(יד) כִּי תָבֹא אֶל הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לָךְ וִירִשְׁתָּהּ וְיָשַׁבְתָּה בָּהּ וְאָמַרְתָּ אָשִׂימָה עָלַי מֶלֶךְ כְּכָל הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר סְבִיבֹתָי. (טו) שׂוֹם תָּשִׂים עָלֶיךָ מֶלֶךְ אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בּוֹ מִקֶּרֶב אַחֶיךָ תָּשִׂים עָלֶיךָ מֶלֶךְ לֹא תוּכַל לָתֵת עָלֶיךָ אִישׁ נָכְרִי אֲשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא. (טז) רַק לֹא יַרְבֶּה לּוֹ סוּסִים וְלֹא יָשִׁיב אֶת הָעָם מִצְרַיְמָה לְמַעַן הַרְבּוֹת סוּס וַיהוָה אָמַר לָכֶם לֹא תֹסִפוּן לָשׁוּב בַּדֶּרֶךְ הַזֶּה עוֹד. (יז) וְלֹא יַרְבֶּה לּוֹ נָשִׁים וְלֹא יָסוּר לְבָבוֹ וְכֶסֶף וְזָהָב לֹא יַרְבֶּה לּוֹ מְאֹד. (יח) וְהָיָה כְשִׁבְתּוֹ עַל כִּסֵּא מַמְלַכְתּוֹ וְכָתַב לוֹ אֶת מִשְׁנֵה הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת עַל סֵפֶר מִלִּפְנֵי הַכֹּהֲנִים הַלְוִיִּם. (יט) וְהָיְתָה עִמּוֹ וְקָרָא בוֹ כָּל יְמֵי חַיָּיו לְמַעַן יִלְמַד לְיִרְאָה אֶת יְהוָה אֱלֹהָיו לִשְׁמֹר אֶת כָּל דִּבְרֵי הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת וְאֶת הַחֻקִּים הָאֵלֶּה לַעֲשֹׂתָם. (כ) לְבִלְתִּי רוּם לְבָבוֹ מֵאֶחָיו וּלְבִלְתִּי סוּר מִן הַמִּצְוָה יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאול לְמַעַן יַאֲרִיךְ יָמִים עַל מַמְלַכְתּוֹ הוּא וּבָנָיו בְּקֶרֶב יִשְׂרָאֵל.
(14) When thou art come unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein; and shalt say: ‘I will set a king over me, like all the nations that are round about me’; (15) thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee, whom the LORD thy God shall choose; one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee; thou mayest not put a foreigner over thee, who is not thy brother. (16) Only he shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt, to the end that he should multiply horses; forasmuch as the LORD hath said unto you: ‘Ye shall henceforth return no more that way.’ (17) Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn not away; neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold. (18) And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book, out of that which is before the priests the Levites. (19) And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life; that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them; (20) that his heart be not lifted up above his brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, to the right hand, or to the left; to the end that he may prolong his days in his kingdom, he and his children, in the midst of Israel.
(ה) וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלָיו הִנֵּה אַתָּה זָקַנְתָּ וּבָנֶיךָ לֹא הָלְכוּ בִּדְרָכֶיךָ עַתָּה שִׂימָה לָּנוּ מֶלֶךְ לְשָׁפְטֵנוּ כְּכָל הַגּוֹיִם. (ו) וַיֵּרַע הַדָּבָר בְּעֵינֵי שְׁמוּאֵל כַּאֲשֶׁר אָמְרוּ תְּנָה לָּנוּ מֶלֶךְ לְשָׁפְטֵנוּ וַיִּתְפַּלֵּל שְׁמוּאֵל אֶל יְהוָה. (ז) וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶל שְׁמוּאֵל שְׁמַע בְּקוֹל הָעָם לְכֹל אֲשֶׁר יֹאמְרוּ אֵלֶיךָ כִּי לֹא אֹתְךָ מָאָסוּ כִּי אֹתִי מָאֲסוּ מִמְּלֹךְ עֲלֵיהֶם. ... (יא) וַיֹּאמֶר זֶה יִהְיֶה מִשְׁפַּט הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲשֶׁר יִמְלֹךְ עֲלֵיכֶם אֶת בְּנֵיכֶם יִקָּח וְשָׂם לוֹ בְּמֶרְכַּבְתּוֹ וּבְפָרָשָׁיו וְרָצוּ לִפְנֵי מֶרְכַּבְתּוֹ. (יב) וְלָשׂוּם לוֹ שָׂרֵי אֲלָפִים וְשָׂרֵי חֲמִשִּׁים