Pirkei Imahot Facilitator

(ה) יוֹסֵי בֶן יוֹחָנָן אִישׁ יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אוֹמֵר, יְהִי בֵיתְךָ פָתוּחַ לִרְוָחָה, וְיִהְיוּ עֲנִיִּים בְּנֵי בֵיתֶךָ, וְאַל תַּרְבֶּה שִׂיחָה עִם הָאִשָּׁה.

בְּאִשְׁתּוֹ אָמְרוּ, קַל וָחֹמֶר בְּאֵשֶׁת חֲבֵרוֹ. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים, כָּל זְמַן שֶׁאָדָם מַרְבֶּה שִׂיחָה עִם הָאִשָּׁה, גּוֹרֵם רָעָה לְעַצְמוֹ, וּבוֹטֵל מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, וְסוֹפוֹ יוֹרֵשׁ גֵּיהִנֹּם:

Yosei ben Yochanan, man of Jerusalem, says, "May your home be open wide, may the poor be members of your household and do not increase conversation with the woman."

They so stated with his wife; all the more so with the wife of his friend. From this, the sages said, "Any time that a man increases conversation with the woman, he causes evil to himself and neglects the words of Torah; and, in his end, he inherits Geihinam." (Emphasis mine)

The language - “They stated with his wife...” implies a gloss that was added to the text. Had this been part of the original text the mishnah would have stated “ishto, his wife” in the first sentence. Furthermore, the language “kal v’chomer, all the more so” is not language used in the mishnah, but rather in gemorrah and beyond.

Rabbi Gordon Tucker: “The third part of the mishnah presents us with a manifestly misogynistic point of view, which would not have been out of sync with the major currents in the Hellenistic world.... it is worth noting that in the tesxt before us, what follows the initial advice, to avoid speaking to women too much, is clearly a gloss added to Rabbi Yosei’s [sic] teaching,.. and its presence suggests that his exhortation was deemed important enough to somebody to have merited further elaboration.

Yosei’s original statement might well have been intended to mean that one should avoid conversations, which might after all become more intimate, with women other than one’s wife. And that would be a most resonable piece of advice, aimed at avoiding unnecessary temptation. But the gloss makes it clear that it is the intrinsic nature of conversation with women that was understood to be objectionable and dangerous to one’s well-being - even with one’s one wife. There is little to be done to redeem this teaching for contemporary readers, other than to look beyond the gloss to the likely original intenet of Yosei ben Yochanan.” (Cohen, Martin S., editor, Pirkei Avot Lev Shalem, The Rabbinical Assembly, 2018.)

באשתו אמרו. ידוע שהשיחה עם הנשים על הרוב הוא בעניני המשגל מפני זה אמר שהרבות השיח עמהן אסור כי הוא גורם רעה לעצמו ר"ל שיקנה פחיתות מדות לנפשו והוא רוב התאוה:

12th century Spain

They so stated with his wife: It is known that the majority of talk with women is about matters of sex. Because of this, he said that increasing conversation with them is forbidden, since he "causes evil to himself." He means to say that he acquires lowly traits for his soul, and that is the abundance of desire.

(ד) באשתו אמרו קל וחומר באשת חבירו. (כמרז"ל כי באבות דר' נתן אומר) באשתו נדה אמרו ק"ו באשת חבירו. ר"ל שלא ירבה דברים עם אשתו נדה שמא יתגבר עליו יצר הרע ויבוא לידי פשיעה וק"ו באשת חברו שיצרו תקפו עליה ביותר. שאם בזאת שלמחר תהא לו מותרת ודומה לו פת בסלו אמרו כ"ש באשת נכרי שהיצר מתאוה אליה כענין שנאמר (משלי ט' י"ז) מים גנובים ימתקו. ונראה לפרש כפשוטו באשתו אמרו שלא להרגילה בדברים לעולם כדי שלא יהא מצוי עמה בכל יום. שאין לאדם להיות עם אשתו להנאתו אך לקיים המצוה להפריש בין האדם ובין הבהמה כמו שאמרו במסכת ברכות (כב.) גבי בעל קרי שלא יהא מצויין עם נשותיהן כתרנגולין. והיא מדת הפרישות המביאתו למדרגות העליונות כדאמרינן (ע"ז כ:) פרישות מביאה לידי טהרה:

of Gerondi, 13th century Spain,

generally an opponent of Rambam

They so stated with his wife; all the more so with the wife of his friend. (Our master and teacher [Rashi] wrote, "As it is written in the Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan), "They said [this] about his menstruating wife, all the more so regarding the wife of his fellow." It means to say, that he not increase words with his menstruating wife, lest his impulse overcomes him and he comes to a mishap; and all the more so with the wife of his fellow, about whom his impulse pressures him even more. As if they said it with the one that will be permissible for him tomorrow - and it appears to him like 'bread in his basket' - all the more so with another woman, whom the impulse desires, as the matter that it stated (Proverbs 9:17), "stolen waters are sweet." But it appears to be explained according to its simple meaning, "They so stated with his wife," not to ever accustom her to [many] words, so that she not be found with him every day. As a man should not be with his wife for his pleasure, but [rather] to fulfill the commandment; so as to distinguish between man and beast, as they said in Tractate Berakhot 22a concerning a man with a nocturnal emission, "So that they not be with their wives like chickens." And that is the trait of separation which brings one to the highest levels, as we say (Avodah Zarah 20b), "Separation brings to purity."

