- Historical context
- Nin'veh - Fishtown
- Assyria eventually destroys the northern kingdom
- Yona's other prophecy
- Language & structure
- leitworter
- the balance of word count
- chiasm or the balance of chapters
- Reading in light of other parts of Tanakh
- Symbolism and lessons
- the soul's descent into the world
- ben Amittai - are truth and teshuva in conflict?
- Midrash
- Questions
- Is Yonah a self-aware character?
- Is Teshuva the answer?
(13) [Ah,] those who are so happy about Lo-dabar, Who exult, “By our might We have captured Karnaim”! (14) But I, O House of Israel, Will raise up a nation against you —declares the LORD, the God of Hosts— Who will harass you from Lebo-Hamath To the Wadi Arabah.
- Up & Down, Big
- וַיָּקָם יוֹנָה לִבְרֹחַ תַּרְשִׁישָׁה מִלִּפְנֵי ה' וַיֵּרֶד יָפוֹ וַיִּמְצָא אָנִיָּה בָּאָה תַרְשִׁישׁ וַיִּתֵּן שְׂכָרָהּ וַיֵּרֶד בָּהּ לָבוֹא עִמָּהֶם תַּרְשִׁישָׁה מִלִּפְנֵי ה'׃
- וַיִּירְאוּ הַמַּלָּחִים וַיִּזְעֲקוּ אִישׁ אֶל־אֱלֹקָיו וַיָּטִלוּ אֶת־הַכֵּלִים אֲשֶׁר בָּאֳנִיָּה אֶל־קַיָּם לְהָקֵל מֵעֲלֵיהֶם וְיוֹנָה יָרַד אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵי הַסְּפִינָה וַיִּשְׁכַּב וַיֵּרָדַם׃
- Chapters 1 & 3 are Yona's mission and interaction with non-Jews. 2 & 4 are pleading/debating with God
- His debate with God is perfectly balanced (source: R' Kahn JBQ vol. 111, Sept. 2000)
- Yona's speech - 4:2-3 is 39 words
- The next two statements by God and Yona - 4:4, 8 - three words each
- The next two declarations by God and Yona - 4:9 - five words each
- God's conclusion - 4:10-11 is 39 words
- Note when Yona speaks and when he is silent where we would expect him to speak
- The sefer is rife with wordplay
- Compare: (3:1) וַיָּקֵא אֶת־יוֹנָה to (1:14) וְאַל־תִּתֵּן עָלֵינוּ דָּם נָקִיא spelled with an aleph (the only other time in Tanach) and the gourd (4:6) קִיקָיוֹן a hapax
- See Composition and Paranomasia in the the Book of Jonah (pdf)
(כה) אֳנִיּ֣וֹת תַּרְשִׁ֔ישׁ שָׁרוֹתַ֖יִךְ מַעֲרָבֵ֑ךְ וַתִּמָּלְאִ֧י וַֽתִּכְבְּדִ֛י מְאֹ֖ד בְּלֵ֥ב־יַמִּֽים׃ (כו) בְּמַ֤יִם רַבִּים֙ הֱבִיא֔וּךְ הַשָּׁטִ֖ים אֹתָ֑ךְ ר֚וּחַ הַקָּדִ֔ים שְׁבָרֵ֖ךְ בְּלֵ֥ב יַמִּֽים׃ (כז) הוֹנֵךְ֙ וְעִזְבוֹנַ֔יִךְ מַעֲרָבֵ֕ךְ מַלָּחַ֖יִךְ וְחֹבְלָ֑יִךְ מַחֲזִיקֵ֣י בִדְקֵ֣ך וְֽעֹרְבֵ֣י מַ֠עֲרָבֵךְ וְכָל־אַנְשֵׁ֨י מִלְחַמְתֵּ֜ךְ אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֗ךְ וּבְכָל־קְהָלֵךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּתוֹכֵ֔ךְ יִפְּלוּ֙ בְּלֵ֣ב יַמִּ֔ים בְּי֖וֹם מַפַּלְתֵּֽךְ׃ (כח) לְק֖וֹל זַעֲקַ֣ת חֹבְלָ֑יִךְ יִרְעֲשׁ֖וּ מִגְרֹשֽׁוֹת׃ (כט) וְֽיָרְד֞וּ מֵאָנִיּֽוֹתֵיהֶ֗ם כֹּ֚ל תֹּפְשֵׂ֣י מָשׁ֔וֹט