(1) When God began to create heaven and earth— (2) the earth being unformed and void, with darkness over the surface of the deep and a wind from God sweeping over the water— (3) God said, “Let there be light”; and there was light. (4) God saw that the light was good, and God separated the light from the darkness. (5) God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, a first day. (6) God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the water, that it may separate water from water.” (7) God made the expanse, and it separated the water which was below the expanse from the water which was above the expanse. And it was so. (8) God called the expanse Sky. And there was evening and there was morning, a second day. (9) God said, “Let the water below the sky be gathered into one area, that the dry land may appear.” And it was so. (10) God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering of waters He called Seas. And God saw that this was good. (11) And God said, “Let the earth sprout vegetation: seed-bearing plants, fruit trees of every kind on earth that bear fruit with the seed in it.” And it was so. (12) The earth brought forth vegetation: seed-bearing plants of every kind, and trees of every kind bearing fruit with the seed in it. And God saw that this was good. (13) And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. (14) God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate day from night; they shall serve as signs for the set times—the days and the years; (15) and they serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to shine upon the earth.” And it was so. (16) God made the two great lights, the greater light to dominate the day and the lesser light to dominate the night, and the stars. (17) And God set them in the expanse of the sky to shine upon the earth, (18) to dominate the day and the night, and to separate light from darkness. And God saw that this was good. (19) And there was evening and there was morning, a fourth day. (20) God said, “Let the waters bring forth swarms of living creatures, and birds that fly above the earth across the expanse of the sky.” (21) God created the great sea monsters, and all the living creatures of every kind that creep, which the waters brought forth in swarms, and all the winged birds of every kind. And God saw that this was good. (22) God blessed them, saying, “Be fertile and increase, fill the waters in the seas, and let the birds increase on the earth.” (23) And there was evening and there was morning, a fifth day. (24) God said, “Let the earth bring forth every kind of living creature: cattle, creeping things, and wild beasts of every kind.” And it was so. (25) God made wild beasts of every kind and cattle of every kind, and all kinds of creeping things of the earth. And God saw that this was good. (26) And God said, “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness. They shall rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, the cattle, the whole earth, and all the creeping things that creep on earth.” (27) And God created man in His image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. (28) God blessed them and God said to them, “Be fertile and increase, fill the earth and master it; and rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, and all the living things that creep on earth.” (29) God said, “See, I give you every seed-bearing plant that is upon all the earth, and every tree that has seed-bearing fruit; they shall be yours for food. (30) And to all the animals on land, to all the birds of the sky, and to everything that creeps on earth, in which there is the breath of life, [I give] all the green plants for food.” And it was so. (31) And God saw all that He had made, and it was very good. And there was evening and there was morning, the sixth day.
In havruta, according to the text:
~ Can you see patterns in the text?
~ What is not good? Why do you think so?
~ What is good? Why do you think so?
~ What is very good? Why do you think so?
Composed in Talmudic Israel/Babylon (500 CE). Bereshit Rabbah (The Great Genesis) is a midrash comprising a collection of rabbinical homiletical interpretations of the Book of Genesis. It contains many simple explanations of words and sentences, often in Aramaic and varied haggadic expositions popular in the public lectures of the synagogues and schools. The tradition that Rabbi Hoshaiah is the author of Genesis Rabbah may be taken to mean that he began the work as numerous additions have been made over the subsequent years before it was redacted (4th-5th Century CE). The editor strung together various longer or shorter explanations and haggadic interpretations of the successive passages, sometimes anonymously, sometimes citing the author.
(ז) אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן, יְהִי עֶרֶב אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא וַיְהִי עֶרֶב, מִכָּאן שֶׁהָיָה סֵדֶר זְמַנִּים קֹדֶם לָכֵן. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיָה בּוֹרֵא עוֹלָמוֹת וּמַחֲרִיבָן, עַד שֶׁבָּרָא אֶת אֵלּוּ, אָמַר דֵּין הַנְיָן לִי, יַתְהוֹן לָא הַנְיָן לִי. אָמַר רַבִּי פִּנְחָס טַעְמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי אַבָּהוּ (בראשית א, לא): וַיַּרְא אֱלֹקִים אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, דֵּין הַנְיָין לִי יַתְהוֹן לָא הַנְיָין לִי.
