אַחֲרֵי מוֹת שְׁנֵי בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן. זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: הַכֹּל כַּאֲשֶׁר לַכֹּל, מִקְרֶה אֶחָד לַצַּדִּיק וְלָרָשָׁע, לַטּוֹב וְלַטָּהוֹר וְלַטָּמֵא, וְלַזֹּבֵחַ וְלַאֲשֶׁר אֵינֶנּוּ זֹבֵחַ, כַּטּוֹב כַּחֹטֵא, כַּנִּשְׁבָּע כַּאֲשֶׁר שְׁבוּעָה יָרֵא (קהלת ט, ב). שְׁלֹמֹה הָיָה מַבִּיט וְצוֹפֶה בְּכָל הַדּוֹרוֹת בַּצַּדִּיקִים וּבָרְשָׁעִים, וְרוֹאֶה דְּבָרִים שֶׁמַּגִּיעִים לָרְשָׁעִים, מַגִּיעִים לַצַּדִּיקִים, וְאוֹמֵר: זֶה רָע בְּכָל אֲשֶׁר נַעֲשָׂה תַּחַת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ (קהלת ט, ג), הַכֹּל כַּאֲשֶׁר לַכֹּל. מִקְרֶה אֶחָד לַצַּדִּיק, זֶה אַבְרָהָם שֶׁנִּקְרָא צַדִּיק, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי יְדַעְתִּיו לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר יְצַוֶּה וְגוֹ' לַעֲשׂוֹת צְדָקָה (בראשית יח, יט). וְלָרָשָׁע, זֶה נִמְרֹד שֶׁהִמְרִיד אֶת כָּל הָעוֹלָם עַל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. זֶה מֵת וְזֶה מֵת. הֲרֵי, מִקְרֶה אֶחָד לַצַּדִּיק וְלָרָשָׁע. לַטּוֹב וְלַטָּהוֹר וְלַטָּמֵא. לַטּוֹב, זֶה מֹשֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַתֵּרֶא אוֹתוֹ כִּי טוֹב הוּא (שמות ב, ב). וְלַטָּהוֹר, זֶה דָּוִד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיִּשְׁלַח וַיְבִיאֵהוּ וְהוּא אַדְמוֹנִי עִם יְפֵה עֵינַיִם וְטוֹב רֹאִי (ש״א טז, יב). וְלַטָּמֵא, זֶה נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר. דָּוִד בָּנָה בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ וּמָלַךְ אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה, וּנְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר הֶחְרִיבוֹ וּמָלַךְ אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה. וְלַזֹּבֵחַ וְלַאֲשֶׁר אֵינֶנּוּ זֹבֵחַ. וְלַזֹּבֵחַ, זֶה שְׁלֹמֹה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְיִזְבַּח שְׁלֹמֹה אֶת זֶבַח הַשְּׁלָמִים (מ״א ח, סג). וְלַאֲשֶׁר אֵינֶנּוּ זֹבֵחַ, זֶה יְרָבְעָם שֶׁבִּטֵּל אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִלַּעֲלוֹת לָרֶגֶל לְבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: רַב לָכֶם מֵעֲלוֹת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (מ״א יב, כח), זֶה מָלַךְ אַחַר זֶה. כַּטּוֹב, זֶה מֹשֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַתֵּרֶא אוֹתוֹ כִּי טוֹב הוּא (שמות ב, ב). כַּחוֹטֵא, אֵלּוּ מְרַגְּלִים, שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהֶם, חֲטָאִים תְּרַדֵּף רָעָה (משלי יג, כא). מֹשֶׁה לֹא נִכְנַס לָאָרֶץ, וּמְרַגְּלִים לֹא נִכְנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ. כַּנִּשְׁבָּע, זֶה צִדְקִיָּה, שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ, וְגַם בַּמֶּלֶךְ נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר מָרָד אֲשֶׁר הִשְׂבִּיעוֹ בֵּאלֹהִים (דה״ב לו, יג). וְנִתְעַוְּרוּ עֵינָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְאֶת עֵינֵי צִדְקִיָּהוּ עִוֵּר (מ״ב כה, ז). כַּאֲשֶׁר שְׁבוּעָה יָרֵא, זֶה שִׁמְשׁוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: הִשָּׁבְעוּ לִי פֶּן תִּפְגְּעוּן בִּי אַתֶּם (שופטים טו, יב). וְנִתְעַוְּרוּ עֵינָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיֹּאחֲזוּהוּ פְּלִשְׁתִּים וַיְנַקְּרוּ אֶת עֵינָיו (שם טז, כא). לְפִיכָךְ אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה, זֶה רָע בְּכָל אֲשֶׁר נַעֲשָׂה תַּחַת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ (קהלת ט, ג). דָּבָר אַחֵר, כַּטּוֹב