Torah's View of Criminal Punishment

(טו) וּמַכֵּ֥ה אָבִ֛יו וְאִמּ֖וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת׃

(טז) וְגֹנֵ֨ב אִ֧ישׁ וּמְכָר֛וֹ וְנִמְצָ֥א בְיָד֖וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת׃ (ס)

(יז) וּמְקַלֵּ֥ל אָבִ֛יו וְאִמּ֖וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת׃ (ס)

(15) He who strikes his father or his mother shall be put to death. (16) He who kidnaps a man—whether he has sold him or is still holding him—shall be put to death. (17) He who insults his father or his mother shall be put to death.

ומכה אביו ואמו מות יומת כבר למדו חכמים שמיתתו בחנק (סנהדרין פד:), ולכך סמך לו וגונב איש ומכרו, שגם הוא באותה מיתה, והפריש ממנו ומקלל אביו ואמו, מפני שהוא בסקילה, שנאמר בו אביו ואמו קלל דמיו בו (ויקרא כ ט), וכל מי שנאמר בו כלשון הזה הוא בסקילה (סנהדרין סו), נלמד ממה שכתוב באבן ירגמו אותם דמיהם בם (ויקרא כ כז). והחמיר במיתת המקלל יותר ממיתת המכה, מפני שחטא הקללה מצוי יותר, שהכסיל כאשר יכעוס והתקצף וקלל במלכו ובאביו ואמו תמיד כל היום, והעבירה כפי מציאותה תמיד צריכה ייסור גדול.

או מפני שיש בקללה חטא גדול יותר שהיא בהזכרת ה' (שבועות לו.), והנה צריך להענישו על חטאו באביו ואמו ועל אשר נשא שם ה' אלקיו לפשע וחטא. והגאון רב סעדיה אמר כי הכניס דבר הגונב איש ביניהן, בעבור כי על הרוב הנגנבים הם קטנים ויגדלו במקום אחר ולא יכירו אבותם ויבא שיכום ויקללום, ולכן ראוי להעניש הגנב במיתה כהם, כי העונש הוא עליו:

And one who hits his father and mother shall surely die- The Chachamim already learned that he dies from strangulation (Sanhedrin 84), and also if he kidnapped a man and sold him, he has the same death. And we learn that cursing your parents is cause for death by stoning, as it says “And from this language we see it is stoning” (Sanhedrin 66). We learn this as it says, “they shall be pelted with stones, and their bloodguilt shall be upon them” (Vayikra 20:27). And the death of one who curses is worse than the death of one who hit, because the sin of the one who cursed is more lasting. That the fool when he becomes angry and he is furious and he curses at his king, and his father, and his mother always all day, and the sin is the reality that they are always in great agony and pain. Or because there is a greater sin in cursing towards Hashem (Shavuos 36), and here he needs to be punished on his sin to his father and mother and on that he endured the name of Hashem his God to transgress and sin. And the Gaon Rav Sa’adyah says there is a correlation to one who steals a man, because the majority of thieves are minors that grew up in another place and they wouldn’t recognize their fathers and they would eventually come to them and curse them, and hence it is proper to punish a thief in the same death as them, for the punishment is about him.

(יא) וַ֠יִּקֹּב בֶּן־הָֽאִשָּׁ֨ה הַיִּשְׂרְאֵלִ֤ית אֶת־הַשֵּׁם֙ וַיְקַלֵּ֔ל וַיָּבִ֥יאוּ אֹת֖וֹ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֑ה וְשֵׁ֥ם אִמּ֛וֹ שְׁלֹמִ֥ית בַּת־דִּבְרִ֖י לְמַטֵּה־דָֽן׃ (יב) וַיַּנִּיחֻ֖הוּ בַּמִּשְׁמָ֑ר לִפְרֹ֥שׁ לָהֶ֖ם עַל־פִּ֥י ה'׃ (פ)

(11) The son of the Israelite woman pronounced the Name in blasphemy, and he was brought to Moses—now his mother’s name was Shelomith daughter of Dibri of the tribe of Dan— (12) and he was placed in custody, until the decision of the LORD should be made clear to them.

ויניחהו. לְבַדּוֹ, וְלֹא הִנִּיחוּ מְקוֹשֵׁשׁ עִמּוֹ — שֶׁשְּׁנֵיהֶם הָיוּ בְּפֶרֶק אֶחָד — וְיוֹדְעִים הָיוּ שֶׁהַמְּקוֹשֵׁשׁ בְּמִיתָה, אֲבָל לֹא פֹרַשׁ לָהֶם בְּאֵיזוֹ מִיתָה לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר (במדבר ט"ו), כִּי לֹא פֹרַשׁ מַה יֵּעָשֶֹה לוֹ; אֲבָל בַּמְּקַלֵּל הוּא אוֹמֵר לִפְרֹשׁ לָהֶם, שֶׁלֹּא הָיוּ יוֹדְעִים אִם חַיָּב מִיתָה אִם לָאו (ספרא; סנהדרין ע"ח):
ויניחהו AND THEY PLACED HIM [IN WARD] — him by himself — and they did not place the man who gathered sticks on the Sabbath day with him (Numbers 15:34), because both of whom happened to be (i. e. to commit an offense) at the same period, but they knew that the stick-gatherer was to be punished with the death-penalty, only it had not been explained to them by what kind of death he was to be punished — it is for this reason that it is stated in his case (Numbers 15:33) “[and they placed him in ward] because it was not explained what should be done to him”. In the case of the blasphemer, however, it states “[and they placed him in ward] that [the proper penalty] might be shown to them”; this was because they did not know whether he is at all liable to the death-penalty or not (Sifra, Emor, Section 14 5; Sanhedrin 78b).