(7) Rabbi Judah bar Simon said: it does not say, ‘It was evening,’ but ‘And it was evening.’ Hence we derive that there was a time-system prior to this. Rabbi Abbahu said: This teaches us that God created worlds and destroyed them, saying, ‘This one pleases me; those did not please me.’ Rabbi Pinhas said, Rabbi Abbahu derives this from the verse, ‘And God saw all that He had made, and behold it was very good’(Genesis 1:31) as if to say, ‘This one pleases me, those others did not please me.’
(ה) בְּתוֹרָתוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי מֵאִיר מָצְאוּ כָּתוּב וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מוֹת. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן, רָכוּב הָיִיתִי עַל כְּתֵפוֹ שֶׁל זְקֵנִי וְעוֹלֶה מֵעִירוֹ לִכְפַר חָנָן דֶּרֶךְ בֵּית שְׁאָן, וְשָׁמַעְתִּי אֶת רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר יוֹשֵׁב וְדוֹרֵשׁ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי מֵאִיר, הִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, הִנֵּה טוֹב מוֹת. רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר חֲנִינָא וְרַבִּי יוֹנָתָן. רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר חֲנִינָא אָמַר, רָאוּי הָיָה אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁלֹא לִטְעֹם טַעַם מִיתָה, וְלָמָּה נִקְנְסָה בּוֹ מִיתָה, אֶלָּא צָפָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁנְּבוּכַדְנֶצַר וְחִירֹם מֶלֶךְ צוֹר עֲתִידִין לַעֲשׂוֹת עַצְמָן אֱלָהוּת, לְפִיכָךְ נִקְנְסָה בּוֹ מִיתָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (יחזקאל כח, יג): בְּעֵדֶן גַּן אֱלֹקִים הָיִיתָ, וְכִי בְּגַן עֵדֶן הָיָה חִירֹם, אֶתְמְהָא, אֶלָּא אָמַר לוֹ, אַתָּה הוּא שֶׁגָּרַמְתָּ לְאוֹתוֹ שֶׁבְּעֵדֶן שֶׁיָּמוּת. רַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר בְּרַתֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה (יחזקאל כח, יד): אַתְּ כְּרוּב מִמְשַׁח, אַתָּה הוּא שֶׁגָּרַמְתָּ לְאוֹתוֹ כְּרוּב שֶׁיָּמוּת. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן, אִם כֵּן יִגְזֹר מִיתָה עַל הָרְשָׁעִים וְאַל יִגְזֹר מִיתָה עַל הַצַּדִּיקִים, אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹא יְהוּ הָרְשָׁעִים עוֹשִׂים תְּשׁוּבָה שֶׁל רְמִיּוּת, וְשֶׁלֹא יְהוּ הָרְשָׁעִים אוֹמְרִים כְּלוּם הַצַּדִּיקִים חַיִּים אֶלָּא שֶׁהֵן מְסַגְּלִין מִצְווֹת וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים, אַף אָנוּ נְסַגֵּל מִצְווֹת וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים, נִמְצֵאת עֲשִׂיָּה שֶׁלֹא לִשְׁמָהּ. ...
