Sha'at HaDehak
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: נֵר חֲנוּכָּה מִצְוָה לְהַנִּיחָהּ עַל פֶּתַח בֵּיתוֹ מִבַּחוּץ. אִם הָיָה דָּר בַּעֲלִיָּיה — מַנִּיחָהּ בַּחַלּוֹן הַסְּמוּכָה לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים. וּבִשְׁעַת הַסַּכָּנָה — מַנִּיחָהּ עַל שֻׁלְחָנוֹ וְדַיּוֹ.
The Sages taught in a baraita: It is a mitzva to place the Hanukkah lamp at the entrance to one’s house on the outside, so that all can see it. If he lived upstairs, he places it at the window adjacent to the public domain. And in a time of danger, when the gentiles issued decrees to prohibit kindling lights, he places it on the table and that is sufficient to fulfill his obligation.
נר חנוכה מניחו על פתח הסמוך לרשות-הרבים מבחוץ. אם הבית פתוח לרשות-הרבים, מניחו על פתחו, ואם יש חצר לפני הבית, מניחו על פתח החצר. ואם היה דר בעליה, שאין לו פתח לרשות-הרבים, מניחו בחלון הסמוך לרשות הרבים. ובשעת הסכנה שאינו רשאי לקים המצוה, מניחו על שולחנו ודיו. וצריך נר אחד להשתמש לאורו. ואם יש מדורה, אינו צריך נר אחר.
One should place the Hanukkah light at the entrance which adjoins the public domain, on the outside. If the house opens to the public domain, he should place it at its entrance. If there is a courtyard in front of the house, he should place it at the entrance of the courtyard. If he lives in the upper floor, having no entrance leading to the public domain, he should place it at a window that adjoins the public domain. In a time of danger, when one is not allowed to perform mitzvot, it is enough that he place it on his table. He needs another light to use for its illumination. And if there is a bonfire, he needs no other light. But if he is a dignified person, whose way is not to use the illumination of a bonfire, he needs another light.
ודלמא צרה הואי תנא דבי רבי ישמעאל בשעת הסכנה כותבין ונותנין אף על פי שאין מכירין:
The Gemara asks: And perhaps it was a rival wife, or some other enemy of that man’s wife, who cried out that her husband was dead and then fled, in order to trick her into disgracing herself by remarrying while her husband was still alive? The Gemara answers: The school of Rabbi Yishmael taught: During a period of danger, one may write and give a bill of divorce to a woman, although the witnesses do not know the husband, because we do not raise many suspicions at such a time. This case was similar to a period of danger in that they did not find witnesses that her husband died, and therefore the court did not require further clarification.
מתני׳ לולב הגזול והיבש פסול של אשירה ושל עיר הנדחת פסול נקטם ראשו נפרצו עליו פסול נפרדו עליו כשר רבי יהודה אומר יאגדנו מלמעלה ציני הר הברזל כשירות לולב שיש בו שלשה טפחים כדי לנענע בו כשר:
MISHNA: A lulav that was stolen or that is completely dry is unfit for use in fulfilling the mitzva of the four species. The lulav of a tree worshipped as idolatry [asheira] and a lulav from a city whose residents were incited to idolatry, which must be burned along with all the city’s property, are unfit. If the top of the lulav was severed or if the palm leaves were severed from the spine of the lulav, it is unfit. If its leaves, although still attached, were spread and are no longer completely joined to the spine, it is fit. Rabbi Yehuda says: In that case, one should bind the lulav from the top, to join the leaves that spread to the spine. A lulav from the palms of the Iron Mountain are fit for use, although it differs from one taken from a standard palm tree, in that its leaves are shorter and do not cover the entire spine. A lulav that has three handbreadths in length, sufficient to enable one to wave with it, is fit for use in fulfilling the mitzva.
אַרְבַעַת מִינִין הָאֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵן לוּלָב וַהֲדַס וַעֲרָבָה וְאֶתְרוֹג שֶׁהָיָה אֶחָד מֵהֶן יָבֵשׁ אוֹ גָּזוּל אוֹ גָּנוּב אֲפִלּוּ לְאַחַר יֵאוּשׁ אוֹ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה מֵאֲשֵׁרָה הַנֶּעֱבֶדֶת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁבִּטְּלוּ הָאֲשֵׁרָה מִלְּעָבְדָהּ. אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה שֶׁל עִיר הַנִּדַּחַת. הֲרֵי זֶה פָּסוּל. הָיָה אֶחָד מֵהֶן שֶׁל עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים לֹא יִטּל לְכַתְּחִלָּה וְאִם נָטַל יָצָא. הָיָה כָּמוּשׁ וְלֹא גָּמַר לִיבַשׁ כָּשֵׁר. וּבִשְׁעַת הַדְּחָק אוֹ בִּשְׁעַת הַסַּכָּנָה לוּלָב הַיָּבֵשׁ כָּשֵׁר אֲבָל לֹא שְׁאָר הַמִּינִין:
These four species — which are the palm branch, the myrtle, the willow and the citron — one of which was dry; robbed or stolen — even after abandonment; or from a tree-god (asheirah) that was worshiped — even though they nullified the tree-god from being served (any longer); or of a condemned city: [In any of these cases,] they are surely disqualified. [In a case of] one of them [that belonged] to idolatry: One should not lift it up at the outset. But if he lifted it up, he has fulfilled [the commandment. If] it was wilting but it did not completely dry — it is fit. And in a time of duress or a time of danger — a dry palm branch is fit. But not the other species.
ושפיכות דמים גופיה מנלן סברא הוא כי ההוא דאתא לקמיה דרבא אמר ליה מרי דוראי אמר לי זיל קטליה לפלניא ואי לא קטלינא לך אמר ליה ליקטלוך ולא תיקטול מאי חזית דדמא דידך סומק טפי דילמא דמא דההוא גברא סומק טפי
The Gemara asks: And from where do we derive this halakha with regard to murder itself? The Gemara answers: It is based on logical reasoning that one life is not preferable to another. The Gemara relates an incident to demonstrate this: This is similar to a certain man who came before Rava and said to him: A local official said to me: Go kill so-and-so, and if not I will kill you. Rava said to him: It is preferable that he should kill you and you should not kill. What did you think, that your blood is redder and more precious than his? Perhaps that man’s blood is redder. Apparently, one may not save his own life by taking someone else’s.
מר בר רב אשי אשכחיה לרבינא דשייף לה לברתיה בגוהרקי דערלה אמר ליה אימור דאמור רבנן בשעת הסכנה שלא בשעת הסכנה מי אמור
The Gemara relates: Mar bar Rav Ashi found Ravina rubbing his daughter with unripe olives [guharkei] of orla for medicinal purposes. Mar bar Rav Ashi said to him: Say that the Sages said that one may derive benefit from such a prohibited item at a time of danger; however, who says that one is permitted to do so when it is not a time of danger?
אמר ליה האי אישתא צמירתא נמי כשעת הסכנה דמיא איכא דאמרי אמר ליה מידי דרך הנאה קא עבידנא