(לג) וַיַּקְרִ֣יבוּ אֹת֔וֹ הַמֹּצְאִ֥ים אֹת֖וֹ מְקֹשֵׁ֣שׁ עֵצִ֑ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֙ וְאֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן וְאֶ֖ל כָּל־הָעֵדָֽה׃ (לד) וַיַּנִּ֥יחוּ אֹת֖וֹ בַּמִּשְׁמָ֑ר כִּ֚י לֹ֣א פֹרַ֔שׁ מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂ֖ה לֽוֹ׃ (ס)

(33) Those who found him as he was gathering wood brought him before Moses, Aaron, and the whole community. (34) He was placed in custody, for it had not been specified what should be done to him.

לבדו. [נח"י] נתן טעם לפי שהמקושש היה רשע חמור שהרי היו יודעים הכל שהוא במיתה, והמקלל היה רשע קל שהרי לא היו יודעים אם הוא חייב מיתה או לא לכך לא היו חובשין ביחד כדאיתא בגמרא ב' בתי קברות היו לנסקלין ולנשרפים, כך אין חובשין רשע גמור אצל רשע קל:
By himself.. [Afterwards Rashi] explains [that he was imprisoned by himself] because the woodgatherer was more wicked, since everyone knew that he was liable for the death penalty, whereas the blasphemer was less wicked, for they did not know whether or not he was liable for the death penalty. Therefore they were not imprisoned together. As the Gemara says that there were two cemeteries, one for those whom [Beis Din] stoned, and one for those whom they burnt [because stoning is punishment for a more serious sin]. Similarly, we do not imprison someone who is [considered] more wicked together with someone who is [considered] less wicked. (Nachalas Yaakov)
שהמקושש במיתה. זה טעם הוא אלעיל למה לא הניחום ביחד ומפרש לפי שיודעין שזה במיתה אבל מקלל לא היו יודעין שהוא במיתה ושמא לא יהיה במיתה ויצטער זה שסבר הואיל ויושבין יחד:
That one who gathered wood [on Shabbos] was [condemned] to death. This is a reason for the above, why he [Moshe] did not put them together. He [Rashi] explains that this was because they knew that this one was liable to death, but did not know whether the blasphemer was liable to death. Perhaps he was not liable to death and would suffer by thinking, that because they are sitting together [he too, must be liable to death].

ושם אמו. צריך לדעת למה לא הזכיר שמה בתחלה כשהזכירו עד הבאתו אל משה, ויש לומר בב' דרכים,

האחד לשבח על זה הדרך ויביאו אותו אל משה ושם אמו וגו', פירוש גם היא מכלל המביאים

והאחד לגנאי ויביאו אותו אל משה ועל ידי הבאה זו נתחייבה שהכתוב יפרסם אותה שאמו היא שלומית, וממוצא דבר אתה יודע כי נכמרו רחמיה על בנה וכתיב (משלי י״ב:י׳) ורחמי רשעים אכזרי, לזה גילה אותה הכתוב כי זאת האשה וזה בנה, גם הזכיר שבטה להטעם עצמו שכתבתי כי מן הסתם השבט ירחם ויעמוד לעזר הקרובים, ולזה אמרו במדרש (ויק''ר פל''ב) גנאי לו גנאי לשבטו וכו':

ושם אמו, and the name of his mother, etc. Why was the name of this woman only mentioned here instead of at the time her existence was mentioned in verse 10 prior to the confrontation of her son with Moses? One may answer this in either one of two ways. 1) It reflects credit upon her seeing the Torah wrote: "they brought him to Moses, whereas the name of his mother was Shlomit." This implies that his mother was one of those who brought the blasphemer to Moses to be judged. 2) Mention of Shlomit at this stage reflects discredit upon her. Had it not been for the fact that others brought the blasphemer to Moses for judgment his mother could have remained anonymous. The general tenor of the story indicates that the blasphemer's mother could not overcome her feelings of pity for her son. The Torah teaches the lesson which we learned in Proverbs 12,10 that compassion for the wicked is actually an act of cruelty. The Torah discloses the name of the woman who had been foolish enough to display such feelings for her son the blasphemer. The fact that the Torah also reveals the name of her tribe is an indication that members of a tribe have a tendency to be protective of members of that tribe. This is why the Midrash we quoted earlier stated that when a person disgraces himself he also disgraces his tribe.