In the Torah of Rabbi Meir they found written 'and behold it was very good' - as 'and behold death was good'. Rabbi Shmuel Bar Nachman said: I was riding on the shoulder of my elder, and he was going from his city to Kfar Chanan through the way of Beit She'an, and I heard Rabbi Shime'on ben Eleazar sitting and explaining in the name of Rabbi Meir: 'and behold it was very good' - as 'and behold death was good.' Rabbi Chama bar Chanina and Rabbi Yonatan [disagree]. Rabbi Chama bar Chanina said: "it would have been proper that the First Adam did not taste the taste of death - and why was he charged with death? One reason: it is written (Ezekiel 28:13) [Ezekiel 28:12 begins: Son of man, take up a lamentation for the king of Tyre, and say to him: Thus says the Lord GOD: Your seal most accurate, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty] 'you were in the Garden of Eden' - was Chirom in the Garden of Eden? Impossible! Rather, [Ezekiel/Gd] said to him 'you were the one who caused the one in the Garden to die.'" Rabbi Chia, the son of the son of Rabbi Berachia said in the name of Rabbi Berachia 'you were a covering cherub' (Ezekiel 28:14) ['covering' can also be understood as 'washing away'] you were the one who cause that same cherub to die." Rabbi Yonatan said to him: "if that was so, let [God] decree death to the evil ones only, and let Him not decree death on the righteous. But then the evil ones would not repent over their deceptions, and also so that the evil ones wouldn't say 'the only reason the righteous are alive is that they are accostumed to do mitzvot and good deeds, let us be accostumed to do mitzvot and good deeds - and this doing would not be for its own sake. ...
(ו) אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר, הִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, וְהִנֵּה טוֹבָה שֵׁנָה. וְכִי שֵׁנָה טוֹבָה מְאֹד, אֶתְמְהָא. לֹא כֵן תְּנֵינַן יַיִן וְשֵׁנָה לָרְשָׁעִים נָאֶה לָהֶם וְנָאֶה לָעוֹלָם, אֶלָּא מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁאָדָם יָשֵׁן קִמְעָא הוּא עוֹמֵד וְיָגֵעַ בַּתּוֹרָה הַרְבֵּה.
Rabbi Shime'on ben Eleazar: 'behold it was very good' - and behold sleep is good. And is sleep very good? Impossible! Don't we teach 'wine and sleep of the evil ones are good for them and good for the world'? Rather, it is because of with a little sleep a person is able to stand and work hard for much Torah.
(ז) רַבִּי נַחְמָן בַּר שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם רַב שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן אָמַר, הִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זֶה יֵצֶר טוֹב. וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זֶה יֵצֶר רָע. וְכִי יֵצֶר הָרָע טוֹב מְאֹד, אֶתְמְהָא. אֶלָּא שֶׁאִלּוּלֵי יֵצֶר הָרָע לֹא בָּנָה אָדָם בַּיִת, וְלֹא נָשָׂא אִשָּׁה, וְלֹא הוֹלִיד, וְלֹא נָשָׂא וְנָתַן. וְכֵן שְׁלֹמֹה אוֹמֵר (קהלת ד, ד): כִּי הִיא קִנְאַת אִישׁ מֵרֵעֵהוּ.
(7) Rav Nachman the son of Shmuel said: “Behold it was very good” - this refers to the good inclination; “And behold it was very good” - this refers to the evil inclination. But, is the evil inclination very good? Impossible! Were it not for the evil inclination, a person would not build, would not marry, would not have children, and would not engage in business. And so Shlomo said (Kohelet/Ecclesiastes 4:4): “(all work comes from) man’s jealousy for his neighbor.”
(ח) אָמַר רַב הוּנָא הִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זוֹ מִדַּת הַטּוֹב. וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זוֹ מִדַּת יִסּוּרִין. וְכִי מִדַּת יִסּוּרִין טוֹבָה מְאֹד, אֶתְמְהָא. אֶלָּא שֶׁעַל יָדֶיהָ הַבְּרִיּוֹת בָּאִים לְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. וְכֵן שְׁלֹמֹה אוֹמֵר (משלי ו, כג): וְדֶרֶךְ חַיִּים תּוֹכְחוֹת מוּסָר, אֲמַרְתְּ, צֵא וּרְאֵה אֵיזֶהוּ דֶּרֶךְ מְבִיאָה אֶת הָאָדָם לְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר זוֹ מִדַּת יִסּוּרִין.