Ravina said to him: A high fever is also deemed a time of danger, and one may derive benefit from a prohibited item it such a situation. Some say that Ravina said to him as follows: Am I deriving benefit in a usual manner? The usual way to derive benefit from these olives is to use them after they have become ripe, so that their oil can be drawn out. Since Ravina was not deriving benefit in the usual manner, he was permitted to do so, although his daughter’s life was not in danger.
ההוא יומא אפניא דמעלי שבתא הוה אבישי בן צרויה הוה קא חייף רישיה בד' גרבי דמיא חזינהו כתמי דמא איכא דאמרי אתא יונה איטריף קמיה אמר כנסת ישראל ליונה אימתילא שנאמר (תהלים סח, יד) כנפי יונה נחפה בכסף שמע מינה דוד מלכא דישראל בצערא שרי אתא לביתיה ולא אשכחיה אמר תנן אין רוכבין על סוסו ואין יושבין על כסאו ואין משתמשין בשרביטו בשעת הסכנה מאי אתא שאיל בי מדרשא אמרו ליה בשעת הסכנה שפיר דמי
The Gemara relates: That day at dusk on Shabbat eve, Abishai ben Zeruiah shampooed his hair with four jugs of water in preparation for Shabbat. He saw four bloodstains. There are those who say: A dove came and fluttered its wings before him. Abishai said: The congregation of Israel is likened to a dove, as it is stated: “You shall shine as the wings of a dove covered with silver and her pinions with yellow gold” (Psalms 68:14); conclude from it that David, king of Israel, is in a state of distress. He came to David’s house and did not find him. Abishai said that we learned in a mishna (22a): One may not ride on the king’s horse, and one may not sit on his throne, and one may not use his scepter. In a period of danger, what is the halakha? He came and asked in the study hall what the ruling is in that situation. They said to him: In a period of danger one may well do so.
גמ׳ אמר רבה בר שמואל תנא בית שמאי אומרים אין משיאין על פי בת קול וב"ה אומרים משיאין על פי בת קול מאי קמ"ל מתני׳ היא הא קמ"ל דאי משתכחת סתמא דאין משיאין בית שמאי היא:
GEMARA: Rabba bar Shmuel said: It was taught in a baraita that Beit Shammai say: The judges of a court may not allow a woman to marry based on the statement of a disembodied voice; they require actual testimony. And Beit Hillel say: The judges may allow a woman to marry based on the statement of a disembodied voice. The Gemara asks: What is Rabba bar Shmuel teaching us here? This is simply our mishna, since the decisive ruling follows Beit Hillel’s opinion. The Gemara answers that he teaches us this: That if an anonymous mishna or baraita is found that states that the judges may not allow a woman to marry under such circumstances, it is simply the opinion of Beit Shammai, and is not the accepted ruling.
והלכו ולא מצאו: ודלמא שד הוה א"ר יהודה אמר רב שראו לו דמות אדם אינהו נמי דמו דחזו ליה בבואה
With regard to the incident where they heard a disembodied voice but went and found no person there, which is mentioned in the mishna, the Gemara asks: Perhaps it was a demon. Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: They saw that he had the form of a person, so they knew it was not a demon. The Gemara asks: They, i.e., demons, also appear similar to people. The Gemara answers: They saw that he had a shadow.
ואינהו נמי אית להו בבואה דחזו ליה בבואה דבבואה ודלמא לדידהו אית להו בבואה דבבואה אמר רבי חנינא אמר לי יונתן שידא בבואה אית להו בבואה דבבואה לית להו
The Gemara asks: But they also have a shadow. The Gemara answers: It was a case where they saw that he had a shadow of a shadow. The Gemara asks: But perhaps they also have a shadow of a shadow? Rabbi Ḥanina said: Yonatan the demon expert said to me: They have a shadow, but they do not have a shadow of a shadow.
ודלמא צרה הואי תנא דבי רבי ישמעאל בשעת הסכנה כותבין ונותנין אף על פי שאין מכירין:
The Gemara asks: And perhaps it was a rival wife, or some other enemy of that man’s wife, who cried out that her husband was dead and then fled, in order to trick her into disgracing herself by remarrying while her husband was still alive? The Gemara answers: The school of Rabbi Yishmael taught: During a period of danger, one may write and give a bill of divorce to a woman, although the witnesses do not know the husband, because we do not raise many suspicions at such a time. This case was similar to a period of danger in that they did not find witnesses that her husband died, and therefore the court did not require further clarification.
וְכֵן מִי שֶׁהָיָה מֻשְׁלָךְ לַבּוֹר וְאָמַר: כָּל הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ קוֹלִי יִכְתֹּב גֵּט לְאִשְׁתִּי, וּפֵרַשׁ שְׁמוֹ וְשֵׁם אִשְׁתּוֹ, שֵׁם עִירוֹ וְשֵׁם עִירָהּ, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ יִכְתְּבוּ [וְיִתְּנוּ] לָהּ. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֶעֱלוּהוּ וְלֹא הִכִּירוּהוּ, הֲרֵי זֶה כָּשֵׁר, שֶׁזֶּה כִּשְׁעַת הַסַכָּנָה הוּא, שֶׁכּוֹתְבִין וְנוֹתְנִין אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין מַכִּירִין. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דְּהָנֵי מִלֵּי שֶׁרָאוּ לוֹ דְּמוּת אָדָם וְחָזוּ לֵהּ נַמֵּי בָּבוּאָה דְּבָבוּאָה, הָא לָאו הָכִי חָיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא שֵׁד הוּא, שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ הַשֵּׁדִים לִמָּצֵא בְּבוֹרוֹת וְכֵן בַּשָּׂדוֹת:
And it is the same regarding someone who was thrown into a pit and said: 'anyone who is able to listen to my voice, go write a divorce bill to my wife', and he makes explicit what are his name and his wife's name, the name of his town and the name of her town, those should write [and deliver] it to her. and even if he was brought up and did not acknowledge [the divorce bill], it is still effective, since it is like [what happens in] a moment of danger: we write and deliver, even if we do not acknowledge [later]. And there are those who say that these words only apply when they saw a figure of a man, or even a faint resemblance, so that one does not suspect it to be a deamon, since usually deamons are found in pits and fields.
אִם הָיוּ שָׁם שְׁלשָׁה, וְאָמַר: כָּל הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ קוֹלִי יִכְתֹּב גֵּט לְאִשְׁתִּי, אֶחָד כּוֹתֵב וּשְׁנַיִם חוֹתְמִים, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ מַעֲמַד כֻּלָּם, דְּאַף עַל גַּב דְּאָמַר: כָּל, לֹא הֲוֵי כְּאוֹמֵר: כֻּלְּכֶם כְּתֹבוּ:
If there were three, and he said: All who hear my voice shall write a divorce writ for my wife, one writes it and two sign it. There is no need for the attendance of all of them, because even though he said: "All," it is not the same as if he said: "All of you write."
ת"ר ששה נסים נעשו באותו היום ואלו הן צף הכבשן ונפרץ הכבשן והומק סודו ונהפך צלם על פניו ונשרפו ארבע מלכיות והחייה יחזקאל את המתים בבקעת דורא