כַּחוֹטֵא. כַּטּוֹב, אֵלּוּ בָּנָיו שֶׁל אַהֲרֹן. כַּחוֹטֵא, אוֹתָן שֶׁחָלְקוּ, קֹרַח וַעֲדָתוֹ שֶׁקָּרְבוּ כְּדֵי לַחֲלֹק עַל מֹשֶׁה וְנִשְׂרְפוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְאֵשׁ יָצְאָה מֵאֵת ה' (במדבר טז, לה). וּבָנָיו שֶׁל אַהֲרֹן נִכְנְסוּ לְהַקְרִיב, וַתֵּצֵא אֵשׁ מִלִּפְנֵי ה' וַתֹּאכַל אוֹתָם (ויקרא י, ב). רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא פָּתַח קְרָא, לִשְׂחֹק אָמַרְתִּי מְהוֹלָל וּלְשִׂמְחָה מַה זֹּה עוֹשָׂה (קהלת ב, ב), מַה מְּעֻרְבָּב שְׂחוֹק שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים שֶׁשּׂוֹחֲקִים בְּבָתֵּי טַרְטֵיאוֹת וּבְבָתֵּי קִרְקָסֵיאוֹת שֶׁלָּהֶם. וּלְשִׂמְחָה מַה זֹּה עוֹשָׂה, מַה טִּיבָן שֶׁל תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים לִהְיוֹת עוֹשֶׂה שָׁם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, לִשְׂחֹק אָמַרְתִּי מְהוֹלָל. אָמַר רַב אַחָא, אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה דְּבָרִים שֶׁשּׂוֹחֲקִין עֲלֵיהֶם מִדַּת הַדִּין הוֹלְלִים. כְּתִיב: לֹא יַרְבֶּה לוֹ סוּסִים וְלֹא יָשִׁיב וְגוֹ' (דברים יז, טז). וּכְתִיב: וַיְהִי לוֹ אַרְבָּעִים אֶלֶף אֻרְווֹת סוּסִים (מ״א ה, ו). וּכְתִיב: לֹא יַרְבֶּה לוֹ נָשִׁים (דברים יז, יז). וּכְתִיב: וַיְהִי לוֹ שְׁבַע מֵאוֹת נָשִׁים (מ״א יא, ג). וּכְתִיב: וְכֶסֶף וְזָהָב לֹא יַרְבֶּה לוֹ מְאֹד (דברים יז, יז). וּכְתִיב: וַיִּתֵּן הַמֶּלֶךְ אֶת הַכֶּסֶף בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם כַּאֲבָנִים (מ״א י, כז), וְלֹא הָיוּ נִגְנָבוֹת, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסִי בַּר חֲנִינָא, הָיוּ אַבְנֵי עֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת וְאַבְנֵי שְׁמֹנֶה אַמּוֹת. תַּנֵּי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַאי, אֲפִלּוּ מִשְׁקָלוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ בִּימֵי שְׁלֹמֹה, שֶׁל זָהָב הָיוּ, דִּכְתִיב: אֵין כֶּסֶף נֶחְשָׁב בִּימֵי שְׁלֹמֹה לִמְאוּמָה (דה״ב ט, כ). וּלְשִׂמְחָה מַה זֹּה עוֹשָׂה. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מָה הָעֲטָרָה הַזֹּאת בְּיָדְךָ, רֵד מִכִּסְּאֲךָ. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה יָרַד מַלְאָךְ בִּדְמוּת שְׁלֹמֹה וְיָשַׁב עַל כִּסְּאוֹ. וְהָיָה שְׁלֹמֹה מְחַזֵּר עַל הַפְּתָחִים בְּכָל בָּתֵּי כְּנֵסִיּוֹת וּבְבָתֵּי מִדְרָשׁוֹת בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם וְאוֹמֵר: אֲנִי קֹהֶלֶת הָיִיתִי מֶלֶךְ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם (קהלת א, יב). וְהֵן אוֹמְרִין לוֹ, שְׁלֹמֹה הַמֶּלֶךְ יוֹשֵׁב עַל כִּסְּאוֹ, וְאַתָּה יוֹשֵׁב וּמִשְׁתַּטֶּה וְאוֹמֵר אֲנִי קֹהֶלֶת. וְהָיוּ מַכִּין אוֹתוֹ בְּקָנֶה, וְנוֹתְנִין לְפָנָיו קְעָרָה שֶׁל גְּרִיסִין לֶאֱכֹל. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר, וְזֶה הָיָה חֶלְקִי מִכָּל עֲמָלִי (שם ב, י). וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים: קָנֶה בְּיָדוֹ. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים: קוֹדוֹ. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים: קַו שְׂרַרְתֵיהּ. