ויום טוב של שבועות שהוא יום אחד דוקא בארץ ישראל הוציאו מאבילות שבעה והיא באה לשדה ביום אסרו חג.