History

Alexander the Great, or Alexander III of Macedon, is discussed in a legendary fashion in the Rabbinic sources, which describe him as a powerful yet fair-minded conqueror. Some Jewish sources have Alexander seeking advice from the Jewish sages to help him in his campaigns.

The Babylonian Exile (Galut Bavel) began in 586 BCE after Jerusalem and the Holy Temple were destroyed by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. Fifty years later, under Persian King Cyrus the Great, the exiles were allowed to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the Temple.

In the Jewish textual tradition, exile (galut in Hebrew) is viewed as both a punishment and a way to make amends with God. The tension between exile from and return to Israel is a common theme in Jewish literature — from Abraham's exile to Egypt to the modern return of Jews to the state of Israel.

The Hasmonean dynasty was a ruling dynasty in ancient Judea established by the Maccabees, fighters from a priestly Jewish family who successfully waged war against the Seleucid Greeks and rededicated the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 164 BCE. Hasmonean leaders occupied the position of high priest and eventually the kingship as well. The dynasty ruled from 167 BCE to 37 BCE.

King Yannai, or Alexander Jannaeus, was a Hasmonean king who expanded the kingdom of Judea but left a legacy of war and terrible treatment of Jewish scholars. The exception to this vicious treatment was his brother-in-law Rabbi Shimon ben Shetach, from whom he received counsel.

The Maccabees were fighters from a priestly Jewish family who successfully waged war against the Seleucids and rededicated the Second Temple in Jerusalem — which is now commemorated on Chanukkah. The Maccabees established the Hasmonean dynasty, which ruled from 167 BCE to 37 BCE.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was an American reverend and leader of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. King advocated for Israel’s security and fought against antisemitism during the Civil Rights Movement alongside Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel.

The sanhedrin ("assembly") was a legislative and judicial assembly of either 23 or 70 elders, existing at both a local and central level in the ancient Land of Israel.