Waging War

Rashi on Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 2a (comment on "false prophet")
במלחמת הרשות ־ כל מלחמה קרי רשות לבד ממלחמת יהושע, שהיתה לכבוש את ארץ ישראל.
"Permitted/optional war": Every war is considered permitted/optional except Joshua's war which was to capture the Land of Israel. [Translation by Righteous Indignation]
Deuteronomy 4:9
רַק הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ וּשְׁמֹר נַפְשְׁךָ מְאֹד פֶּן תִּשְׁכַּח אֶת הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר רָאוּ עֵינֶיךָ וּפֶן יָסוּרוּ מִלְּבָבְךָ כֹּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ וְהוֹדַעְתָּם לְבָנֶיךָ וְלִבְנֵי בָנֶיךָ:
But take utmost care and watch yourselves scrupulously, so that you do not forget the things that you saw with your own eyes and so that they do not fade from your mind as long as you live. And make them known to your children and to your children's children. [JPS translation]
Suggested Discussion Questions

1. God is commanding the Israelites not to forget their encounter with God and receiving the Ten Commandments. Why is this important?
2. What does this text teach us about the value of understanding one's own narrative?
3. How does maintaining a communal identity affect our social justice work?

Jerusalem Talmud, Sotah 8.10
רבנין אמרין מלחמת מצוה זו מלחמת דוד מלחמ' חובה זו מלחמת יהושע. רבי יהודה היה קורא מלחמת רשות כגון אנן דאזלין עליהון. מלחמת חובה כגון דאתיין אינון עלינן.
Sages say: A sanctified war is like the wars of house of David; and an obligatory war is like the war of Joshua. R. Judah called a permitted/optional war one in which we attacked them; an obligatory war one in which they attacked us.[Translation by Righteous Indignation]
Deuteronomy 5:3-4
לא את אבותינו כרת יה-וה את-הברית הזאת כי איתנו אנחנו אלה פא היום כלנו חיים: פנים בפנים דבר יה-וה עמכם בהר מתוך האש
It was not with our ancestors that the Lord made this covenant, but with us, the living, every one of us who is here today. Face to face the Lord spoke to you on the mountain out of the fire. [JPS translation. Edited for gender neutrality]
Suggested Discussion Questions

1. This text serves as an introduction to the Ten Commandments. Why does Moses introduce the Ten Commandments in this manner?
2. Why do we take things more seriously if we are personally implicated in them? Can you think of another example of something in which you feel you have a personal stake, and are therefore more committed to?

Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Kings 6:1
Translation Original
Do not make war with anyone in the world until you have offered that person the chance for peace, whether in a voluntary war or whether an obligatory war, as it is said: “When you approach a city to make war with it, you shall offer it peace.” If they surrender and accept the seven commandments that the sons of Noah were commanded, then you do not kill any soul from them, and they become tributary, as it is said: “And they will become for you a tributary and they shall serve you.” They accept upon themselves the tribute but not the service or they accept upon themselves the tribute but not the service or they accept upon themselves the service and they don’t accept the tribute, do not listen to them until they accept both. [AJWS translation]
אין עושין מלחמה עם אדם בעולם עד שקוראין לו שלום אחד מלחמת הרשות ואחד מלחמת מצוה, שנאמר כי תקרב אל עיר להלחם עליה וקראת אליה לשלום, אם השלימו וקבלו שבע מצות שנצטוו בני נח עליהן אין הורגין מהן נשמה והרי הן למס, שנאמר יהיו לך למס ועבדוך, קבלו עליהן המס ולא קבלו העבדות או שקבלו העבדות ולא קבלו המס, אין שומעין להם עד שיקבלו שניהם.
Deuteronomy 20:19-20
כִּי תָצוּר אֶל עִיר יָמִים רַבִּים לְהִלָּחֵם עָלֶיהָ לְתָפְשָׂהּ לֹא תַשְׁחִית אֶת עֵצָהּ לִנְדֹּחַ עָלָיו גַּרְזֶן כִּי מִמֶּנּוּ תֹאכֵל וְאֹתוֹ לֹא תִכְרֹת כִּי הָאָדָם עֵץ הַשָּׂדֶה לָבֹא מִפָּנֶיךָ בַּמָּצוֹר: רַק עֵץ אֲשֶׁר תֵּדַע כִּי לֹא עֵץ מַאֲכָל הוּא אֹתוֹ תַשְׁחִית וְכָרָתָּ וּבָנִיתָ מָצוֹר עַל הָעִיר אֲשֶׁר הִוא עֹשָׂה עִמְּךָ מִלְחָמָה עַד רִדְתָּהּ
When in your war against a city you have to besiege it a long time in order to capture it, you must not destroy its trees, wielding the ax against them. You may eat of them, but you may not cut them down. Are trees of the field human to withdraw before you into the besieged city? Only trees that you know do not yield food may be destroyed; you may cut them down for constructing siegeworks against the city that is waging war on you, until it has been reduced. [JPS translation]