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Lawyers Defending Heinous Crimes
(טז) וָאֲצַוֶּה֙ אֶת־שֹׁ֣פְטֵיכֶ֔ם בָּעֵ֥ת הַהִ֖וא לֵאמֹ֑ר שָׁמֹ֤עַ בֵּין־אֲחֵיכֶם֙ וּשְׁפַטְתֶּ֣ם צֶ֔דֶק בֵּֽין־אִ֥ישׁ וּבֵין־אָחִ֖יו וּבֵ֥ין גֵּרֽוֹ׃
(16) I charged your magistrates at that time as follows, “Hear out your fellow men, and decide justly between any man and a fellow Israelite or a stranger.

Reasons not to defend:

1. A Lawyer Is Not A Common Carrier. Amtrak must carry all who pay their fare, but a lawyer need not take a case (unless assigned to do so by a court)(<--part of quote). Lawyers have a heavy duty to ensure that access to legal services is not denied to the needy, but that duty does not force lawyers to take every case that comes their way. To the contrary, the Model Rules of Professional Conduct specifically allow a lawyer to refuse or cease representation if he finds the client's goals or desired means to achieve those goals to be immoral... I argue [the hired gun who argues the cause of anyone who can afford his services] properly merits the same degree of respect given to all who value nothing but money.

הנהו בני גלילא דנפק עלייהו קלא דקטול נפשא אתו לקמיה דרבי טרפון אמרו ליה לטמרינן מר אמר להו היכי נעביד אי לא אטמרינכו חזו יתייכו אטמרינכו הא אמור רבנן האי לישנא בישא אע"ג דלקבולי לא מבעי מיחש ליה מבעי זילו אתון טמרו נפשייכו

These were the sons of the Galileans about whom a rumour spread that they killed a person. They came before R' Tarfon and said to him: "The master should hide us[from the authorities]" He said to them "What should I do"? If I don't hide you [the authorities] will see you [and execute you, on the other hand], should I hide you? The rabbis said: this is Lashon Hara, and although one should not accept it as truth, one should be mindful of it. You go hide yourselves.

מיחש ליה מיבעי: ושמא הרגתם ואסור להציל אתכם
(ז) יַ֣ד הָעֵדִ֞ים תִּֽהְיֶה־בּ֤וֹ בָרִאשֹׁנָה֙ לַהֲמִית֔וֹ וְיַ֥ד כָּל־הָעָ֖ם בָּאַחֲרֹנָ֑ה וּבִֽעַרְתָּ֥ הָרָ֖ע מִקִּרְבֶּֽךָ׃ (פ)
(7) Let the hands of the witnesses be the first against him to put him to death, and the hands of the rest of the people thereafter. Thus you will sweep out evil from your midst.
2. A lawyer can take a weak adversarial position: you must take account of your knowledge that the client is guilty when you make tactical trial decisions... Under the non-adversarial model, a lawyer should betray a guilty client (by not defending him to the fullest capacity) in order to protect the public and prevent a guilty person from going free.
בבית הקברות לא יטמא לה: ת"ר מנין שאם אמר לו אביו היטמא או שאמר לו אל תחזיר שלא ישמע לו שנאמר (ויקרא יט, ג) איש אמו ואביו תיראו ואת שבתותי תשמרו אני ה' כולכם חייבין בכבודי
3. If a client insists on using tactics the lawyer finds repugnant, the lawyer may and should resign. If the tactics are also illegal (such as perjury), the lawyer must disclose that crime as soon as it occurs in most states. -- Michael I. Krauss, George Mason University Law Professor
ת"ר שומרי פירות לוקחין מהן כשהן יושבין ומוכרין והסלין לפניהם וטורטני לפניהם וכולן שאמרו הטמן אסור לוקחין מהן מפתח הגינה אבל לא מאחורי הגינה
The Gemara cites a baraita which discusses purchasing items from watchmen: The Sages taught (Tosefta 11:8): With regard to produce watchmen, one may purchase produce from them when they are sitting and selling the produce, and the baskets are before them and the scales [veturtanei] are before them, as in these circumstances it is reasonable to assume that they are not selling stolen merchandise. But in all cases where they said to the buyer: Conceal your purchase, it is prohibited to purchase from them, as there is good reason to suspect that the merchandise is stolen. The baraita adds: One may purchase from a watchman from the entrance of the garden, but not from the back of the garden, because if the produce is being sold inconspicuously, there is a concern that it might have been stolen.
Reasons to defend:
1. Opponents to the death penalty
Capital-case defenders… tend to cite their opposition to the death penalty... Most criminals are not intrinsically evil, and therefore don’t deserve to be killed for the evil action they did.
הוו יודעין שלא כדיני ממונות דיני נפשות דיני ממונות אדם נותן ממון ומתכפר לו דיני נפשות דמו ודם זרעותיו תלויין בו עד סוף העולם

The court tells them: You should know that cases of capital law are not like cases of monetary law. In cases of monetary law, a person who testifies falsely, causing money to be given to the wrong party, can give the money to the proper owner and his sin is atoned for. In cases of capital law, if one testifies falsely, the blood of the accused and the blood of his offspring that he did not merit to produce are ascribed to the witness’s testimony until eternity.