Rav Huna said: "behold it was very good" (Genesis 1:31). Behold it was very good, this is the quality/function of suffering [present in the world]. And is suffering very good? Impossible! Rather, this means that through its hands, creation comes to the world to come. So Shlomo said: (Proverbs 6:23) 'and the way of life is admonishments and reproof'. You said: 'go and find out what is the way that brings a person to the world to come. I say - this is the quality of punishment.
(ט) אָמַר רַבִּי זְעֵירָא, הִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זוֹ גַּן עֵדֶן. וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זוֹ גֵּיהִנֹּם. וְכִי גֵּיהִנֹּם טוֹב מְאֹד, אֶתְמְהָא. מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ פַּרְדֵּס וְהִכְנִיס לְתוֹכוֹ פּוֹעֲלִים, וּבָנָה אוֹצָר עַל פִּתְחוֹ, אָמַר כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא מִתְכַּשֵּׁר בִּמְלֶאכֶת הַפַּרְדֵּס יִכָּנֵס לְאוֹצָרוֹ, וְכָל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְכַּשֵּׁר בִּמְלֶאכֶת הַפַּרְדֵּס אַל יִכָּנֵס לְאוֹצָרוֹ. כָּךְ כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא מְסַגֵּל בְּמִצְווֹת וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים הֲרֵי גַּן. עֵדֶן, וְכָל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְסַגֵּל בְּמִצְווֹת וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים הֲרֵי גֵּיהִנֹּם.
Rabbi Ze'ira said: "behold it was very good" (Genesis 1:31) this is the Garden of Eden. "AND behold it was very good" this is Gehinom. And is Gehinom very good? Impossible! An allegory: a king had an orchard and put within it workers, and built a treasure-house at its entrance, and said: 'whoever works him/herself appropriately with the work of the orchard can come into the treasure-house, and whoever did not, can not. So too, whoever accustoms him/herself with mitzvot and good deeds, behold this is the Garden of Eden; and whoever does not, behold this is Gehinom.
(י) אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר יִצְחָק, הִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זֶה מַלְאַךְ חַיִּים. וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זֶה מַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת. וְכִי מַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת טוֹב מְאֹד, אֶתְמְהָא. אֶלָּא לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁעָשָׂה סְעוּדָה וְזִמֵּן אֶת הָאוֹרְחִים וְהִכְנִיס לִפְנֵיהֶם תַּמְחוּי מָלֵא כָּל טוּב, אָמַר כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹכֵל וּמְבָרֵךְ אֶת הַמֶּלֶךְ יֹאכַל וְיֶעֱרַב לוֹ, וְכָל מִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹכֵל וְאֵינוֹ מְבָרֵךְ אֶת הַמֶּלֶךְ יוּתַּז רֹאשׁוֹ בְּסַיָּף. כָּךְ כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא מְסַגֵּל בְּמִצְווֹת וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים הֲרֵי מַלְאַךְ חַיִּים, וְכָל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְסַגֵּל בְּמִצְווֹת וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים הֲרֵי מַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת.
Rabbi Shmuel Bar Itzchak said: "behold it was very good" (Genesis 1:31) this is an angel of life. "AND behold it was very good" this is the Angel of Death. And is the Angel of Death very good? Impossible! Rather, [an allegory:] a king made a meal and invited the guests and put in front of them a tray filled with all good food, and said: whoever eats and blesses the king will eat and feel good, and whoever eats and does not bless the king, off with his head with a sword. So too, whoever accustoms him/herself with mitzvot and good deeds, behold this is an angel of life; and whoever does not, behold this is the Angel of Death.
(יא) אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר אַבָּא, הִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זוֹ מִדַּת הַטּוֹב. וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זוֹ מִדַּת הַפֻּרְעָנוּת. וְכִי מִדַּת הַפֻּרְעָנוּת טוֹבָה הִיא מְאֹד, אֶלָּא שׁוֹקֵד עַל הַפֻּרְעָנוּת הֵיאַךְ לַהֲבִיאָהּ. אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר אַבָּא, כָּל הַמִּדּוֹת בָּטְלוּ, מִדָּה כְּנֶגֶד מִדָּה לֹא בָּטְלָה. רַב הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אָמַר, מִתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם צָפָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁבְּמִדָּה שֶׁאָדָם מוֹדֵד בָּהּ מוֹדְדִין לוֹ, לְפִיכָךְ אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זוֹ מִדָּה טוֹבָה.