(ה) מכאן אמרו חכמים כל המרבה שיחה עם האשה גורם רעה לעצמו. כלומר גורם שהיצר מתגבר עליו שנקרא רע כדאמרינן (קדושין ל:) גדול יצר הרע שבוראו קראו רע שנאמר (בראשית ח' כ"א) כי יצר לב האדם רע מנעוריו. וזה האיש גורם הרע לעצמו שנתן לו מקום והזמנה להדבק בגופו על ידי השיחה והפריץ על המדות יותר משאר בני אדם שפעמים יצר מתגבר עליהם אבל בשלא יעשו הם דבר גורם ולא הגרמת עצמן תפתח עליהם הרעה:

From this, the sages said, "Any time that a man increases conversation with the woman, he causes evil to himself": [This] is to say, he causes the impulse that is called evil to overpower him, as we say (Kiddushin 30b), "Great is the evil impulse, that its Creator calls it evil, as it is stated (Breishit 8:21), 'for the imaginings of man’s heart are evil from his youth.'" And this man caused evil to himself, as he gave it a place and an invitation to cling to himself, by way of conversation [with women]. And he went beyond the traits of other men, as the impulse sometimes overpowers them; but without them doing something to cause [it], and it is not their own doing that brought the evil to begin with them.

Breishit 8:21 - said by God as part of the promise to Noah after the Flood.

(ו) ובוטל מדברי תורה. כי מחשבת התורה לא תכון לנגד עיניו בעוד לבו פונה אל האשה ולא לשיחתה כי הן שתי מחשבות שאין הלב סובלתן כאחד:

and neglects the words of Torah: As the thought of Torah is not firm in his eyes so long as his heart is focused on the woman and upon her conversation, as they are two thoughts that the heart does not tolerate together.

(ז) וסופו יורש גיהנם. שסוף בא לידי עבירה אחר אשר בשרירות לבו הולך ומרבה דברים על פנים (אמר המעתיק נראה להגי' במקום על פנים עם האשה עיין במדרש שמואל) יעשה חטא וירד שאלה. וזהו שאמר שלמה ע"ה (קהלת ז' כ"ו) ומוצא אני מר ממות את האשה אשר היא מצודים וחרמים לבה אסורים ידיה. ר"ל כי המות יסירהו מן העולם מחיי עולם קטן אבל האשה תאבד הנפש לעולמי עד. הנה כי היא מר ממות אשר היא מצודים וחרמים. האדם כיון שמביט באשה נלכד הוא ברשתה אשר היא מצודה ולא יכול להמלט ממנה. כי האיש רואה אשר חשקה לבו ואינו רואה מה יהיה לו עליה באחרית הימים. כמו שאמר הפייט יונה פותה הולכת במדבר רואה את הבר ואינו רואה את המכבר. וחרמים לבה כשהיא חושקת את האדם בלבה אפי' אם לא יחשוק אותה ומזלו הרע של זה האיש גרם שתחשק היא. בו אסורי' ידיה שאם אחזה בידיה כבר לקוח הוא בבית האסורים ושוב אין לו תקנה. טוב לפני האלהים ימלט ממנה וחוטא ילכד בה (קהלת ז' כ"ו) שהצדיקים הקב"ה שמרן ואין מזמן להם דבר אשר יוכלו להכשל בו אבל החוטא שאינו מתרחק מדרכים רעים ואין לבו שלם מזדמן אליו ענין כזה:

and, in his end, he inherits Geihinam: As in the end, he comes to sin: Since he follows the whims of his heart and increases words, certainly (Editor's note: It appears that instead of "al panim" (certainly?), [it should be] with the woman - see Midrash Shmuel) he will sin and descend to the pit. And this is what Shlomo - peace be upon him - stated (Kohelet 7:26), "I find woman more bitter than death; she is all traps, her heart is snares and her hands are fetters." This means to say that death removes him from the world - from the small life of the world - but woman destroys his soul for ever and ever. Behold, 'she is more bitter than death.' "She is all traps and snares": When a man observes a woman, he is caught in her net, which is her trap, and he cannot escape from her. As the man sees that which his heart desires and he does not see what will happen to him from her in the end of days. As the lyricist (R. Yehudah HaLevi) said, "The seduced dove travels in the wilderness; it sees the grain but it does not see the trap." "Her heart is snares" - when she desires a man in her heart, even if he does not desire her and it is [just] the bad fortune of this man that caused her to desire him. "Her hands are fetters" - because if she grabs him with her hands, he is already taken into the 'prison' and he no longer has a way to fix it. "He who is pleasing to God escapes her, and he who is displeasing is caught by her" (Kohelet 7:26) as the Holy One, blessed be He, protects the righteous and does not present them something through which they might stumble; but the sinner, who does not distance himself from evil paths and whose heart is not complete, chances upon a matter like this.