(ב) וְהָיָ֛ה אִם־בִּ֥ן הַכּ֖וֹת הָרָשָׁ֑ע וְהִפִּיל֤וֹ הַשֹּׁפֵט֙ וְהִכָּ֣הוּ לְפָנָ֔יו כְּדֵ֥י רִשְׁעָת֖וֹ בְּמִסְפָּֽר׃ (ג) אַרְבָּעִ֥ים יַכֶּ֖נּוּ לֹ֣א יֹסִ֑יף פֶּן־יֹסִ֨יף לְהַכֹּת֤וֹ עַל־אֵ֙לֶּה֙ מַכָּ֣ה רַבָּ֔ה וְנִקְלָ֥ה אָחִ֖יךָ לְעֵינֶֽיךָ׃

(2) If the wicked one is to be flogged, the magistrate shall have him lie down and be given lashes in his presence, by count, as his guilt warrants. (3) He may be given up to forty lashes, but not more, lest being flogged further, to excess, your brother be degraded before your eyes.

ר' חנניה בן (גמלא) [גמליאל] אומר, כל היום קורא אותו הכתוב "רשע", שנאמר והיה אם בן הכות הרשע;

אבל כשלקה, הכתוב קוראו "אחיך", שנאמר ונקלה אחיך. [ומה אם העובר עבירה אחת - נוטל נפשו עליה, העושה מצוה אחת - עאכו"כ שתנתן לו נפשו].

R. Chanina b. Gamla says: The entire day Scripture calls him "wicked," viz. (Ibid. 2) "Then it shall be, if liable to stripes is the wicked one." But once he has been smitten Scripture calls him "your brother," viz.: "and your brother be demeaned." Now if a man commits one transgression, his soul is taken from him (i.e., he receives kareth), then, if he does one mitzvah (after being smitten), how much more so (is it to be inferred that) his soul is restored to him.
וְכָל אֵלּוּ הָרַצְחָנִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן שֶׁאֵינָן מְחֻיָּבִין מִיתַת בֵּית דִּין. אִם רָצָה מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְהָרְגָם בְּדִין הַמַּלְכוּת וְתַקָּנַת הָעוֹלָם הָרְשׁוּת בְּיָדוֹ. וְכֵן אִם רָאוּ בֵּית דִּין לְהָרְגָם בְּהוֹרָאַת שָׁעָה אִם הָיְתָה הַשָּׁעָה צְרִיכָה לְכָךְ יֵשׁ לָהֶם רְשׁוּת כְּפִי מַה שֶּׁיִּרְאוּ: הֲרֵי שֶׁלֹּא הֲרָגָם הַמֶּלֶךְ וְלֹא הָיְתָה הַשָּׁעָה צְרִיכָה לְכָךְ לְחַזֵּק הַדָּבָר הֲרֵי בֵּית דִּין חַיָּבִין מִכָּל מָקוֹם לְהַכּוֹתָם מַכָּה רַבָּה הַקְּרוֹבָה לְמִיתָה לְאָסְרָם בְּמָצוֹר וּבְמָצוֹק שָׁנִים רַבּוֹת וּלְצַעֲרָן בְּכָל מִינֵי צַעַר כְּדֵי לְהַפְחִיד וּלְאַיֵּם עַל שְׁאָר הָרְשָׁעִים שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה הַדָּבָר לָהֶם לְפוּקָה וּלְמִכְשׁוֹל וְיֹאמַר הֲרֵינִי מְסַבֵּב לַהֲרֹג אוֹיְבַי כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁעָשָׂה פְּלוֹנִי וְאֶפָּטֵר:
Any of these and similar murderers, who are not sentenced to death by a court, might be put to death by a royal decree if a Jewish king desires this for the benefit of society.— — If the king did not have them executed, if circumstances did not demand such a measure, the court must at any rate have them lashed to the point of death, and harshly imprisoned for many years, punishing them severely in order to terrify and frighten other criminals, so that this may not turn into a pitfall and a snare for others as to say: "I will arrange to kill my enemy indirectly as did so-and-so, and I will be acquitted."

(א) וְאֵלּוּ מְגַלְּחִין בַּמּוֹעֵד, הַבָּא מִמְּדִינַת הַיָּם, וּמִבֵּית הַשִּׁבְיָה, וְהַיּוֹצֵא מִבֵּית הָאֲסוּרִין, וְהַמְנֻדֶּה שֶׁהִתִּירוּ לוֹ חֲכָמִים, וְכֵן מִי שֶׁנִּשְׁאַל לְחָכָם וְהֻתַּר, וְהַנָּזִיר, וְהַמְּצֹרָע הָעוֹלֶה מִטֻּמְאָתוֹ לְטָהֳרָתוֹ:

(1) These may shave during the intermediate days [of the festival]: one who arrives from a land [beyond] the sea, or from a house of captivity, or one released from prison, or an excommunicated person whom the Sages have released. So too, he who has consulted a Sage and been released [from a vow], the nazir [a person who vows to avoid corpse impurity, refrain from cutting his hair and abstain from all grape products], and the leper who has ascended from his [state of] impurity to [his state] of purity.