מַלָּחִ֕ים כֹּ֖ל חֹבְלֵ֣י הַיָּ֑ם אֶל־הָאָ֖רֶץ יַעֲמֹֽדוּ׃ (ל) וְהִשְׁמִ֤יעוּ עָלַ֙יִךְ֙ בְּקוֹלָ֔ם וְיִזְעֲק֖וּ מָרָ֑ה וְיַעֲל֤וּ עָֽפָר֙ עַל־רָ֣אשֵׁיהֶ֔ם בָּאֵ֖פֶר יִתְפַּלָּֽשׁוּ׃ (לא) וְהִקְרִ֤יחוּ אֵלַ֙יִךְ֙ קָרְחָ֔ה וְחָגְר֖וּ שַׂקִּ֑ים וּבָכ֥וּ אֵלַ֛יִךְ בְּמַר־נֶ֖פֶשׁ מִסְפֵּ֥ד מָֽר׃ (לב) וְנָשְׂא֨וּ אֵלַ֤יִךְ בְּנִיהֶם֙ קִינָ֔ה וְקוֹנְנ֖וּ עָלָ֑יִךְ מִ֣י כְצ֔וֹר כְּדֻמָ֖ה בְּת֥וֹךְ הַיָּֽם׃ (לג) בְּצֵ֤את עִזְבוֹנַ֙יִךְ֙ מִיַּמִּ֔ים הִשְׂבַּ֖עַתְּ עַמִּ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים בְּרֹ֤ב הוֹנַ֙יִךְ֙ וּמַ֣עֲרָבַ֔יִךְ הֶעֱשַׁ֖רְתְּ מַלְכֵי־אָֽרֶץ׃ (לד) עֵ֛ת נִשְׁבֶּ֥רֶת מִיַּמִּ֖ים בְּמַֽעֲמַקֵּי־מָ֑יִם מַעֲרָבֵ֥ךְ וְכָל־קְהָלֵ֖ךְ בְּתוֹכֵ֥ךְ נָפָֽלוּ׃ (לה) כֹּ֚ל יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הָאִיִּ֔ים שָׁמְמ֖וּ עָלָ֑יִךְ וּמַלְכֵיהֶם֙ שָׂ֣עֲרוּ שַׂ֔עַר רָעֲמ֖וּ פָּנִֽים׃ (לו) סֹֽחֲרִים֙ בָּ֣עַמִּ֔ים שָׁרְק֖וּ עָלָ֑יִךְ בַּלָּה֣וֹת הָיִ֔ית וְאֵינֵ֖ךְ עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃ (ס)
(25) The ships of Tarshish were in the service of your trade. So you were full and richly laden On the high seas. (26) Your oarsmen brought you out Into the mighty waters; The tempest wrecked you On the high seas. (27) Your wealth, your wares, your merchandise, Your sailors and your pilots, The men who made your repairs, Those who carried on your traffic, And all the fighting men within you— All the multitude within you— Shall go down into the depths of the sea On the day of your downfall. (28) At the outcry of your pilots The billows shall heave; (29) And all the oarsmen and mariners, All the pilots of the sea, Shall come down from their ships And stand on the ground. (30) They shall raise their voices over you And cry out bitterly; They shall cast dust on their heads And strew ashes on themselves. (31) On your account, they shall make Bald patches on their heads, And shall gird themselves with sackcloth. They shall weep over you, brokenhearted, With bitter lamenting; (32) They shall intone a dirge over you as they wail, And lament for you thus: Who was like Tyre when she was silenced In the midst of the sea? (33) When your wares were unloaded from the seas, You satisfied many peoples; With your great wealth and merchandise You enriched the kings of the earth. (34) But when you were wrecked on the seas, In the deep waters sank your merchandise And all the crew aboard you. (35) All the inhabitants of the coastlands Are appalled over you; Their kings are aghast, Their faces contorted. (36) The merchants among the peoples hissed at you; You have become a horror, And have ceased to be forever.