The Sages taught in a baraita: Six miracles were performed on that day that Hananiah, Mishael, and Azarya were delivered from the furnace, and they are: The furnace rose from where it was sunken to ground level; and the furnace was breached; and its limestone dissipated; and the graven image that Nebuchadnezzar established, which he commanded his subjects to worship (see Daniel 3:5–6), fell on its face; and four ranks of officials from monarchies, who stood around the furnace, were burned; and Ezekiel revived the dead in the Dura Valley.
וכולהו גמרא וארבע מלכיות קרא דכתיב (דניאל ג, ב) ונבוכדנצר מלכא שלח למכנש לאחשדרפניא סגניא ופחוותא אדרגזריא גדבריא דתבריא תפתיא וכל שלטוני מדינתא וגו' וכתיב איתי גוברין יהודאין וכתיב ומתכנשין אחשדרפניא סגניא ופחוותא והדברי מלכא חזיין לגבריא אלך וגו'
And the knowledge that all of the miracles were performed is based on tradition. And the four ranks of officials from monarchies that were burned is related in a verse, as it is written: “Then Nebuchadnezzar the king sent to gather together the satraps, the prefects and the governors, the counselors, the treasurers, the justices, the magistrates and all the rulers of the provinces” (Daniel 3:2). And it is written: “There are certain Jews…they do not serve your gods, nor worship the golden image you have erected” (Daniel 3:12). And it is written in the verse after Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah left the fiery furnace: “And the satraps, the prefects, the governors, and the king’s counselors gathered and saw these men” (Daniel 3:27) who emerged from the fire unscathed. Nebuchadnezzar sent to gather eight ranks of officials, and only four ranks witnessed Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah emerge from the furnace. Apparently, the other four ranks were burned in the fire.
תני דבי רבי אליעזר בן יעקב אפילו בשעת הסכנה לא ישנה אדם את עצמו מן הרבנות שלו שנאמר (דניאל ג, כא) באדין גבריא אלך כפתו בסרבליהון פטשיהון וכרבלתהון וגו'
The school of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov teaches: Even during a period of danger, a person should not deviate from his prominence and demean himself, as it is stated: “Then these men were bound in their mantles, their tunics, and their hats, and their other garments, and they were cast into the blazing fiery furnace” (Daniel 3:21). Even when cast into the furnace, they donned garments befitting their station.
כָּל אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל חַיָּב בְּתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה, בֵּין עָנִי בֵּין עָשִׁיר, בֵּין שָׁלֵם בְּגוּפוֹ בֵּין בַּעַל יִסוּרִים, בֵּין בָּחוּר בֵּין זָקֵן גָּדוֹל. אֲפִלּוּ עָנִי הַמְחַזֵּר עַל הַפְּתָחִים, אֲפִלּוּ בַּעַל אִשָּׁה וּבָנִים, חַיָּב לִקְבֹּעַ לוֹ זְמַן לְתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה בַּיּוֹם וּבַלַּיְלָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהָגִיתָ בּוֹ יוֹמָם וָלָיְלָה (יְהוֹשֻׁעַ א, ח). וּבִשְׁעַת הַדַּחַק, אֲפִלּוּ לֹא קָרָא רַק קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע שַׁחֲרִית וְעַרְבִית, לֹא יָמוּשׁוּ מִפִּי ךָ (יְשַׁעְיָהוּ נט, כא) קָרִינָן בֵּיהּ (הַגָּהוֹת מַיְמוֹנִי פֶּרֶק א' וּסְמַ''ג עֲשִׂין י''ב). וּמִי שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹ לִלְמֹד, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ כְּלָל לִלְמֹד אוֹ מִפְּנֵי הַטְּרָדוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ, יַסְפִּיק לַאֲחֵרִים הַלּוֹמְדִים. הַגָּה: וְתֵחָשֵׁב לוֹ כְּאִלּוּ לוֹמֵד בְּעַצְמוֹ (טוּר). וְיָכוֹל אָדָם לְהַתְנוֹת עִם חֲבֵרוֹ שֶׁהוּא יַעֲסֹק בַּתּוֹרָה וְהוּא יַמְצִיא לוֹ פַּרְנָסָה וְיַחֲלֹק עִמּוֹ הַשָּׂכָר, אֲבָל אִם כְּבַר עָסַק בְּתוֹרָה אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לִמְכֹּר לוֹ חֶלְקוֹ בִּשְׁבִיל מָמוֹן שֶׁיִּתְּנוּ לוֹ. (תא''ו נָתִיב ב' מִשַּׁ''ס דְּסוֹטָה).
Every Jewish man is obligated in studying Torah, whether poor or rich, whether completely healthy or suffering, whether young or very old. Even a poor man who frequents doorways (to beg) and even one with a wife and children is obligated to set a time for himself to study Torah, by day or by night, as it says, "And you shall meditate in it day and night." (And in a pressing time, even if he only read Shem"a in the morning or evening, it is called "It shall not be moved..." (HG"M 1 & SM"G Asin 12). And one that it is impossible for him to learn because he does not know how to at all or because of troubles that he has, should support others who study. Haga"h: And it will be considered for him as if he learned himself (Tur) And a person is able to make a condition with his friend, that he will study Torah and he will support him, and he will split the reward with him. But if he already toiled in Torah, he is unable to sell him his portion for the money he will give to him. (TA"V? path 2 from Bavli Sotah)
הָיָה מִנְהָג בָּעִיר שֶׁלּוֹקֵחַ מְלַמֵּד תִּינוֹקוֹת שָׂכָר, חַיָּב לְלַמְּדוֹ בְּשָׂכָר עַד שֶׁיִּקְרָא תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב כֻּלָּהּ. וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב לְלַמְּדוֹ, בְּשָׂכָר, מִשְׁנָה וּגְמָרָא. וְהָנֵי מִלֵּי דְּלֹא אֶפְשָׁר, דִּדְחִיקָא לֵיהּ שַׁעְתָּא, אֲבָל אִם אֶפְשָׁר לֵיהּ, מִצְוָה לְאַגְמוּרֵיהּ מִשְׁנָה וּגְמָרָא, הֲלָכוֹת וְאַגָּדוֹת.
If it was the practice in the town for a teacher to accept payment to teach children, then he is obligated to teach him [the child] for pay until he can read the entire Written Torah. He is not obligated to teach him, for pay, Mishna or Gemara. And this only applies if he is unable to, that the time is pressing [i.e. he lacks the funds]. However, if possible, it is an obligation to teach him Mishna, Gemara, Halachot, and Agadot.
בבני כרכין שהיו מורישין את לולביהן לבני בניהן אמרו (להם) משם ראיה אין שעת הדחק ראיה
involving city dwellers who lived in an area distant from the region where the four species grow, who would bequeath their lulavim to their grandchildren, even though they were completely dry. The Sages said to him: Is there proof from there that species that are dry remain fit for use? Actions taken in exigent circumstances are not proof. In typical circumstances, it would be prohibited to use those species.
קתני מיהת רבי יהודה אומר אף יבשין כשרין מאי לאו אאתרוג לא אלולב
In any event, the Tosefta teaches that Rabbi Yehuda says: Even dry species are fit for use in fulfilling the mitzva. What, is it not referring to an etrog as well, indicating that in his opinion an etrog does not require beauty? No, he was stating only that a dry lulav is fit for use.
(ז) מדוחק - היינו שהיה מקום דחוק לתלמידים והוצרכו לאכול שם והמ"א כתב דלאנשים הלומדים שם בקביעות לעולם שעת הדחק הוא דאם יצטרך לילך לאכול ולשתות בביתו בודאי יתבטל מלימודו אבל אם אין לומדים בבית הכנסת ובבית המדרש אסורים לאכול ולשתות שם וכן הסכימו כמה אחרונים:

From difficulty- that is, it's a difficult situation that Torah scholars need to eat there. The Magein Avraham writes that for people who learn there all the time, it is always a "difficult situation," because if they would need to go out to eat and drink at home, for sure they would not learn as much. But if they are not learning in the synagogue or yeshiva, it is forbidden to eat and drink there, and many achronim agree on this.

(א) דיני פת של עובדי כוכבים

אסרו חכמים לאכול פת של עממים עובדי כוכבים משום חתנות (ואפילו במקום דליכא משום חתנות אסור) (רשב"א סימן רמ"ח) ולא אסרו אלא פת של חמשת מיני דגן אבל פת של קטנית ושל אורז ודוחן אינו בכלל פת סתם שאסרו: הגה וגם אינו אסור משו' בישולי עובדי כוכבי' אם אינו עולה על שלחן מלכי' (טור וב"י בשם תשו' הרא"ש):

(ב) יש מקומות שמקילין בדבר ולוקחים פת מנחתום העובד כוכבים במקום שאין שם נחתום ישראל מפני שהיא שעת הדחק (וי"א דאפילו במקום שפת ישראל מצוי שרי) (ב"י לדעת המרדכי וסמ"ק והג"א ומהרא"י ואו"ה ריש כלל מ"ד) אבל פת של בעלי בתים אין שם מי שמורה בה להקל שעיקר הגזרה משום חתנות ואם יאכל פת בעלי בתים יבא לסעוד אצלם: הגה ולא מיקרי פת בעל הבית אלא אם עשאו לבני ביתו אבל עשאו למכור מיקרי פלטר אע"פ שאין דרכו בכך וכן פלטר שעשאו לעצמו מיקרי בעל הבית (כך משמע בב"י):

(ג) יש מי שאומר שאם פלטר הזמין ישראל הרי פתו כפת בעל הבית:

(ד) מקום שאין פלטר ישראל מצוי לדעת המתירין ליקח פת מפלטר עובד כוכבים אם הגיע שם פלטר ישראל הרי פת פלטר עובד כוכבים אסורה עד שימכור פלטר ישראל פתו ולאחר שכלה פת ישראל חוזר פתו של עובד כוכבים להכשירו:

(ה) יש אומרים שמי שיש בידו פת או שיש פלטר ישראל ויש פלטר עובד כוכבים עושה פת יפה ממנו או ממין אחר שאין בידו של פלטר ישראל מותר לקנות מפלטר עובד כוכבים במקום שנהגו היתר בפת של פלטר דכיון דדעתו נוחה יותר בפת פלטר זה מפני חשיבותו בעיניו ה"ז בפת דחוקה לו:

(1) The sages forbade eating the bread of idol worshippers because of the concern of intermarriage. Rema: and even in a situation where there is no concern of intermarriage, it is [nonetheless] forbidden. (Rashb"a §248) However, they only forbade bread made from the Five Grains (wheat, barley, oats, rye, spelt), but bread made from legumes or from rice or millet is not in the category of "regular bread" which they forbade. Rema: It is also not forbidden on account of [being] "Idolaters' Cooking," if it would not be served at kings' tables (Tur and Beit Yosef in the name of the Rosh's responsa).

(2) There are places that are lenient about this, [where] they buy bread from an idolater's bakery in a situation where there is no Jewish bakery, since this is considered a "time of pressing need." Rem"a: And some say that even in a place where "Jews' bread" can be found, it is permitted (Beit Yosef following the Mordechai; Sefer Mitzvot Hakatan; Hagaot Ashri; Mahar"i; Issur VeHeter §44). But regarding personal bread, no-one rules leniently, since the essence of the decree is because of the concern of intermarriage, and if one eats the bread of [idolatrous] home-owners, he will come to dine by them. Rem"a: However, it is not called "personal bread" unless he made it for the people of his own household, but if he made it to sell, it is called commercial bread, even if he doesn't normally [sell bread]; conversely, a baker who made [bread] for himself, it is considered "personal [bread]."

(3) There are those who say that if a baker invites a Jew, his bread is like the bread of a householder [private individual].

(ב) יֵשׁ מְקוֹמוֹת שֶׁמְּקִלִּין בַּדָּבָר, וְלוֹקְחִים פַּת מִנַּחְתּוֹם הָעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים, בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין שָׁם נַחְתּוֹם יִשְׂרָאֵל, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא שְׁעַת הַדַּחַק. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דַּאֲפִילוּ בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁפַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל מָצוּי, שָׁרֵי (בֵּית יוֹסֵף לְדַעַת הַמָּרְדְּכַי וּסְמַ''ק וְהג''א וּמהרא''י וְאו''ה רֵישׁ כְּלָל מ''ד). אֲבָל פַּת שֶׁל בַּעֲלֵי בָּתִּים, אֵין שָׁם מִי שֶׁמּוֹרֶה בָּהּ לְהָקֵל, שֶׁעִקַּר הַגְּזֵרָה מִשּׁוּם חַתְנוּת, וְאִם יֹאכַל פַּת בַּעֲלֵי בָּתִּים יָבֹא לִסְעֹד אֶצְלָם. הַגָּה: וְלֹא מִקְרֵי פַּת בַּעַל הַבַּיִת, אֶלָּא אִם עֲשָׂאוֹ לִבְנֵי בֵּיתוֹ, אֲבָל עֲשָׂאוֹ לִמְכֹּר, מִקְרֵי פַּלְטֵר. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכּוֹ בְּכָךְ. וְכֵן פַּלְטֵר שֶׁעֲשָׂאוֹ לְעַצְמוֹ, מִקְרֵי בַּעַל הַבַּיִת (כָּךְ מַשְׁמָע בְּבֵּית יוֹסֵף).

(2) There are places that are lenient about this, [where] they buy bread from an idolater's bakery in a situation where there is no Jewish bakery, since this is considered a "time of pressing need." Rem"a: And some say that even in a place where "Jews' bread" can be found, it is permitted (Beit Yosef following the Mordechai; Sefer Mitzvot Hakatan; Hagaot Ashri; Mahar"i; Issur VeHeter §44). But regarding personal bread, no-one rules leniently, since the essence of the decree is because of the concern of intermarriage, and if one eats the bread of [idolatrous] home-owners, he will come to dine by them. Rem"a: However, it is not called "personal bread" unless he made it for the people of his own household, but if he made it to sell, it is called commercial bread, even if he doesn't normally [sell bread]; conversely, a baker who made [bread] for himself, it is considered "personal [bread]."