Rabbi Shime'on bar Abba said: "behold it was very good" (Genesis 1:31) this is the quality/function of good [present in the world]. "AND behold it was very good" this is the quality/function of punishment [present in the world]. And is punishment very good? Impossible! Rather, [God] who is about to bring punishment, is careful on how He brings it. Rabbi Simon said, in the name of Rabbi Shime'on bar Abba: "all rules [regarding punishment] have been cancelled, the only one that was not cancelled is measure-for-measure. Rav Huna says in the name of Rabbi Yosi: At the beginning of the Creation of the world the Holy One of Blessing saw that by the measure one measures others, s/he will be measured. Therefore the sages said: "and behold it was very good" - this is the good measure.
(יב) רַבָּנָן אַמְרֵי לָהּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר אִידֵי וְרַבִּי פִּנְחָס וְרַבִּי חִלְקִיָּה, הוּא מְאֹד, הוּא אָדָם. הִינוּן אוֹתִיּוֹת דְּדֵין הִינוּן אוֹתִיּוֹת דְּדֵין, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית א, לא): וַיַּרְא אֱלֹקִים אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זֶה אָדָם.
The rabbis say [the following teaching] in the name of Rabi Chanina bar Idey and Rabbi Pinchas and Rabbi Chilkyah: good is the human being. The letters of one are the letters of the other, particularly about it is written "And God saw all that He had made, and it was very good" (Genesis 1:31). This is the human being.
(יג) אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ, הִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זוֹ מַלְכוּת שָׁמַיִם, וְהִנֵּה טוֹב מְאֹד, זוֹ מַלְכוּת הָרוֹמִיִּים. וְכִי מַלְכוּת הָרוֹמִיִּים טוֹב מְאֹד, אֶתְמְהָא. אֶלָּא שֶׁהִיא תּוֹבַעַת דִּיקָיוֹן שֶׁל בְּרִיּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מה, יב): אָנֹכִי עָשִׂיתִי אֶרֶץ וְאָדָם עָלֶיהָ בָרָאתִי.
Rabbi Shime'on Ben Lakish says: "Behold it was good" that is the Heavenly rule; "and behold it was very good"(Genesis 1:31) that is the Roman rule. And is the Roman rule very good? Impossible! Rather, [the Roman rule] takes up the cause of the wronged, as it is written "I made the land, and I created the human on it" (Isaiah 45:12)
(יד) וַיְהִי עֶרֶב וַיְהִי בֹקֶר יוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי (בראשית א, לא), אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן זוֹ שָׁעָה יְתֵרָה שֶׁמּוֹסִיפִין מֵחוֹל עַל קֹדֶשׁ, וּבָהּ נִגְמְרָה מְלֶאכֶת הָעוֹלָם, עַל כֵּן כְּתִיב הַשִּׁשִּׁי. אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן בַּר מַרְתָא, עַד כָּאן מוֹנִין לְמִנְיָנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, מִכָּן וָאֵילָךְ מוֹנִין לְמִנְיַן אַחֵר.
And was night and was day, the sixth day (Genesis 1:31) Rabi Yudan said: this is the extra hour that we add from the common time to the holy time, and at that hour the work of creation was finished - that is why it says "the" sixth day. Said Rabi Simon bar Marta: up to here we counted the count of the universe, from here onward we count a different count.
(ב) דבר אחר זה שאמר הכתוב (משלי יח כב) מצא אשה מצא טוב. וכאן אתה אומר (קהלת ז כו) ומוצא אני מר ממות את האשה. אלא אם אשה רעה היא אין סוף לרעתה. ואם אשה טובה היא אין סוף לטובתה. הוי מצא אשה מצא טוב. את מוצא עד שלא נבראת האשה מה כתיב (בראשית ב יח) לא טוב היות האדם לבדו. משנבראה מה כתיב (שם א לא) וירא אלקים את כל אשר עשה והנה טוב מאד. הוי מצא טוב. ...