רבי טרפון ורבי עקיבא אומרים אילו היינו וכו': היכי הוו עבדי רבי יוחנן ורבי אלעזר דאמרי תרוייהו ראיתם טריפה הרג שלם הרג
The mishna teaches that Rabbi Tarfon and Rabbi Akiva say: If we had been members of the Sanhedrin, we would have conducted the trials in a manner where no person would have ever been executed. The Gemara asks: How would they have acted to spare the accused from execution if witnesses testified that he intentionally committed murder? Rabbi Yoḥanan and Rabbi Elazar both say that they would have asked the witnesses: Did you see whether the accused killed a tereifa, i.e., a person with a condition that would lead to his death within twelve months, or if he killed someone who was intact? The halakhic status of a tereifa is like that of one who is dead, in the sense that one who kills him is not executed. Since no witness can be certain with regard to the victim’s physical condition, they would invalidate any testimony to a murder.
ספר המצוות להרמבם: לא תעשה רצ: ואם לא נקיים את העונשים באומד החזק מאד - הרי לא יוכל לקרות יותר משנפטר את החוטא; אבל אם נקיים את העונשים באומד ובדימוי אפשר שביום מן הימים נהרוג נקי - ויותר טוב ויותר רצוי לפטור אלף חוטאים, מלהרג נקי אחד ביום מן הימים.
2. It is not the lawyer's job to judge
  • In adversarial systems, the defense’s primary role is to test the prosecution's case. From an ethical perspective, it does not matter whether counsel believes or knows that an adverse witness is telling the truth. The court or the jury is charged with finding the truth,and counsel would be usurping this fact-finding role if he or she fails to challenge testimony that the jury might reasonably doubt.
  • If the defendant is acquitted, the lawyer has worked a minor miracle; if convicted, the correct result was reached (and they were just doing their job to provide any defense possible)
  • In conclusion: Were [a lawyer] to handle a case according to her own assessment of guilt or innocence, she would be in the role of judge rather than advocate.
(ד) וְהֻֽגַּד־לְךָ֖ וְשָׁמָ֑עְתָּ וְדָרַשְׁתָּ֣ הֵיטֵ֔ב וְהִנֵּ֤ה אֱמֶת֙ נָכ֣וֹן הַדָּבָ֔ר נֶעֶשְׂתָ֛ה הַתּוֹעֵבָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את בְּיִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
(4) and you have been informed or have learned of it, then you shall make a thorough inquiry. If it is true, the fact is established, that abhorrent thing was perpetrated in Israel,

אטמרינכו הא אמור רבנן האי לישנא בישא כו'. פי' בקונטרס ושמא הרגתם ואסור להצילכם ובשאלתות דרב אחאי מפרש שמא הרגתם ואם אטמין אתכם חייבתם ראשי למלך והיינו מיחש מיבעי ליה למיחש שיש לחוש ללשון הרע להאמינו לגבי זה שיזהר שלא יבא לו הפסד ולא לאחרים:

ועוד שלא יתן ה' השופטים הצדיקים העומדים לפניו לשפוך דם נקי כי המשפט לאלהים הוא ובקרב אלהים ישפוט והנה כל זה מעלה גדולה בשופטי ישראל וההבטחה שהקב"ה מסכים על ידם ועמהם בדבר המשפט

Additionally, God would not allow the righteous judges that stand before him to shed innocent blood "for the judgement is God's" and, "in the midst of the judges He judges." This is the tremendous eminence of the judges of Israel and the guarantee that the Holy One, blessed be He, agrees with them and is "with them, in matters of judgement".

3. It’s not in anyone’s interest to convict people without a fair trial
  • Defense attorneys are ethically bound to zealously represent all clients, those whom they think will be justly found guilty as well as those whom they think are factually innocent. (See Canon 7, ABA Model Code of Professional Responsibility.)
  • The shortest answer to the concern is that defense lawyers know that in order to protect the innocent every accused person deserves effective representation.
  • The criminally accused are the representatives of us all. When their rights are eroded, the camel's nose is under and the tent may collapse on anyone. In protecting the constitutional rights of criminal defendants, we are only protecting ourselves.

(כו) הַמִּתְאָרֵחַ אֵצֶל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת בְּכָל מָקוֹם וּבְכָל זְמַן וְהֵבִיא לוֹ יַיִן אוֹ בָּשָׂר אוֹ גְּבִינָה וַחֲתִיכַת דָּג הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר וְאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לִשְׁאל עָלָיו אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַכִּירוֹ אֶלָּא יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁהוּא יְהוּדִי בִּלְבַד. וְאִם הֻחְזַק שֶׁאֵינוֹ כָּשֵׁר וְלֹא מְדַקְדֵּק בִּדְבָרִים אֵלּוּ אָסוּר לְהִתְאָרֵחַ אֶצְלוֹ. וְאִם עָבַר וְנִתְאָרֵחַ אֶצְלוֹ אֵינוֹ אוֹכֵל בָּשָׂר וְלֹא שׁוֹתֶה יַיִן עַל פִּיו עַד שֶׁיָּעִיד לוֹ אָדָם כָּשֵׁר עֲלֵיהֶם:

תניא א"ר שמעון בן שטח אראה בנחמה אם לא ראיתי אחד שרץ אחר חבירו לחורבה ורצתי אחריו וראיתי סייף בידו ודמו מטפטף והרוג מפרפר ואמרתי לו רשע מי הרגו לזה או אני או אתה אבל מה אעשה שאין דמך מסור בידי שהרי אמרה תורה (דברים יז, ו) על פי שנים עדים יומת המת היודע מחשבות יפרע מאותו האיש שהרג את חבירו אמרו לא זזו משם עד שבא נחש והכישו ומת
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Shimon ben Shataḥ said as an oath: I will not see the consolation of Israel if I did not once see one person pursue another into a ruin, and I pursued him and saw a sword in his hand, dripping with blood, and the one who was ultimately killed was convulsing. And I said to him: Wicked person, who has killed this man? Either you or I. But what can I do, since your blood is not given over to me, as the Torah states: “At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is to die be put to death” (Deuteronomy 17:6), and I did not witness you killing him. The One Who knows one’s thoughts shall punish this man who killed another. The Sages said: They did not move from there before a snake came and bit the murderer, and he died.