היה כותבה דורשה ומגיהה אם כוון לבו יצא וכו': היכי דמי אי דקא מסדר פסוקא פסוקא וכתב לה כי כוון לבו מאי הוי על פה הוא אלא דכתב פסוקא פסוקא וקרי ליה

ומי יצא והאמר רבי חלבו אמר רב חמא בר גוריא אמר רב הלכה כדברי האומר כולה ואפי' למ"ד מאיש יהודי צריכה שתהא כתובה כולה

אלא דמנחה מגילה קמיה וקרי לה מינה פסוקא פסוקא וכתב לה לימא מסייע ליה לרבה בר בר חנה דאמר רבה בר בר חנה א"ר יוחנן אסור לכתוב אות אחת שלא מן הכתב דלמא דאתרמי ליה אתרמויי

גופא אמר רבה בר בר חנה א"ר יוחנן אסור לכתוב אות אחת שלא מן הכתב מיתיבי אמר רשב"א מעשה בר' מאיר שהלך לעבר שנה בעסיא ולא היה שם מגילה וכתבה מלבו וקראה

א"ר אבהו שאני רבי מאיר דמיקיים ביה (משלי ד, כה) ועפעפיך יישירו נגדך אמר ליה רמי בר חמא לרבי ירמיה מדפתי מאי ועפעפיך יישירו נגדך אמר לו אלו דברי תורה דכתיב בהו (משלי כג, ה) התעיף עיניך בו ואיננו ואפילו הכי מיושרין הן אצל ר' מאיר

רב חסדא אשכחיה לרב חננאל דהוה כתב ספרים שלא מן הכתב אמר ליה ראויה כל התורה כולה ליכתב על פיך אלא כך אמרו חכמים אסור לכתוב אות אחת שלא מן הכתב מדקאמר כל התורה כולה ראויה שתיכתב על פיך מכלל דמיושרין הן אצלו והא רבי מאיר כתב שעת הדחק שאני

אביי שרא לדבי בר חבו למיכתב תפלין ומזוזות שלא מן הכתב כמאן כי האי תנא דתניא ר' ירמיה אומר משום רבינו תפלין ומזוזות נכתבות שלא מן הכתב ואין צריכות שרטוט

והלכתא תפלין אין צריכין שרטוט מזוזות צריכין שרטוט אידי ואידי נכתבות שלא מן הכתב מ"ט מיגרס גריסין:

§ The mishna continues: If one was writing a Megilla, or expounding upon it, or correcting it, and he read all its words as he was doing so, if he had intent to fulfill his obligation with that reading he has fulfilled his obligation. The Gemara asks: What are the circumstances of this case? If he was articulating each verse of the Megilla and then writing it down, what of it that he intended to fulfill his obligation with that reading, since he recited those words by heart? Rather, it must be that he first wrote each verse in the Megilla and then read it out.

The Gemara asks: But does one really fulfill his obligation in this way? Didn’t Rabbi Ḥelbo say that Rav Ḥama bar Gurya said that Rav said: The halakha is in accordance with the statement of the one who says that the Megilla must be read in its entirety in order to fulfill one’s obligation. And moreover, he said that even according to the one who said that one need not read the entire Megilla, but only from “There was a certain Jew” (Esther 2:5) and onward, the Megilla itself must nevertheless be written in its entirety. How, then, can it be suggested that one who is reading each verse as he writes it can fulfill his obligation by reading from a Megilla that is not yet written to the end?

The Gemara answers: Rather, this is a case in which a complete Megilla is lying before him and he is copying from it, and he was reading from that complete Megilla verse by verse and then writing each verse in his new copy. The Gemara proposes: Let us say that this supports the opinion of Rabba bar bar Ḥana, as Rabba bar bar Ḥana said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: It is prohibited to write even a single letter of the Bible when not copying from a written text. Since it was necessary to explain the mishna as addressing a case in which one was copying a Megilla out of a written text lying before him, this supports Rabbi Yoḥanan’s ruling. The Gemara rejects this: This is not a proof, as perhaps the mishna is merely dealing with a case where this is what happened to be what occurred, that one happened to be copying the text from an existing Megilla, but it is not a requirement to do this.

The Gemara examines Rabba bar bar Ḥana’s statement. With regard to the matter itself, Rabba bar bar Ḥana said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: It is prohibited to write even a single letter of the Bible when not copying from a written text. The Gemara raises an objection from a baraita: Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar said: One Adar there was an incident involving Rabbi Meir, who went to intercalate the year in Asia Minor, as, owing to persecutory decrees, he could not do this in Eretz Yisrael. And there was no Megilla there when Purim arrived, so he wrote a Megilla by heart and read from it.

Rabbi Abbahu said: Rabbi Meir is different, as in him is fulfilled the verse: “And let your eyelids look straight before you” (Proverbs 4:25), and with regard to this verse, Rami bar Ḥama said to Rabbi Yirmeya of Difti: What is the meaning of the phrase “and let your eyelids [afapekha],” from the root a-p-p, “look straight [yaishiru] before you”? He said to him: This is referring to the words of the Torah, which are difficult to remember exactly, and with regard to which it is written: “Will you glance upon it fleetingly [hata’if ], from the root a-p-p, with your eyes? It is already gone” (Proverbs 23:5), but nevertheless they remain exact [meyusharin] in the memory of Rabbi Meir, since he knows them all by heart.

It was related that Rav Ḥisda once found Rav Ḥananel writing Torah scrolls, but he was not copying them from a written text, as he knew it all by heart. He said to him: It is fitting for the entire Torah to be written by your mouth, i.e., relying on your memory, but this is what the Sages said: It is prohibited to write even a single letter of the Bible when not copying from a written text. The Gemara asks: Since Rav Ḥisda said to him: The entire Torah is fitting to be written by your mouth, it may be concluded by inference that the words of the Torah were exact in his memory, i.e., that Rav Ḥananel enjoyed total mastery of the text. But didn’t we say that Rabbi Meir wrote a Megilla without copying from a text due to similar proficiency? The Gemara answers: A time of exigent circumstances is different; since there was no other option available, he was permitted to rely on his expertise, but otherwise this must not be done.

It was further related that Abaye permitted the scribes of the house of ben Ḥavu to write phylacteries and mezuzot when they were not copying from a pre-existing text. The Gemara asks: In accordance with whose opinion did he issue this allowance? The Gemara explains: In accordance with the opinion of the following tanna, as it is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yirmeya said in the name of our master, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: Phylacteries and mezuzot may be written when they are not copied from a written text, and they do not require scoring, i.e., the parchment is not required to have lines etched in it.

The Gemara concludes: And the halakha is as follows: Phylacteries do not require scoring, whereas mezuzot require scoring. And unlike biblical books, both these and those, phylacteries and mezuzot, may be written when the scribe is not copying from a written text. What is the reason for this exception? These short texts are well known to all scribes, and therefore it is permitted to write them by heart.