(ד) מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים. רַבֵּנוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ שֶׁסִּדֵּר הַמִּשְׁנָיוֹת כְּתָבָהּ, מִדִּבְרֵי חָכָם זֶה שֶׁאָמַר וְאַל תַּרְבֶּה שִׂיחָה עִם הָאִשָּׁה לָמְדוּ חֲכָמִים לוֹמַר, כָּל זְמַן שֶׁאָדָם מַרְבֶּה שִׂיחָה עִם הָאִשָּׁה גּוֹרֵם רָעָה לְעַצְמוֹ. מָצָאתִי כָּתוּב, כְּשֶׁאָדָם מְסַפֵּר לְאִשְׁתּוֹ קוֹרוֹתָיו כָּךְ וְכָךְ אֵרַע לִי עִם פְּלוֹנִי, הִיא מְלַמֶּדְתּוֹ לְחַרְחֵר רִיב, כְּגוֹן קֹרַח שֶׁסִּפֵּר לְאִשְׁתּוֹ מַה שֶּׁעָשָׂה מֹשֶׁה שֶׁהֵנִיף אֶת הַלְּוִיִּים תְּנוּפָה, וֶהֱבִיאַתּוּ בִּדְבָרֶיהָ לִידֵי מַחֲלֹקֶת. אִי נַמִּי, מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁהוּא מְסַפֵּר לָהּ שֶׁחֲבֵרָיו גִּנּוּהוּ וּבִיְּשׁוּהוּ אַף הִיא מְבַזָּה אוֹתוֹ בְּלִבָּהּ, וְזֶה גּוֹרֵם רָעָה לְעַצְמוֹ:

15th - 16th century Italy

from this, the sages said: Our holy teacher, who arranged the mishnah [Yehudah Hanasi, who edited the mishnah, was assumed to have added this], wrote: From the words of this sage, who said, "Do not increase conversation with the woman," the sages learned to say, "Every time that a man increases conversation with the woman he causes evil for himself." I have found written, "When a man says to his wife his doings, ‘Such and such befell me with so and so,’ she teaches him to stir up trouble, like Korah, who told his wife what Moshe did, when he waved the Levites as a wave-offering, and her words brought him to an argument." And also (another possibility is) when he tells her that his colleagues insulted him and shamed him, she too despises him in her heart, and this causes evil for himself.

(ז) הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר, מַרְבֶּה בָשָׂר, מַרְבֶּה רִמָּה. מַרְבֶּה נְכָסִים, מַרְבֶּה דְאָגָה. מַרְבֶּה נָשִׁים, מַרְבֶּה כְשָׁפִים. מַרְבֶּה שְׁפָחוֹת, מַרְבֶּה זִמָּה. מַרְבֶּה עֲבָדִים, מַרְבֶּה גָזֵל. מַרְבֶּה תוֹרָה, מַרְבֶּה חַיִּים. מַרְבֶּה יְשִׁיבָה, מַרְבֶּה חָכְמָה. מַרְבֶּה עֵצָה, מַרְבֶּה תְבוּנָה. מַרְבֶּה צְדָקָה, מַרְבֶּה שָׁלוֹם. קָנָה שֵׁם טוֹב, קָנָה לְעַצְמוֹ. קָנָה לוֹ דִבְרֵי תוֹרָה, קָנָה לוֹ חַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא:

He was accustomed to say: The more flesh, the more worms. The more possessions, the more worry. The more wives, the more witchcraft. The more maidservants, the more lewdness. The more man-servants, the more theft. The more Torah, the more life. The more sitting [and studying], the more wisdom. The more counsel, the more understanding. The more charity, the more peace. One who has acquired a good name has acquired for himself. One who has acquired words of Torah has acquired for himself the life of the World to Come.