Another idea: this is what the text says "found a woman, found good" (Proverbs 18: 22). And here you say "and I find the woman bitter than death" (Kohelet/Ecclesiastes 7:26). Rather, [explain the contradiction like this] if she is an evil woman, there is no end to her wickedness; and if she is a good woman, there is no end to her goodness - this is found a woman, found good. You find that until she was created, what is written? "It is not good for the Man to be alone" (Genesis 2:18). And from the moment she was created, what is written? "And God saw all that He had made, and it was very good" (Genesis 1:31). So, this is 'found good'. ...
(א) וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל משֶׁה בֹּא אֶל פַּרְעֹה, אִם מָאֵן אַתָּה לְשַׁלֵּחַ הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי נֹגֵף וגו', הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (קהלת ה, ח): וְיִתְרוֹן אֶרֶץ בַּכֹּל הוּא, וְכָל הַמִּדְרָשׁ כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּוַיִּקְרָא רַבָּה וּבְזֹאת חֻקַּת הַתּוֹרָה. רַבּוֹתֵינוּ אָמְרִין מַהוּ וְיִתְרוֹן אֶרֶץ בַּכֹּל הוּא, אֲפִלּוּ דְּבָרִים שֶׁאַתָּה רוֹאֶה אוֹתָן כְּאִלּוּ הֵם מְיֻתָּרִין בָּעוֹלָם, כְּגוֹן זְבוּבִים וּפַרְעוֹשִׁים וְיַתּוּשִׁין, הֵן הָיוּ בִּכְלַל בְּרִיָּתוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית א, לא): וַיַּרְא אֱלֹקִים אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה. וְרַבִּי אַחָא בַּר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר אֲפִלּוּ דְּבָרִים שֶׁאַתָּה רוֹאֶה אוֹתָן כְּאִלּוּ הֵן מְיֻתָּרִין בָּעוֹלָם, כְּגוֹן נְחָשִׁים וְעַקְרַבִּים, הֵן הָיוּ בִּכְלַל בְּרִיָּתוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם. אָמַר לָהֶן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לַנְּבִיאִים מָה אַתֶּם סְבוּרִים אִם אֵין אַתֶּם הוֹלְכִין בִּשְׁלִיחוּתִי וְכִי אֵין לִי שָׁלִיחַ, וְיִתְרוֹן אֶרֶץ בַּכֹּל הִיא, אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה שְׁלִיחוּתִי אֲפִלּוּ עַל יְדֵי נָחָשׁ אֲפִלּוּ עַל יְדֵי עַקְרָב וַאֲפִלּוּ עַל יְדֵי צְפַרְדֵּעַ, תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁכֵּן שֶׁאִלּוּלֵי הַצִּרְעָה הֵיאַךְ הָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא פּוֹרֵעַ מִן הָאֱמוֹרִיִּים, וְאִלּוּלֵי הַצְּפַרְדֵּעַ הֵיאַךְ הָיָה פּוֹרֵעַ מִן הַמִּצְרִיִּים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי נוֹגֵף וגו'.
And Ad-nai said to Moshe: Go to Pharaoh... if you refuse I will smite... (Exodus 7:26-27) - regarding this it is written 'and the profit of a land in every way' (Kohelet/Ecclesiastes 5:8) Our teachers say 'the profit of a land in every way', even things you see as superfluous in the world, such as flies and mosquitoes and fleas, they were included in the creation of the world, as it says: 'and God saw all that God made' (Genesis 1:31). And Rabbi Acha bar Rabbi Chanina said: even things you see as superfluous in the world, such as snakes and scorpions, they were included in the creation of the world. The Holy One of Blessing said to the prophets: 'what are you thinking, of not going on My mission? And do you think I have no emissaries? 'there is profit of a land in every way' - I will do My mission even if through the hands of a snake, a scorpion, a frog...