וְלַחֲרֹשׁ חֲרִישׁוֹ וְלִקְצֹר קְצִירוֹ וְלַעֲשׂוֹת כְּלֵי מִלְחַמְתּוֹ וּכְלֵי רִכְבּוֹ. (יג) וְאֶת בְּנוֹתֵיכֶם יִקָּח לְרַקָּחוֹת וּלְטַבָּחוֹת וּלְאֹפוֹת. (יד) וְאֶת שְׂדוֹתֵיכֶם וְאֶת כַּרְמֵיכֶם וְזֵיתֵיכֶם הַטּוֹבִים יִקָּח וְנָתַן לַעֲבָדָיו. (טו) וְזַרְעֵיכֶם וְכַרְמֵיכֶם יַעְשֹׂר וְנָתַן לְסָרִיסָיו וְלַעֲבָדָיו. (טז) וְאֶת עַבְדֵיכֶם וְאֶת שִׁפְחוֹתֵיכֶם וְאֶת בַּחוּרֵיכֶם הַטּוֹבִים וְאֶת חֲמוֹרֵיכֶם יִקָּח וְעָשָׂה לִמְלַאכְתּוֹ. (יז) צֹאנְכֶם יַעְשֹׂר וְאַתֶּם תִּהְיוּ לוֹ לַעֲבָדִים. (יח) וּזְעַקְתֶּם בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא מִלִּפְנֵי מַלְכְּכֶם אֲשֶׁר בְּחַרְתֶּם לָכֶם וְלֹא יַעֲנֶה יְהוָה אֶתְכֶם בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא. (יט) וַיְמָאֲנוּ הָעָם לִשְׁמֹעַ בְּקוֹל שְׁמוּאֵל וַיֹּאמְרוּ לֹּא כִּי אִם מֶלֶךְ יִהְיֶה עָלֵינוּ. (כ) וְהָיִינוּ גַם אֲנַחְנוּ כְּכָל הַגּוֹיִם וּשְׁפָטָנוּ מַלְכֵּנוּ וְיָצָא לְפָנֵינוּ וְנִלְחַם אֶת מִלְחֲמֹתֵנוּ. (כא) וַיִּשְׁמַע שְׁמוּאֵל אֵת כָּל דִּבְרֵי הָעָם וַיְדַבְּרֵם בְּאָזְנֵי יְהוָה. (כב) וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶל שְׁמוּאֵל שְׁמַע בְּקוֹלָם וְהִמְלַכְתָּ לָהֶם מֶלֶךְ וַיֹּאמֶר שְׁמוּאֵל אֶל אַנְשֵׁי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְכוּ אִישׁ לְעִירוֹ.
(5) And they said unto him: ‘Behold, thou art old, and thy sons walk not in thy ways; now make us a king to judge us like all the nations.’ (6) But the thing displeased Samuel, when they said: ‘Give us a king to judge us.’ And Samuel prayed unto the LORD. (7) And the LORD said unto Samuel: ‘Hearken unto the voice of the people in all that they say unto thee; for they have not rejected thee, but they have rejected Me, that I should not be king over them. ... (11) And he said: ‘This will be the manner of the king that shall reign over you: he will take your sons, and appoint them unto him, for his chariots, and to be his horsemen; and they shall run before his chariots. (12) And he will appoint them unto him for captains of thousands, and captains of fifties; and to plow his ground, and to reap his harvest, and to make his instruments of war, and the instruments of his chariots. (13) And he will take your daughters to be perfumers, and to be cooks, and to be bakers. (14) And he will take your fields, and your vineyards, and your oliveyards, even the best of them, and give them to his servants. (15) And he will take the tenth of your seed, and of your vineyards, and give to his officers, and to his servants. (16) And he will take your men-servants, and your maid-servants, and your goodliest young men, and your asses, and put them to his work. (17) He will take the tenth of your flocks; and ye shall be his servants. (18) And ye shall cry out in that day because of your king whom ye shall have chosen you; and the LORD will not answer you in that day.’ (19) But the people refused to hearken unto the voice of Samuel; and they said: ‘Nay; but there shall be a king over us; (20) that we also may be like all the nations; and that our king may judge us, and go out before us, and fight our battles.’ (21) And Samuel heard all the words of the people, and he spoke them in the ears of the LORD. (22) And the LORD said to Samuel: ‘Hearken unto their voice, and make them a king.’ And Samuel said unto the men of Israel: ‘Go ye every man unto his city.’