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה, הֲבֵל הֲבָלִים אָמַר קֹהֶלֶת (שם א, ב). לִשְׂחֹק אָמַרְתִּי מְהוֹלָל (שם ב, ב). אָמַר רַבִּי פִּנְחָס, מַה מְּעֻרְבָּב שְׂחוֹק שֶׁשָּׂחֲקָה מִדַּת הַדִּין עַל דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: שׁוֹרוֹ עִבַּר וְלֹא יַגְעִיל, יְשַׁלְּחוּ כַצֹּאן עֲוִילֵיהֶם, יִשְּׂאוּ בְּתֹף וְכִנּוֹר, יְבַלּוּ בַטּוֹב יְמֵיהֶם (איוב כא, י-יג). כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמְרוּ, מַה שַּׁדַּי כִּי נַעַבְדֶנּוּ (שם פסוק טו). אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וּלְשִׂמְחָה מַה זֹּה עוֹשָׂה. חַיֵּיכֶם, אֲנִי מְאַבֵּד זִכְרְכֶם מִן הָעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, הָדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב: וַיִּמַּח אֶת כָּל הַיְּקוּם וְגוֹ' (בראשית ז, כג). דָּבָר אַחֵר, לִשְׂחֹק אָמַרְתִּי מְהוֹלָל, מַה מְּעֻרְבָּב שְׂחוֹק שֶׁשָּׂחֲקָה מִדַּת הַדִּין עַל הַסְּדוֹמִיִּים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֶרֶץ מִמֶּנָּה יֵצֵא לָחֶם וְגוֹ', מְקוֹם סַפִּיר אֲבָנֶיהָ וְגוֹ', נָתִיב לֹא יְדָעוֹ עָיִט וְגוֹ', לֹא הִדְרִיכוּהוּ בְנֵי שָׁחַץ (איוב כח, ה-ח). כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמְרוּ נִשְׁכָּח תּוֹרַת רֶגֶל מֵאַרְצֵנוּ, מִיָּד פָּרַץ נַחַל מֵעִם גָּר וְגוֹ' (שם פסוק ד). אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וּלְשִׂמְחָה מַה זֹּה עוֹשָׂה (קהלת ב, ב). חַיֵּיכֶם, אֲנִי אֲשַׁכַּח אֶתְכֶם מִן הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַה' הִמְטִיר עַל סְדוֹם וְגוֹ' (בראשית יט, כד). דָּבָר אַחֵר, לִשְׂחֹק אָמַרְתִּי מְהוֹלָל. מַה מְּעֻרְבָּב שְׂחוֹק שֶׁשָּׂחֲקָה מִדַּת הַדִּין עִם אֱלִישֶׁבַע בַּת עֲמִינָדָב, שֶׁרָאֲתָה אַרְבַּע שְׂמָחוֹת בְּיוֹם אֶחָד. רָאֲתָה יְבָמָהּ מֶלֶךְ, וּבַעֲלָהּ כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, וְאָחִיהָ נָשִׂיא, וּשְׁנֵי בָנֶיהָ סְגָנֵי כְּהֻנָּה. כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ לְהַקְרִיב קָרְבָּן, יָצְאוּ שְׂרוּפִים. נֶהְפְּכָה שִׂמְחָתָהּ לְאֵבֶל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל מֹשֶׁה אַחֲרֵי מוֹת שְׁנֵי בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן. (Lev. 16:1:) “After the death of Aaron's two sons.” This text is related (to Eccl. 9:2), “Since everything [happens] to everyone, the same lot [falls] to the righteous and to the wicked […].” Solomon looked and foresaw the righteous and the wicked in all generations, and he saw things that would happen to the righteous and happen to the wicked.1Cf. below, Deut. 2:1; Lev. R. 20:1; Eccl. R. 9:2:1; PRK 26:1. Then he said (in vs. 3), “This is an evil in all which happens under the sun, in that the same lot [falls] to everyone.” (Vs. 2:) “Since everything [happens] to everyone, the same lot [falls] to the righteous.” This refers to Abraham, in that he was called righteous, as stated (in Gen. 18:19), “For I have chosen him [so] that he may charge [his children and his household after him to keep the way of the Lord], to practice righteousness.” (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “And to the wicked.” This refers to Nimrod, who incited all the whole world against the Holy One, blessed be He. The former is dead, and the latter is dead. (Ibid., cont.:) “To the good, to the clean, and to the unclean.” “To the good” refers to David, of whom it is stated (in I Sam. 16:12), “So they sent and brought him, reddish, with beautiful eyes and good appearance.” “To the unclean” refers to Nebuchadnezzar. David [laid the foundation of] the Temple, and Nebuchadnezzar destroyed it. The former reigned forty years, and the latter reigned forty years. (Eccl., 9:2, cont.:) “To the one who sacrifices.” This refers to Solomon, of whom it is stated (in I Kings 8:63), “Solomon sacrificed [twenty-two thousand oxen and a hundred and twenty thousand sheep] as peace offerings.” (Eccl., 9:2, cont.:) “And to the one who does not sacrifice.” This refers to Jeroboam, who stopped Israel from going up [to Jerusalem] on pilgrimage, as stated (in I Kings 12:28), “Enough of your going up to Jerusalem.” The latter one reigned after the former one. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “As it is with the good.” This refers to Moses, of whom it is stated (in Exod. 2:2), “and when she saw that he was good.” (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “So it is with the sinner.” This refers to the spies (in Numb. 13-14), of whom it is stated (in Prov. 13:21), “Evil pursues sinners.” Moses did not enter the land, neither did the spies enter the land. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “And the one who takes an oath (without keeping it). This refers to Zedekiah, of whom it is stated (in II Chron. 36:13), “And he also rebelled against King Nebuchadnezzar, who had made him take an oath of God.” (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “Is as the one who fears an oath.” This refers to Samson, of whom it is stated (in Jud. 15:12), “then Samson said to them, ‘Swear to me […].’” They put out the eyes of the former, and they put out the eyes of the latter. Hence Solomon said (Eccl 9:3), “This is an evil in all which happens under the sun.” Another interpretation (of Eccl. 9:2), “as it is with the good”: This refers to the children of Aaron. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “So it is with the sinner.” This refers to those who opposed Aaron, [namely] Korah and his congregation. Now they were destroyed by fire, as stated (in Numb. 16:35), “And a fire went forth from the Lord”; [also when] the children of Aaron entered to offer sacrifice, they were consumed by fire, [as stated (Lev. 10:2),] “So fire came forth from before the Lord and consumed them.” R. Abba bar Kahana opened (with Eccl. 2:2), “’Of laughter I said, “It is mad,” and of rejoicing, “What does that do?”’ How confused is the laughter of the evil,2Eccl. R. 2:2:1; PRK 26(27):2. which they produce in their theater3Gk.: theatra. [houses] and racing arenas.4Lat.: circi; cf. Gk.: kirkoi (“circles”). ‘And of rejoicing, what does that do?’ What enjoyment would the disciples of the sages have there?”5I.e., what confused, popular enjoyment can compare to the delights of Torah study? Another interpretation (of Eccl. 2:2), “Of laughter I said, ‘It is mad’”: R. Aha said, “Solomon has said, ‘There are things over which divine justice laughs (that I have confused).’ It is written (in Deut. 17:17), ‘he shall not multiply wives for himself’; but it is written (in I Kings 11:3), ‘So he had seven hundred royal wives.’6Cf. Tanh., (Buber) Exod. 2:2; Eccl. R. 2:2:3; PRK 26(27):2; ySanh. 2:6 (20c). It is written (in Deut. 17:16), ‘he shall not multiply horses for himself’; but it is written (in I Kings 5:6), ‘Now Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses.’ It is written (in Deut. 17:17, cont.) ‘he shall not multiply silver and gold for himself’; but it is written (in I Kings 10:27), ‘And the king made silver in Jerusalem as plentiful as stones,’ and [the ingots] were not stolen.” R. Jose bar Hanina said, “They were like stones of ten cubits and like stones of eight cubits.”7I.e., they were too heavy to be stolen. R. Simeon ben Johay said in a baraita, “Even the weights which they had in the days of Solomon were of gold, as it is written, (in I Kings 10:21), ‘silver was not [...] considered to be anything.’” (Eccl. 2:2:) “And of rejoicing, ‘What does that do?’” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, “What is this crown doing in your hand? Get down off your throne.” Immediately an angel in the likeness of Solomon descended and sat upon his throne. Then Solomon went around among the synagogues and academies in Jerusalem and said (in Eccl. 1:12), “I, Koheleth, was king over Israel in Jerusalem.” But they said to him, “King Solomon is sitting on his throne, and you are getting crazier and crazier.” Then they struck him with a rod and set a bowl of grits before him.8I.e., they fed him like a beggar. In that hour Solomon said (in Eccl. 2:10), “And this was my portion from all my labor.” And some say [he was referring] to the cane in his hand, and some say, to his dish, and some say to his staff. At that time, Solomon said, “’Vanity of vanities,’ said Koheleth.” (Eccl. 2:2:), “Of laughter I said, ‘It is mad!’” R. Pinhas said, “How confused was the laughter, when divine justice laughed over the generation of the flood, as stated (in Job 21:10-13), ‘Their bull breeds and does not fail […].9TSot. 3:6-7; Eccl. R. 2:2:1; PRK 26(27):2; cf. Gen. R. 36:1. They send forth their little ones like a flock […]. They sing to timbrel and harp […]. They spend [their days] in prosperity.’ When they said (in vs. 15), ‘What is the Almighty that we should serve him,’ the Holy One, blessed be He, said to them (in Eccl. 2:2), ‘And of rejoicing, “What does that do?”’ By your life, I am destroying your memory from the world, as stated (in Gen. 7:23), “And He wiped out all living things.”’” Another interpretation (of Eccl. 2:2), “Of laughter I said, ‘It is mad’”: How confused was the laughter, when divine justice laughed over the people of Sodom,10See also TSot. 3:11. as stated (Job 28:5-8), “The earth, out of it comes forth bread…. Its stones are the place of sapphires…. No bird of prey knows a path [to it]…. Proud beasts have not trodden it.” When they said, “Let us forget the law of the traveler in our midst,” immediately (in Job 28:4), “A stream burst through from its source”; the Holy One, blessed be He, said to them (Eccl. 2:2), “’And of rejoicing, “What does that do?”’ By your life, I will make you forgotten by the world.” This is what is written (in Gen. 19:24), “Then the Lord rained down upon Sodom….” Another interpretation (of Eccl. 2:2), “Of laughter I said, ‘It is mad’”: How confused was the laughter, when divine justice laughed over Elisheba bat Amminadab,11Aaron’s wife and Naashon’s sister according to Exod. 6:23. when she saw four celebrations in one day.12Tanh. (Buber), Lev. 3:3; Lev. R. 20:2; Eccl. R. 2:2:2. She saw her [brother-in-law] (Moses) a king, her husband a high priest, her brother (Naashon) a prince (nasi),13Naashon is here being identified with Nahshon ben Amminadab, whom Numb. 2:3; 7:11f.; and I Chron. 2:10 call a prince (nasi). and her two sons deputy high priests. When they went in to offer sacrifice, they came out destroyed by fire; and her celebration turned into mourning, as stated (in Lev. 16:1), “Now the Lord spoke unto Moses after the death of Aaron's two sons.”