- The Yona
- The boat
- God changes his mind
- Saving the animals
- 40 days + particular sin - 3:8 vs Bereshit 6:11-12 (Abravanel, R' Kahn)
- Bilaam - prophet who is hell-bent on doing the opposite of his mission, has a miracle encounter with an animal before prophesying to a people not his own.
- Kayin - compare the language in chapter 4 with how God speaks to a forlorn Kayin in Bereshit 4 (See Jonah in the Shadows of Eden by Dr. Yitzhak Berger)
- Sodom - the term h-p-ch. See Bereshit 13:13
וְחִזַּקְתִּ֣י אֶת־לֵב־פַּרְעֹה֮ וְרָדַ֣ף אַחֲרֵיהֶם֒ וְאִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּפַרְעֹה֙ וּבְכָל־חֵיל֔וֹ וְיָדְע֥וּ מִצְרַ֖יִם כִּֽי־אֲנִ֣י ה' וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵֽן׃ וַיֻּגַּד֙ לְמֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם כִּ֥י בָרַ֖ח הָעָ֑ם וַ֠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַעֲבָדָיו֙ אֶל־הָעָ֔ם וַיֹּֽאמרוּ֙ מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֔ינוּ כִּֽי־שִׁלַּ֥חְנוּ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵעָבְדֵֽנוּ׃
(י) וַיִּֽירְא֤וּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ יִרְאָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה וַיֹּאמְר֥וּ אֵלָ֖יו מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ כִּֽי־יָדְע֣וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים כִּֽי־מִלִּפְנֵ֤י ה' ה֣וּא בֹרֵ֔חַ כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם׃


- renegade prophet
- righteous sailors
- easily humbled king
- animals fasting
הכובש את נבואתו כגון יונה בן אמיתי
The mishna lists among those liable to receive death at the hand of Heaven one who suppresses his prophecy. The Gemara comments: For example, Jonah, son of Amittai (Jonah 1:1–3).
והכובש על נבואתו. כיונה בן אמיתי. א"ר יונה יונה בן אמיתי נביא אמת היה את מוצא בשעה שאמר לו הקב"ה קום לך אל נינוה העיר הגדולה וקרא עליה כי עלתה רעתם לפני. אמר יונה יודע אני שהגוים קרובים תשובה הן והריני הולך ומתנבא עליהם והם עושין תשובה והקב"ה בא ופורע משונאיהן של ישראל ומה עלי לעשות לברוח ויקם יונה לברוח תרשישה מלפני ה' וירד יפו וימצא אניה באה תרשיש ויתן שכרה וירד בה וגו':
One who suppresses his prophecy. Like Yonah ben Amitai. Rebbe Yonah says Yonah was a true prophet... at the time that Gd told him, "Get up and go to Ninveh..." Yonah said, "I know that the non-Jews are close to repentance and I will go and prophecize to them and they will repent and Gd will come and hurt the 'enemies of Israel.' What should I do? Run away." And Yonah got up to run to Tarshish...
Bereshit Rabba 24:4, see also Vayikra Rabba 15:1
10 - Yonah's fantastic voyage
33 - Yonah is the child that Eliyahu resurrected - copious parallels to Eliyahu
- Yonah could have been Moshiach ben Yosef
43 - Pharaoh as the repentant king of Nin'veh
- Why does Yona run?
- Why does God care to chase after him?
- Are you rooting for Yonah? For God?
- Why doesn't God mention the teshuva of Nin'veh as the reason he is sparing them?
- What's with all the fish?
- Connection to Yosef - Yona is Mashiach ben Yosef
- Is the teshuva of Nin'veh a charade?
- The book of Nachum