Compare t 17:14 Deut with 8:15
They seem identical.
What's different
Keep that in the back of our heads
Add the bit about Saul looking for his father's donkeys, off for three days, his servant says why don't we ask the roeh, curious that Samuel's role seems much smaller here no sense of fame
(א) וַיִּקַּח שְׁמוּאֵל אֶת פַּךְ הַשֶּׁמֶן וַיִּצֹק עַל רֹאשׁוֹ וַיִּשָּׁקֵהוּ וַיֹּאמֶר הֲלוֹא כִּי מְשָׁחֲךָ יְהוָה עַל נַחֲלָתוֹ לְנָגִיד. (ב) בְּלֶכְתְּךָ הַיּוֹם מֵעִמָּדִי וּמָצָאתָ שְׁנֵי אֲנָשִׁים עִם קְבֻרַת רָחֵל בִּגְבוּל בִּנְיָמִן בְּצֶלְצַח וְאָמְרוּ אֵלֶיךָ נִמְצְאוּ הָאֲתֹנוֹת אֲשֶׁר הָלַכְתָּ לְבַקֵּשׁ וְהִנֵּה נָטַשׁ אָבִיךָ אֶת דִּבְרֵי הָאֲתֹנוֹת וְדָאַג לָכֶם לֵאמֹר מָה אֶעֱשֶׂה לִבְנִי. (ג) וְחָלַפְתָּ מִשָּׁם וָהָלְאָה וּבָאתָ עַד אֵלוֹן תָּבוֹר וּמְצָאוּךָ שָּׁם שְׁלֹשָׁה אֲנָשִׁים עֹלִים אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים בֵּית אֵל אֶחָד נֹשֵׂא שְׁלֹשָׁה גְדָיִים וְאֶחָד נֹשֵׂא שְׁלֹשֶׁת כִּכְּרוֹת לֶחֶם וְאֶחָד נֹשֵׂא נֵבֶל יָיִן. (ד) וְשָׁאֲלוּ לְךָ לְשָׁלוֹם וְנָתְנוּ לְךָ שְׁתֵּי לֶחֶם וְלָקַחְתָּ מִיָּדָם. (ה) אַחַר כֵּן תָּבוֹא גִּבְעַת הָאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר שָׁם נְצִבֵי פְלִשְׁתִּים וִיהִי כְבֹאֲךָ שָׁם הָעִיר וּפָגַעְתָּ חֶבֶל נְבִיאִים יֹרְדִים מֵהַבָּמָה וְלִפְנֵיהֶם נֵבֶל וְתֹף וְחָלִיל וְכִנּוֹר וְהֵמָּה מִתְנַבְּאִים. (ו) וְצָלְחָה עָלֶיךָ רוּחַ יְהוָה וְהִתְנַבִּיתָ עִמָּם וְנֶהְפַּכְתָּ לְאִישׁ אַחֵר. (ז) וְהָיָה כִּי תבאינה [תָבֹאנָה] הָאֹתוֹת הָאֵלֶּה לָךְ עֲשֵׂה לְךָ אֲשֶׁר תִּמְצָא יָדֶךָ כִּי הָאֱלֹהִים עִמָּךְ. (ח) וְיָרַדְתָּ לְפָנַי הַגִּלְגָּל וְהִנֵּה אָנֹכִי יֹרֵד אֵלֶיךָ לְהַעֲלוֹת עֹלוֹת לִזְבֹּחַ זִבְחֵי שְׁלָמִים שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תּוֹחֵל עַד בּוֹאִי אֵלֶיךָ וְהוֹדַעְתִּי לְךָ אֵת אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשֶׂה. (ט) וְהָיָה כְּהַפְנֹתוֹ שִׁכְמוֹ לָלֶכֶת מֵעִם שְׁמוּאֵל וַיַּהֲפָךְ לוֹ אֱלֹהִים לֵב אַחֵר וַיָּבֹאוּ כָּל הָאֹתוֹת הָאֵלֶּה בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא.