ורב כרבי יהודה סבירא ליה והא בעו מיניה דרב מהו לטלטולי שרגא דחנוכתא מקמי חברי בשבתא ואמר להו שפיר דמי שעת הדחק שאני דהא אמרו להו רב כהנא ורב אשי לרב הכי הלכתא אמר להו כדי הוא רבי שמעון לסמוך עליו בשעת הדחק

The Gemara asks: And does Rav really hold in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda that it is prohibited to move an object that is set-aside? Didn’t they raise a dilemma before Rav: What is the ruling with regard to moving a Hanukkah candle from before the ḥabarei, Persian Zoroastrian fire priests, on Shabbat? Those priests prohibited lighting fires on certain days. In order to prevent them from discovering that he lit Hanukkah candles it was necessary to quickly move them. And he said to them: One may well do so. Apparently, Rav does not hold that there is a prohibition of set-aside. The Gemara answers: This is not a proof, as exigent circumstances are different and Rav permitted this due to the danger involved. As Rav Kahana and Rav Ashi said to Rav on this matter: Is that the halakha? He said to them: Rabbi Shimon is worthy to rely upon in exigent circumstances like this one.
המספר בין ישתבח ליוצר עבירה היא בידו וחוזר עליה מעורכי המלחמה ויש מי שאומר שלצרכי ציבור או לפסוק צדקה למי שבא להתפרנס מן הצדקה מותר להפסיק: הגה ומזה נתפשט מה שנהגו בהרבה מקומות לברך חולה או לקבול בב"ה שיעשו לו דין בין ישתבח ליוצר דכל זה מקרי לצורך מצוה ולאחר כך כשחוזרין להתפלל יאמר השליח צבור מקצת פסוקי דזמרה ויאמר קדיש עליהם כי לעולם אין אומרים קדיש בלא תהלה שלפניו ולכן מתחילין ערבית בלא קדיש [כל בו] וכן מי שלא היה לו ציצית או תפילין והביאו לו בין ישתבח לקדיש יכול להניחם ולברך עליהם אבל בין קדיש לברכו לא יפסיק בשום דבר [א"ז פרק תפלת והשחר] וכ"ש שלא יפסיק לאחר שאמר הש"צ ברכו קודם שמתחילין ברכת יוצר: [ב"י סוף סי' נ"ז בשם המנהיג וע"ל סוף סי' נ"ו]:
One who speaks between Yishtabah and Yotzer - it is a sin in his hand, and would be required to return from the battlefield [due to fear of sin leading to death] (see Deut. 24, Sotah 44b). But there are those who say that it is permitted to interrupt at that point for communal needs or to bestow charity to those who come to be provided for from charity. Gloss: From this stems the custom in many places to say a blessing for the sick or for a claimant to ask for judgement between Yishtabah and Yotzer, because these are instances of (interruptions for) the purpose of a mitzvah. And after that, when they resume praying, the leader says a bit of pesukei dezimra and then kaddish on those verses, since we do not say kaddish without a psalm before it. This is why the evening service begins without a kaddish (Kol Bo), and why one who did not have a tallit or tefillin at the start of the (morning) service and one was brought to them between Yishtabah and kaddish, can put them on and say the blessings. But between kaddish and Barkhu, one must not stop for any purpose (Or Zarua), and all the more so not stop after the leader has said Barkhu and before they begin saying the Yotzer blessing (Beit Yosef).
דיני קדיש. ובו כב סעיפים:
אומרים קדיש וא"א אותו בפחות מי' זכרים בני חורין גדולים שהביאו ב' שערות וה"ה לקדושה וברכו שאין נאמרין בפחות מעשרה:
The say Kaddish, and it is not said with less than ten males, who are free and have grown two [pubic] hairs, and this is the rule for Kedushah and Barchu that are not said with less than ten.
אם התחיל לומר קדיש או קדושה בעשר' ויצאו מקצתן גומרים אותו הקדיש או אותה הקדושה שהתחיל והוא שנשתיירו רובן: הגה ומ"מ עבירה הוא לצאת ועליה' נאמר ועוזבי ה' יכלו [ירושלמי] אבל אם נשארו י' מותר לצאת [מרדכי פ' בתרא דמגילה]:
If the chazzan started kaddish or kedusha with 10 people and a few left he can finish the kaddish and kedusha that he started as long as the majority of them remain. Gloss: Nevertheless, it is a sin to leave ... but if there are 10 people remaining it is allowed
אם התחיל באבות ויצאו מקצתן גומר אפילו קדושה: הגה ואם יצאו מקצתן לאחר שהתחילו להתפלל יוצר לא יתחיל הש"צ להתפלל התפלה בקול רם דכבר נשלם תפלת יוצר ואם יצאו לאחר שהתחיל בקול רם וקדושה יכולים להשלים כל סדר קדושה ולומר הקדיש שלם שלאחריה דשייך לתפלה שהרי אומר תתקבל צלותהון וכו' אבל אין קורין בתורה דזהו ענין אחר ותפלת ערבית וקדיש שלאחריו לא שייך לק"ש וברכותיה [ר"ן פרק הקורא את המגילה שבולי הלקט ות"ה סי' ט"ו]:
If one started with Avot and a few people left, he can finish and even say Kedusha. Gloss: If a few of them went out after they began to pray "Yotzer Or" the prayer-leader does not begin to pray the Prayer [Amidah] aloud because the prayer of Yotzer has already been completed. And if they went out after he began aloud, and [regarding] the Kedusha - they can complete the entire order of Kedusha and say Kaddish Shalem that comes after it because it belongs to the Prayer, in that behold it says "may their prayer be accepted..." [in the Kaddish]. But we do not read from the Torah because this is a different matter. And the evening Prayer and Kaddish that comes after it - it does not belong to the recitation of the Sh'ma and its blessings. [Ran on the chapter "the one who reads the Megillah"; Shibilei Ha-Leket ... chapter 15]
יש מתירין לומר דבר שבקדושה בתשעה וצירוף קטן שהוא יותר מבן שש ויודע למי מתפללין ולא נראין דבריהם לגדולי הפוסקי' וה"ה דעבד ואשה אין מצטרפין: הגה ואפילו על ידי חומש שבידו אין לצרפו מיהו יש נוהגין להקל בשעת הדחק. [הרא"ש ומרדכי והגהות מיימוני פ"ט מהלכות תפלה]:
There are those who permit one to say a spoken part [of the service] in which [God's] holiness [is proclaimed] with 9 and a minor that is older than 6 and knows to whom we pray joins [them]. And their words were not seen for the great decisors. And the rule is that a slave or a woman is not joined [to the 9]. Gloss: And even if he has a Chumash [printed Torah] in his hand we do not join him [to the 9], although there are those who follow this practice to be lenient at a time of need [The Rosh and Mordechai and Hagahot Maimoni Chapter 9 of the Laws of Prayer]
אם לא הביא שתי שערות אפילו הוא גדול בשנים דינו כקטן עד שיצאו רוב שנותיו שאז יתברר שהוא סריס אם נראו לו סימני סריס קודם לכן דינו כגדול: הגה ומיהו אין מדקדקין בשערות אלא כל שהגיע לכלל שנותיו מחזקינן אותו כגדול ואומרים לענין זה מסתמא הביא שתי שערות [מהרי"ק שורש מ"ט]:
If he does not have 2 [pubic] hairs, even if he is an adult in years, his status is like a minor, until the majority of his years have gone out [he becomes much older (35 and one day-M.B)] when it is apparent that he is a saris [male with no signs of puberty], if there are signs that he is a saris before this, he is treated as an adult. Gloss: However, we are not particular regarding hairs; rather, all who have arrived at the required number of years, we presume that he is like an adult and we say for this matter [minyan], it is probable that he has brought out two hairs [Maharik Shoresh 49].
ואם התחיל אחד מעשרה להתפלל לבדו ואינו יכול לענות עמה' או שהוא ישן אפ"ה מצטרף עמה':
If one of the 10 started to pray and [being in a section where he] could not answer with them or he is sleeping, even this one is included with them.
דההוא זוגא דרבנן דאשתכור בהלולא דבריה דר' יהושע בן לוי אתו לקמיה דריב"ל אמר כדאי הוא ר"ש לסמוך עליו בשעת הדחק:
The incident was as follows: This pair of Sages got drunk at the wedding of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi’s son and fell asleep before reciting the evening Shema. By the time they awoke, dawn had already passed. They came before Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi and asked him if they could still recite the evening Shema. He said to them: Rabbi Shimon is worthy to rely upon in exigent circumstances. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi did not rule in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, and, in a case where there are no exigent circumstances, one may not rely on this ruling.
אמר רב נוטל אדם את שתי ידיו שחרית ומתנה עליהן כל היום כולו אמר להו רבי אבינא לבני
§ Rav says: A person may wash both of his hands in the morning and stipulate with regard to them that he may eat on the basis of that washing throughout the entire day, provided he guards his hands from dirt and ritual impurity. It is likewise related that Rabbi Avina said to the inhabitants of
פקתא דערבות כגון אתון דלא שכיחי לכו מיא משו ידייכו מצפרא ואתנו עלייהו לכולא יומא איכא דאמרי בשעת הדחק אין שלא בשעת הדחק לא ופליגא דרב ואיכא דאמרי אפילו שלא בשעת הדחק נמי והיינו דרב
the valley of Aravot [pakta da’aravot], where there was a shortage of water: People such as you, for whom water is scarce, should wash your hands in the morning and stipulate with regard to them for the entire day. Some say that Rabbi Avina maintains that in exigent circumstances, yes, one should act in this manner, but when one is not in exigent circumstances, he should not do so. And according to this explanation, Rabbi Avina disagrees with the opinion of Rav, who permitted this practice to all. And some say that Rabbi Avina ruled that one may do so even when not in exigent circumstances, and Rabbi Avina’s opinion is identical to that of Rav.
מתני׳ רבי אליעזר אומר אם לא הביא כלי מערב שבת מביאו בשבת מגולה ובסכנה מכסהו על פי עדים
MISHNA: As a continuation to the discussion at the end of the previous chapter, which mentioned circumcision in the context of a discussion of the halakhot of childbirth on Shabbat, the mishna continues to address the halakhot of circumcision. Rabbi Eliezer says: If he did not bring an implement for circumcising the child on Shabbat eve, he brings it on Shabbat itself uncovered so that it will be clear to all that he is bringing a circumcision scalpel. And in times of danger, when decrees of persecution prohibit Jews from circumcising their children, one covers it in the presence of witnesses who can testify that he transported the scalpel to perform a mitzva.
ועוד אמר רבי אליעזר כורתים עצים לעשות פחמין לעשות (כלי) ברזל
And furthermore, Rabbi Eliezer said with regard to this issue: One may even cut down trees to prepare charcoal in order to fashion iron tools for the purpose of circumcision.
צָרִיךְ לִזָהֵר מִלִּתֵּן מָעוֹת בְּפִיו, שֶׁמָּא יֵשׁ עֲלֵיהֶן רֹק יָבֵשׁ שֶׁל מֻכֵּי שְׁחִין. וְלֹא יִתֵּן פַּס יָדוֹ תַּחַת שֶׁחְיוֹ, שֶׁמָּא נָגַע יָדוֹ בִּמְצֹרָע אוֹ בְּסַם רָע. וְלֹא יִתֵּן כִּכַּר לֶחֶם תַּחַת הַשֶּׁחִי, מִפְּנֵי הַזֵּעָה. וְלֹא יִתֵּן תַּבְשִׁיל וְלֹא מַשְׁקִים תַּחַת הַמִּטָּה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁרוּחַ רָעָה שׁוֹרָה עֲלֵיהֶם. וְלֹא יִנְעֹץ סַכִּין בְּתוֹךְ אֶתְרוֹג אוֹ בְּתוֹךְ צְנוֹן, שֶׁמָּא יִפֹּל אָדָם עַל חֻדָּהּ, וְיָמוּת. הַגָּה: וְכֵן יִזָּהֵר מִכָּל דְּבָרִים הַמְּבִיאִים לִידֵי סַכָּנָה, כִּי סַכַּנְתָּא חֲמִירָא מֵאִסּוּרָא, וְיֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ יוֹתֵר לִסְפֵק סַכָּנָה מִלִּסְפֵק אִסּוּר (ב''י בְּשֵׁם הש''ס). וְלָכֵן אָסְרוּ לֵילֵךְ בְּכָל מְקוֹם סַכָּנָה כְּמוֹ תַּחַת קִיר נָטוּי אוֹ יְחִידִי בַּלַּיְלָה (שָׁם), וְכֵן אָסְרוּ לִשְׁתּוֹת מַיִם מִן הַנְּהָרוֹת בַּלַּיְלָה אוֹ לְהַנִּיחַ פִּיו עַל קִלּוּחַ הַמַּיִם לִשְׁתּוֹת, כִּי דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ יֵשׁ בָּהֶן חֲשַׁשׁ סַכָּנָה (רַמְבַּ''ם). וּמִנְהָג פָּשׁוּט שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁתּוֹת מַיִם בִּשְׁעַת הַתְּקוּפָה, וְכֵן כָּתְבוּ הַקַּדְמוֹנִים, וְאֵין לְשַׁנּוֹת (אַבּוּדַרְהַם וּמָרְדְּכַי ס''פ כָּל שָׁעָה רוֹקֵחַ סִימָן ער''ה וּמַהֲרִי''ל וּמִנְהָגִים). עוֹד כָּתְבוּ שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִבְרֹחַ מִן הָעִיר כְּשֶׁדֶּבֶר בָּעִיר, וְיֵשׁ לָצֵאת מִן הָעִיר בִּתְחִלַּת הַדֶּבֶר, וְלֹא בְּסוֹפוֹ (תְּשׁוּבַת מהרי''ל סי' ל''ה). וְכָל אֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים הֵם מִשּׁוּם סַכָּנָה, וְשׁוֹמֵר נַפְשׁוֹ יִרְחַק מֵהֶם וְאָסוּר לִסְמֹךְ אַנֵּס אוֹ לְסַכֵּן נַפְשׁוֹ בְּכָל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. וְעַיִּןִ בְּחוֹשֶׁן מִשְׁפָּט סִימָן תכ''ז.
One must refrain from putting coins in one's mouth, lest it's covered with dried saliva of those afflicted with boils. He should not put the palm of his hand in his arm pit, lest his hand touched a metzorah or a harmful poison. He should not put a loaf of bread under his armpit, because of the sweat. He should not put a cooked item or drinks under the bed, since an evil spirit rests on them. He should not stick a knife in an esrog or a radish, lest one fall on its edge and die. Hagah: Similarly, he should be careful of all things that cause danger, because danger is stricter than transgressions, and one should be more careful with an uncertain danger than with an uncertain issur. They also prohibited to go in a dangerous place, such as under a leaning wall, or alone at night. They also prohibited to drink water from rivers at night or to put one's mouth on a stream of water and drink, because these matters have a concern of danger. It is the widespread custom not to drink water during the equinox, and the early ones wrote this and it is not to be changed. They also wrote to flee from the city when a plague is in the city, and one should leave at the beginning of the plague and not at the end. And all of these things are because of the danger, and a person who guards his soul will distance himself from them and it is prohibited to rely on a miracle in all of these matters.
רַבִּי יַנַּאי בָּדֵיק וְעָבַר. רַבִּי יַנַּאי לְטַעְמֵיהּ, דְּאָמַר: לְעוֹלָם אַל יַעֲמוֹד אָדָם בְּמָקוֹם סַכָּנָה לוֹמַר שֶׁעוֹשִׂין לוֹ נֵס, שֶׁמָּא אֵין עוֹשִׂין לוֹ נֵס. וְאִם עוֹשִׂין לוֹ נֵס — מְנַכִּין לוֹ מִזְּכֻיוֹתָיו. אָמַר רַבִּי חָנִין: מַאי קְרָאָה? — ״קָטֹנְתִּי מִכֹּל הַחֲסָדִים וּמִכׇּל הָאֱמֶת״. רַבִּי זֵירָא בְּיוֹמָא דְשׁוּתָא לָא נָפֵיק לְבֵינֵי דִּיקְלֵי.
Rabbi Yannai would examine the ferry and cross. The Gemara comments that Rabbi Yannai acted in accordance with his reasoning stated elsewhere, as he said: A person should never stand in a place of danger saying that they on High will perform a miracle for him, lest in the end they do not perform a miracle for him. And, moreover, even if they do perform a miracle for him, they will deduct it from his merits. Rabbi Ḥanin said: What is the verse that alludes to this? When Jacob said: “I am not worthy of all the mercies, and of all the truth, which You have shown unto Your servant” (Genesis 32:11), and he explains: Since You have bestowed upon me so much kindness and truth, my merits have been diminished. Similarly, the Gemara relates that Rabbi Zeira would not go out and walk among the palm trees on a day when there was a southern wind blowing due to the fear that the trees might fall on him.

