Where can we learn about Teshuva from our daily Tefila?
In order to answer we must first define Teshuva.
(ב) וּמַה הִיא הַתְּשׁוּבָה. הוּא שֶׁיַּעֲזֹב הַחוֹטֵא חֶטְאוֹ וִיסִירוֹ מִמַּחֲשַׁבְתּוֹ וְיִגְמֹר בְּלִבּוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשֵׂהוּ עוֹד שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נה ז) "יַעֲזֹב רָשָׁע דַּרְכּוֹ" וְגוֹ'. וְכֵן יִתְנַחֵם עַל שֶׁעָבַר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה לא יח) "כִּי אַחֲרֵי שׁוּבִי נִחַמְתִּי". וְיָעִיד עָלָיו יוֹדֵעַ תַּעֲלוּמוֹת שֶׁלֹּא יָשׁוּב לְזֶה הַחֵטְא לְעוֹלָם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (הושע יד ד) "וְלֹא נֹאמַר עוֹד אֱלֹקֵינוּ לְמַעֲשֵׂה יָדֵינוּ" וְגוֹ'. וְצָרִיךְ לְהִתְוַדּוֹת בִּשְׂפָתָיו וְלוֹמַר עִנְיָנוֹת אֵלּוּ שֶׁגָּמַר בְּלִבּוֹ:
(2) What is repentance? The sinner shall cease sinning, and remove sin from his thoughts, and wholeheartedly conclude not to revert back to it, even as it is said: "Let the wicked forsake his way" (Is. 55.7); so, too, shall he be remorseful on what was past, even as it is said: "Surely after that I was turned, I repented" (Jer. 31. 19). In addition thereto he should take to witness Him Who knoweth all secrets that forever he will not turn to repeat that sin again, according to what it is said: "Say unto Him.… neither will we call any more the work of our hands our gods" (Hos. 14.3–4). It is, moreover, essential that his confession shall be by spoken words of his lips, and all that which he concluded in his heart shall be formed in speech.2Yoma, 57b; Shabbat, 121. G.
(א) אַתָּה חונֵן לְאָדָם דַּעַת. וּמְלַמֵּד לֶאֱנושׁ בִּינָה:
(ב) חָנֵּנוּ מֵאִתְּךָ דֵעָה בִּינָה וְהַשכֵּל בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה', חונֵן הַדָּעַת:
(1) You graciously favor man with knowledge and teach mortals understanding.
(2) Favor us with knowledge, understanding, and prudence. Blessed are You, O Lord, Who favors us with knowledge.
(א) הֲשִׁיבֵנוּ אָבִינוּ לְתורָתֶךָ. וְקָרְבֵנוּ מַלְכֵּנוּ לַעֲבודָתֶךָ וְהַחֲזִירֵנוּ בִּתְשׁוּבָה שְׁלֵמָה לְפָנֶיךָ. בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה', הָרוצֶה בִּתְשׁוּבָה:
(1) Return us, our Father, to Your Torah, and draw us near, our King, to Your service. Cause us to return to You in perfect repentance before Your face. Blessed are You, O Lord, Who desires repentance.
(א) סְלַח לָנוּ אָבִינוּ כִּי חָטָאנוּ. מְחַל לָנוּ מַלְכֵּנוּ כִּי פָשָׁעְנוּ. כִּי מוחֵל וְסולֵחַ אָתָּה. בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה', חַנּוּן הַמַּרְבֶּה לִסְלחַ:
(1) Forgive us our Father for we have sinned, pardon us our King for we have willfully transgressed, for You pardon and forgive. Blessed are You, O Lord, Who is gracious and ever willing to forgive.
Of the three first brachot in the 'bakashot' of Shemoneh esreh, which one is about Teshuva?
Structure of Shemoneh Esreh 3,13,3
Structure of middle section Supplications 6,6,1
Structure of first section of supplications 123,321
[Structure of second section of supplications 1,2,3,4,5,6]
1 דעת Knowledge 4 גאולה Redemption
2 תשובה Repentance 5 רפואה Health
3 סליחה Forgiveness 6 ברכה Wealth
What is the relationship between these six blessings and why did Chazal set them up in this order?
(יז) ה' שְׂפָתַ֣י תִּפְתָּ֑ח וּ֝פִ֗י יַגִּ֥יד תְּהִלָּתֶֽךָ׃
(ב) ה' אַל־בְּאַפְּךָ֥ תוֹכִיחֵ֑נִי וְֽאַל־בַּחֲמָתְךָ֥ תְיַסְּרֵֽנִי׃ (ג) חָנֵּ֥נִי ה' כִּ֤י אֻמְלַ֫ל אָ֥נִי רְפָאֵ֥נִי ה' כִּ֖י נִבְהֲל֣וּ עֲצָמָֽי׃ (ד) וְ֭נַפְשִׁי נִבְהֲלָ֣ה מְאֹ֑ד ואת [וְאַתָּ֥ה] ה' עַד־מָתָֽי׃ (ה) שׁוּבָ֣ה ה' חַלְּצָ֣ה נַפְשִׁ֑י ה֝וֹשִׁיעֵ֗נִי לְמַ֣עַן חַסְדֶּֽךָ׃ (ו) כִּ֤י אֵ֣ין בַּמָּ֣וֶת זִכְרֶ֑ךָ בִּ֝שְׁא֗וֹל מִ֣י יֽוֹדֶה־לָּֽךְ׃ (ז) יָגַ֤עְתִּי ׀ בְּֽאַנְחָתִ֗י אַשְׂחֶ֣ה בְכָל־לַ֭יְלָה מִטָּתִ֑י בְּ֝דִמְעָתִ֗י עַרְשִׂ֥י אַמְסֶֽה׃ (ח) עָֽשְׁשָׁ֣ה מִכַּ֣עַס עֵינִ֑י עָֽ֝תְקָ֗ה בְּכָל־צוֹרְרָֽי׃ (ט) ס֣וּרוּ מִ֭מֶּנִּי כָּל־פֹּ֣עֲלֵי אָ֑וֶן כִּֽי־שָׁמַ֥ע ה' ק֣וֹל בִּכְיִֽי׃ (י) שָׁמַ֣ע ה' תְּחִנָּתִ֑י ה' תְּֽפִלָּתִ֥י יִקָּֽח׃ (יא) יֵבֹ֤שׁוּ ׀ וְיִבָּהֲל֣וּ מְ֭אֹד כָּל־אֹיְבָ֑י יָ֝שֻׁ֗בוּ יֵבֹ֥שׁוּ רָֽגַע׃
(2) O LORD, do not punish me in anger, do not chastise me in fury. (3) Have mercy on me, O LORD, for I languish; heal me, O LORD, for my bones shake with terror. (4) My whole being is stricken with terror, while You, LORD—O, how long! (5) O LORD, turn! Rescue me! Deliver me as befits Your faithfulness. (6) For there is no praise of You among the dead; in Sheol, who can acclaim You? (7) I am weary with groaning; every night I drench my bed, I melt my couch in tears. (8) My eyes are wasted by vexation, worn out because of all my foes. (9) Away from me, all you evildoers, for the LORD heeds the sound of my weeping. (10) The LORD heeds my plea, the LORD accepts my prayer. (11) All my enemies will be frustrated and stricken with terror; they will turn back in an instant, frustrated.