(1) Then Samuel took the vial of oil, and poured it upon his head, and kissed him, and said: ‘Is it not that the LORD hath anointed thee to be prince over His inheritance? (2) When thou art departed from me to-day, then thou shalt find two men by the tomb of Rachel, in the border of Benjamin at Zelzah; and they will say unto thee: The asses which thou wentest to seek are found; and, lo, thy father hath left off caring for the asses, and is anxious concerning you, saying: What shall I do for my son? (3) Then shalt thou go on forward from thence, and thou shalt come to the terebinth of Tabor, and there shall meet thee there three men going up to God to Beth-el, one carrying three kids, and another carrying three loaves of bread, and another carrying a bottle of wine. (4) And they will salute thee, and give thee two cakes of bread; which thou shalt receive of their hand. (5) After that thou shalt come to the hill of God, where is the garrison of the Philistines; and it shall come to pass, when thou art come thither to the city, that thou shalt meet a band of prophets coming down from the high place with a psaltery, and a timbrel, and a pipe, and a harp, before them; and they will be prophesying. (6) And the spirit of the LORD will come mightily upon thee, and thou shalt prophesy with them, and shalt be turned into another man. (7) And let it be, when these signs are come unto thee, that thou do as thy hand shall find; for God is with thee. (8) And thou shalt go down before me to Gilgal; and, behold, I will come down unto thee, to offer burnt-offerings, and to sacrifice sacrifices of peace-offerings; seven days shalt thou tarry, till I come unto thee, and tell thee what thou shalt do.’ (9) And it was so, that when he had turned his back to go from Samuel, God gave him another heart; and all those signs came to pass that day.
(יז) וַיַּצְעֵק שְׁמוּאֵל אֶת הָעָם אֶל יְהוָה הַמִּצְפָּה. (יח) וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אָנֹכִי הֶעֱלֵיתִי אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרָיִם וָאַצִּיל אֶתְכֶם מִיַּד מִצְרַיִם וּמִיַּד כָּל הַמַּמְלָכוֹת הַלֹּחֲצִים אֶתְכֶם. (יט) וְאַתֶּם הַיּוֹם מְאַסְתֶּם אֶת אֱלֹהֵיכֶם אֲשֶׁר הוּא מוֹשִׁיעַ לָכֶם מִכָּל רָעוֹתֵיכֶם וְצָרֹתֵיכֶם וַתֹּאמְרוּ לוֹ כִּי מֶלֶךְ תָּשִׂים עָלֵינוּ וְעַתָּה הִתְיַצְּבוּ לִפְנֵי יְהוָה לְשִׁבְטֵיכֶם וּלְאַלְפֵיכֶם. (כ) וַיַּקְרֵב שְׁמוּאֵל אֵת כָּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּלָּכֵד שֵׁבֶט בִּנְיָמִן. (כא) וַיַּקְרֵב אֶת שֵׁבֶט בִּנְיָמִן למשפחתו [לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָיו] וַתִּלָּכֵד מִשְׁפַּחַת הַמַּטְרִי וַיִּלָּכֵד שָׁאוּל בֶּן קִישׁ וַיְבַקְשֻׁהוּ וְלֹא נִמְצָא. (כב) וַיִּשְׁאֲלוּ עוֹד בַּיהוָה הֲבָא עוֹד הֲלֹם אִישׁ וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה הִנֵּה הוּא נֶחְבָּא אֶל הַכֵּלִים. (כג) וַיָּרֻצוּ וַיִּקָּחֻהוּ מִשָּׁם וַיִּתְיַצֵּב בְּתוֹךְ הָעָם וַיִּגְבַּהּ מִכָּל הָעָם מִשִּׁכְמוֹ וָמָעְלָה. (כד) וַיֹּאמֶר שְׁמוּאֵל אֶל כָּל הָעָם הַרְּאִיתֶם אֲשֶׁר בָּחַר בּוֹ יְהוָה כִּי אֵין כָּמֹהוּ בְּכָל הָעָם וַיָּרִעוּ כָל הָעָם וַיֹּאמְרוּ יְחִי הַמֶּלֶךְ. (כה) וַיְדַבֵּר שְׁמוּאֵל אֶל הָעָם אֵת מִשְׁפַּט הַמְּלֻכָה וַיִּכְתֹּב בַּסֵּפֶר וַיַּנַּח לִפְנֵי יְהוָה וַיְשַׁלַּח שְׁמוּאֵל אֶת כָּל הָעָם אִישׁ לְבֵיתוֹ.