(כה) וכן אין ראוי לאדם להכנס בסכנות בבטחונו על גזרת הבורא וישתה סמי המות או שיסכן בעצמו להלחם עם הארי והחיות הרעות ללא דחק או שישליך עצמו בים או באש והדומה לזה ממה שאין האדם בטוח בהן ויסכן בנפשו. וכבר הזהירנו הכתוב מזה במה שאמר (דברים ו טז) לא תנסו את ה׳ ‎‎אלהיכם וגו׳ ‎‎כי איננו נמלט בזה מאחד משני דברים.

(25) Likewise, one should not put themselves in danger while trusting on the decree of the Creator [that they will live to a previously set time], drinking poisonous drink or going to battle lions or other dangerous animals without necessity, or to cast himself into the sea or into fire, or other similar things that a man is not sure of them and puts his life in danger. And the verse has already warned us in saying "You shall not try God" (Devarim 6:16), because either one of two things will happen.

(כה) וכן אין ראוי לאדם להכנס בסכנות בבטחונו על גזרת הבורא וישתה סמי המות או שיסכן בעצמו להלחם עם הארי והחיות הרעות ללא דחק או שישליך עצמו בים או באש והדומה לזה ממה שאין האדם בטוח בהן ויסכן בנפשו. וכבר הזהירנו הכתוב מזה במה שאמר (דברים ו טז) לא תנסו את ה׳ ‎‎אלהיכם וגו׳ ‎‎כי איננו נמלט בזה מאחד משני דברים.

(25) As so too, it is not appropriate for a person to put themselves in danger while trusting on the decree of the Creator [that he will live a set time], drinking poisonous drink or going to battle lions or other dangerous animals without necessity, or to cast himself into the sea or into fire, or other similar things that a man is not sure of them and puts his life in danger. And the verse has already warned us in saying "You shall not try God" (Devarim 6:16), because either one of two things will happen.

מאי איכא בין הביננו לתפלה קצרה הביננו בעי לצלויי שלש קמייתא ושלש בתרייתא וכי מטי לביתיה לא בעי למהדר לצלויי בתפלה קצרה לא בעי לצלויי לא שלש קמייתא ולא שלש בתרייתא וכי מטי לביתיה בעי למהדר לצלויי
The mishna mentioned both a brief prayer recited in times of danger and an abridged prayer, with regard to which there was a dispute between the tanna’im. The Gemara asks: What is the practical halakhic difference between the abridged prayer: Grant us understanding and the brief prayer recited in times of danger? The Gemara answers: One who recites: Grant us understanding is required to recite the first three blessings and the last three blessings of the Amida prayer, and when he reaches his home, he need not pray again. One who recites the brief prayer, however, need recite neither the first three blessings nor the last three blessings of the Amida prayer. However, when he reaches his home, he must pray again. Grant us understanding has the legal status of the Amida prayer, despite its brevity, while the brief prayer is merely recited in place of the Amida prayer in exigent circumstances.
והלכתא הביננו מעומד תפלה קצרה בין מעומד בין מהלך:
The halakha is: Grant us understanding, as mentioned above, has the legal status of the Amida prayer, and must therefore be recited while standing. The brief prayer, since it does not have that status, may be recited whether one is standing or whether one is walking.
מי שאכל גבינה ורוצה לאכול בשר, צריך לבער מעל השלחן שיורי פת שאכל עם הגבינה, ואסור לאכול גבינה על מפה שאכלו בשר, וכן להיפוך. גם אסור לחתוך בסכין של בשר לאכלו עם גבינה וכן להיפוך, ואפילו אם הסכין נקי. ובשעת הדחק כגון שהוא בדרך, מותר לו לחתוך בסכין של בשר כשהוא נקי, ומקונח היטב היטב לאכול עם גבינה וכן בהיפוך.
If after eating cheese you want to eat meat, you must remove from the table the rest of the bread which you ate with the cheese. It is forbidden to eat cheese on a tablecloth used for meat, and vice versa. It is also forbidden to use a meat knife to cut bread that will be eaten with cheese, and vice versa, even if the knife is clean. However, if there are extenuating circumstances; for example, if you are traveling, you are permitted [to cut bread] with a meat knife if it is clean and wiped very well, and it is permitted to eat [the bread] with cheese, and vice versa.