(ג) מַרְבֶּה נָשִׁים מַרְבֶּה כְשָׁפִים. סִדְרָא נָקֵיט וְאָזֵיל. בִּתְחִלָּה אָדָם מְקַשֵּׁט עַצְמוֹ וְאוֹכֵל וְשׁוֹתֶה וּמַרְבֶּה בָּשָׂר, וְאַחַר כָּךְ מְבַקֵּשׁ לְהַרְבּוֹת נְכָסִים, וּלְאַחַר שֶׁהִרְבָּה נְכָסִים וְרוֹאֶה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּיָדוֹ סִפּוּק לְפַרְנֵס נָשִׁים רַבּוֹת הוּא מַרְבֶּה לוֹ נָשִׁים, וּלְאַחַר שֶׁהִרְבָּה נָשִׁים כָּל אַחַת צְרִיכָה שִׁפְחָה שֶׁתְּשַׁמְּשֶׁנָּהּ, הֲרֵי מַרְבֶּה שְׁפָחוֹת, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ בְנֵי בַּיִת מְרֻבִּין צָרִיךְ לְשָׂדוֹת וּכְרָמִים לְסַפֵּק יַיִן וּמָזוֹן לִבְנֵי בֵּיתוֹ, וּמַרְבֶּה עֲבָדִים לַעֲבֹד הַשָּׂדוֹת וְהַכְּרָמִים. לְכָךְ הֵן שְׁנוּיִין בְּסֵדֶר זֶה:

The more wives, the more witchcraft: He went and mentioned it in order: At first, a man adorns himself and eats and drinks and engages in eating much meat, and drinking; and afterwards he seeks to acquire much property; and after he has acquired much property and he sees that he has enough in his hand to support many wives, he [marries] many wives; and after he [marries] many wives, each one needs a maidservant to serve her - behold, this is "the more maidservants;" and since he has so many members of his household, he needs fields and vineyards to supply wine and food to the members of his household, and [so] acquires many slaves to work the fields and vineyards. Hence, they are learned in this order.

(ג) מרבה עבדי' מרבה גזל מרבה שפחות מרבה זימה. מרבה נשים מרבה כשפים. וכי יגזלו העבדים הוא לוקה עליהם כי יש בידו למנוע אותם ואף אם אינו יודע הדבר עליו מושלך כי כספו וזהבו הם. גם כי השפחות מזנות עם אחרים הדבר אליו כאילו הוא בעצמו מזנה עמהם כי נבלה נעשתה בביתו. גם כי ברבות נשים גורם להם שיעשו כשפים להרבות באהבה. והשנואה תעשה פי שנים עד תטה לבו וכעסתה צרתה גם כעס ועל צוארו יתלו הדבר כי הוא עון פלילי שנא' (שמות כ"ב י"ז) מכשפה לא תחיה:

The more man-servants, the more theft. The more maidservants, the more lewdness. The more wives, the more witchcraft: And if the man-servants steal, he is struck for them - as it is in his hand to stop them. And even if he does not know [about it], the matter will be cast upon him - as they are his money and his gold (they belong to him). Also when the maidservants are lewd with others, the matter is upon him as if he himself was lewd - as an abomination was done in his house. Also in the proliferation of wives, he causes them to do witchcraft - to increase love [towards them]: the hated one will redouble [her efforts] until she sways his heart, 'and her rival was surely angered.' And they will hang the matter upon his neck, since it is a major sin - as it is stated (Shemot 22:17), "You shall not let a witch live."

Rabbi Solomon Ganzfried, Kitzur Shulhan Aruch (Code of Jewish Law): Volume 4 (Chapter 150)

Early 19th century, Hungary, summary of the Shulchan Aruch

One should not have intercourse with his wife unless she has a desire for it, but not otherwise, and certainly one is forbidden to force her. Nor should one have intercourse with his wife if he hates her, or if she hates him, and she tells him that she does not want his attention, although she does consent to having cohabitation. If he has determined to divorce her, and she is not aware of it, he is not allowed to cohabit with her even though he does not hate her. Nor should one be with his wife when she is actually asleep, nor while he or she is intoxicated.

Rabbi Solomon Ganzfried, Kitzur Shulhan Aruch (Code of Jewish Law): Volume 4 (Chapter 152)

1. One must not be alone with any woman, whether she is young or old, a Jew or non-Jew, or whether she is related to him or not, with the exception of a father, who is permitted to be alone with his daughter, a mother with her son, and a husband with is wife, even if she is in nidah.

2. A man is allowed to be alone with a female child less than three years old. A woman may be alone with a boy less that nine years old.

8. A man should ever avoid women; thus, he should not make gestures at them, either with his hands or with his feet, nor wink at them, nor jest with them, nor act with levity in their presence, nor gaze at their beauty. It is forbidden to scent the perfume designed for women, especially when a woman holds it in her hand or when it hangs on her...If one encounters a woman in the street, he should not walk behind her, but he should hasten his steps, so that she is either alongside of him or behind him. One should not pass by the door of a harlot, even at a distance of four cubits. He who gazes even as the small finger of a woman in order to enjoy its sight, commits a grave sin. It is forbidden to hear the voice of a woman singer, or to gaze at a woman's hair.