(17) And Samuel called the people together unto the LORD to Mizpah. (18) And he said unto the children of Israel: ‘Thus saith the LORD, the God of Israel: I brought up Israel out of Egypt, and I delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of all the kingdoms that oppressed you. (19) But ye have this day rejected your God, who Himself saveth you out of all your calamities and your distresses; and ye have said unto Him: Nay, but set a king over us. Now therefore present yourselves before the LORD by your tribes, and by your thousands.’ (20) So Samuel brought all the tribes of Israel near, and the tribe of Benjamin was taken. (21) And he brought the tribe of Benjamin near by their families, and the family of the Matrites was taken; and Saul the son of Kish was taken; but when they sought him, he could not be found. (22) Therefore they asked of the LORD further: ‘Is there yet a man come hither?’ And the LORD answered: ‘Behold, he hath hid himself among the baggage.’ (23) And they ran and fetched him thence; and when he stood among the people, he was higher than any of the people from his shoulders and upward. (24) And Samuel said to all the people: ‘See ye him whom the LORD hath chosen, that there is none like him among all the people?’ And all the people shouted, and said: ‘Long live the king.’ (25) Then Samuel told the people the manner of the kingdom, and wrote it in a book, and laid it up before the LORD. And Samuel sent all the people away, every man to his house.
(ז) וַיִּקַּח צֶמֶד בָּקָר וַיְנַתְּחֵהוּ וַיְשַׁלַּח בְּכָל גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּיַד הַמַּלְאָכִים לֵאמֹר אֲשֶׁר אֵינֶנּוּ יֹצֵא אַחֲרֵי שָׁאוּל וְאַחַר שְׁמוּאֵל כֹּה יֵעָשֶׂה לִבְקָרוֹ וַיִּפֹּל פַּחַד יְהוָה עַל הָעָם וַיֵּצְאוּ כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד.
ADD SOMETHING ABOUT PEOPLE NOT WILLING TO OBEY HIM
(7) And he took a yoke of oxen, and cut them in pieces, and sent them throughout all the borders of Israel by the hand of messengers, saying: ‘Whosoever cometh not forth after Saul and after Samuel, so shall it be done unto his oxen.’ And the dread of the LORD fell on the people, and they came out as one man.
One big question, five small ones
1) donkeys
2) three men, why only bread
3) prophecy (why is it necessary)
4) oxen
5) Lots
BIG QUESTION WHY IS SAMUEL SO UPSET
BEFORE I ANSWER THAT QUESTION I WILL MAKE IT SHARPER, BECAUSE THROUGHOUT THIS STORY OF SAULS CORONATION THERE ARE CONSTANT ALLUSIONS TO ONE OF THE MOST GRISLY TALES IN ALL OF TANACH, PILAGESH GIBOA
(SEE SOURCE 11 of my sheet only for details)
After this incident all of Benjamin men are killed, only few survive)
I don't have time to go through this, but Bemjamin constantly refererred to as the smallest tribe, Same places, oxen in 12
Samuel wrote shoftim according to chazal
so now a much stronger question, why when the need for a king was present, when Samuel himself seems to call for one is he so upset at the people?
The rabbis of course have asked about it
) גמ' תנינא חדא זימנא אין מוציאין למלחמת הרשות אלא ע"פ ב"ד של שבעים ואחד איידי דתנא כל מילי דמלך תנא נמי מוציאין למלחמת הרשות אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל כל האמור בפרשת מלך מלך מותר בו רב אמר לא נאמרה פרשה זו אלא לאיים עליהם שנאמר (דברים יז, טו) שום תשים עליך מלך שתהא אימתו עליך כתנאי ר' יוסי אומר כל האמור בפרשת מלך מלך מותר בו ר' יהודה אומר לא נאמרה פרשה זו אלא כדי לאיים עליהם שנאמר שום תשים עליך מלך שתהא אימתו עליך וכן היה רבי יהודה אומר ג' מצות נצטוו ישראל בכניסתן לארץ להעמיד להם מלך ולהכרית זרעו של עמלק ולבנות להם בית הבחירה רבי נהוראי אומר לא נאמרה פרשה זו אלא כנגד תרעומתן שנאמר (דברים יז, יד) ואמרת אשימה עלי מלך וגו' תניא ר"א אומר זקנים שבדור כהוגן שאלו שנאמר (שמואל א ח, ו) תנה לנו מלך לשפטנו אבל עמי הארץ שבהן קלקלו שנאמר (שמואל א ח, כ) והיינו גם אנחנו ככל הגוים ושפטנו מלכנו ויצא לפנינו
Rabbi Yehuda says, three commandments fell upon Israel when they entered the land: Set up a monarchy, destroy Amalek, build a Temple Rabbi Nehorai says this section only came into play if the people murmured. (very loosely translated) f
() ואמרת אשימה עלי מלך - על דעת רבותינו (ספרי ראה סז, סנהדרין כ ב): כמו ואמור אשימה עלי מלך, והיא מצות עשה שיחייב אותנו לומר כן אחר ירושה וישיבה, כלשון ועשית מעקה לגגך (להלן כב ח), וזולתם. והזכיר "ואמרת", כי מצווה שיבואו לפני הכוהנים הלווים ואל השופט ויאמרו להם רצוננו שנשים עלינו מלך: ולפי דעתי עוד, שגם זה מרמיזותיו על העתידות, שכן היה כששאלו להם את שאול אמרו לשמואל (ש"א ח ה): שימה לנו מלך לשפטנו ככל הגויים, וכן כתוב שם (פסוק כ): והיינו גם אנחנו ככל הגויים ושפטנו מלכנו וגו', כי מה טעם שתאמר התורה במצווה "ככל הגויים אשר סביבותי", ואין ישראל ראויים ללמד מהם ולא לקנא בעושי עולה, אבל זה רמז לעניין שיהיה, ולכך באה הפרשה בלשון הבינוני, כאשר פירשתי כבר (לעיל ד כה):
The solution to this quandary may be in an exploration of exactly what it meant to have a kin like all the other nations.
Anthropological Insight: Dumezil and the Scythian Zeus
story of the grandson of the scythian zeus who obtains the war axe, the libation cup, and the plow and by doing so becomes a “person above and beyond the various function classes that make up society since he represents them all and since all equally find in him the virtues by which they define themselves, he no longer belonged to any of them.”
Anthropological Insight: The Stranger King (Marshall Sahlins, Islands of History
To take the viewpoint of a general sociology: in all the aforementioned civilizations, basically composed of kith and kin, of diverse lineages and clans, the ruler as above society is also considered beyond it. As he is beyond it morally, so he is from the beyond, and his advent is a kind of terrible epiphany. It is a remarkably common fact that the great chiefs and kings of political society are not of the people they rule. By the local theories of origin they are strangers, just as the draconic feats by which they come to power are foreign to the conduct of “real people” or true “sons of the land,” as various Polynesians express it.
By his own nature outside the homebred culture of the society, the king appears within it as a force of nature. He erupts upon a pastoral scene of peaceful husbandry and relative equality which the nostalgia of a later time may well recall as a golden age. Typically, then , these rulers do not even spring from the same clay as the aboriginal people: they are from the heavens or— in the very common case—they are of distinct ethnic stock. In either event, royalty is the foreigner.
Fijians often complain that their ruling chief is a kai tani, a ‘different person’ or ‘stranger’ in the land; or else, he is a vulagi, a ‘guest’, a term that Hocart also analyzes as ‘heavenly god’. “‘ The chiefs … came from overseas’,” Hocart was told by a Lauan, “‘ it is so in all countries of Fiji’” (Hocart 1929: 129). Here, in very condensed form , is a typical Fijian myth of the origin of the current chief.
A handsome, fair-skinned stranger, victim of an accident at sea, is befriended by a shark who carries him ashore on the south coast of Viti Levu. The stranger wanders into the interior where he is taken in by a local chieftain, whose daughter he eventually marries. From this union springs the line of Noikoro ruling chiefs , the narrator of the story being the tenth descendant on that line. He and his clansmen are called ‘The Sharks’
It is all as in the Hawaiian proverb: “A chief is a shark that travels on land”
In this classic sense, power is a barbarian. It is typically founded on an act of barbarism— murder, incest, or both. Heusch calls this “the exploit ,”.... Power reveals and defines itself as the rupture of the people’s own moral order, precisely as the greatest of crimes against kinship: fratricide, parricide, the union of mother and son, father and daughter, or brother and sister.
Anthropological Insight: Two Models of Kingship: Law Kings and War Kings:
Speaking to Indo-European conceptions, Dumézil names the opposed forces in play celeritas and gravitas, and these Latin terms perfectly fit in the Fijian case. Celeritas refers to the youthful, active, disorderly, magical , and creative violence of conquering princes; gravitas, to the venerable, staid, judicious, priestly, peaceful, and productive dispositions of an established people. In the initial moment of their combination celeritas prevails over gravitas, as the
invaders capture the reproductive powers of the land to found their kingdom. But the same creative violence that institutes society would be dangerously unfit to constitute it. The combination of two terms produces a third, a sovereign power, itself a dual combination of the war function and the peace function, king and priest, will and law.