(ג) ויתן ה' את חן העם בעיני מצרים. אע"פ שלקו בשבילם לא הוסיפו בהם שנאה אלא אדרבא אהבום ואמרו שהם הרשעים ועושים להם חמס וראוי הוא שיחונן אותם האלהים...
(3) ויתן ה' את חן העם בעיני מצרים, “G’d granted the people favour in the eyes of the Egyptians.” In spite of the fact that the Egyptians experienced all these plagues orchestrated by the messenger of this Jewish G’d, they no longer related to the Israelites with hostility; on the contrary, they had belatedly realized that not the Israelites but they themselves had been the sinners all along by using brute force in their relations with them. It was therefore no more than fair that G’d recompensed them by endowing them...
(ה) ויהפך לבב פרעה וגו', לשעבר ויאמרו עבדי פרעה אליו עד מתי יהיה זה לנו למוקש ועכשיו ויהפך לבב פרעה ועבדיו ויאמרו מה זאת עשינו וגו' אמרו אלו לקינו ולא שלחנו כדי הוא לנו אלא לקינו ושלחנו או אלו לקינו ושלחנו ולא היו נוטלין ממונינו כדי הוא לנו אלא לקינו ושלחנו ונטלו ממונינו. משל למה הדבר דומה לאחד שאמר לעבדו צא והבא לי דג מן השוק יצא והביא לו דג מן השוק מבאיש אמר לו בגזירה או תאכל הדג, או תלקה מאה מכות, או תתן לי מאה מנה, אמר לו הריני אוכל התחיל לאכול לא הספיק לגמור עד שאמר הריני לוקה לקה ששים לא הספיק לגמור עד שאמר הריני נותן מאה מנה נמצא אוכל את הדג ולוקה ונותן מאה מנה כך נעשה למצרים לקו ושילחו וניטל ממונם. ד"א ויהפך מגיד הכתוב שכשיצאו ישראל ממצרים בטלה מלכותם של מצרים שנ' ממי נעמת רדה והשכבה את ערלים (יחזקאל לב):
(5) In the past, Pharaoh's servants said to him (Exodus 10:7) "How long will this one be a stumbling block to us?" and now (Ibid. 14:5) "What is this that we did in sending Israel away from serving us?" They said to him: If we were smitten and we had not sent him away, that would have been enough for us. Or if we were smitten and had sent him away and he had not taken our wealth from us, that would have been enough for us. But we have been smitten, and we have sent him away, and he has taken our wealth from us! An analogy: A man said to his servant: Go and bring me a fish from the marketplace. He goes and buys him a rotten fish, at which the master says to him: Either eat the fish, or receive a hundred lashes, or pay me a hundred maneh. The servant says: I'll eat it. He begins eating, but does not finish before saying: I'll take the lashes. He receives sixty lashes, and does not finish before saying: I'll pay the hundred maneh. In the end, he has eaten the fish, received the lashes, and paid the hundred maneh! Thus, with Egypt: They were smitten, and they sent Israel away, and their wealth was taken! Alternatively: "And the heart of Pharaoh was reversed": Scripture hereby apprises us that when Israel left Egypt, its kingdom came to an end, as it is written (Ezekiel 32:19) "Whom have you (Egypt) surpassed in beauty? Descend and be laid to rest with the uncircumcised!"
(5) and every first-born in the land of Egypt shall die, from the first-born of Pharaoh who sits on his throne to the first-born of the slave girl who is behind the millstones; and all the first-born of the cattle.
(5) מבכור פרעה עד בכור השפחה FROM THE FIRSTBORN OF PHARAOH UNTO THE FIRSTBORN OF THE HANDMAID — All who were of less importance than the firstborn of Pharaoh and of more importance than the firstborn of the handmaid are included in this description. And why were the sons of the handmaids stricken? Because they, too, treated them (the Israelites) as slaves and rejoiced at their misery (Midrash Tanchuma, Bo 7).
לפיכך כתוב בתורה ואני אחזק את לב פרעה לפי שחטא מעצמו תחלה והרע לישראל הגרים בארצו שנאמר הבה נתחכמה לו נתן הדין למנוע התשובה ממנו עד שנפרע ממנו לפיכך חזק הקדוש ברוך הוא את לבו ולמה היה שולח לו ביד משה ואומר שלח ועשה תשובה וכבר אמר לו הקב"ה אין אתה משלח שנאמר ואתה ועבדיך ידעתי וגו' ואולם בעבור זאת העמדתיך כדי להודיע לבאי העולם שבזמן שמונע הקדוש ברוך הוא התשובה לחוטא אינו יכול לשוב אלא ימות ברשעו שעשה בתחילה ברצונו
Therefore it is written in the Torah: I will harden Pharaoh’s heart (Ex. 14:4) – since he initially sinned of his own initiative and abused Israel, who were living in his land, as it says, Come, let us deal cleverly with them (Ex. 1:10), judgment was rendered to deny Pharoah's judgement until [God] punished him – therefore the Holy Blessed One hardened [Pharaoh’s] heart. So why did [God] send Moses with the message: “Release [the Israelites], and repent,” ... In order to inform humanity that when the Holy Blessed One denies repentance to a sinner, the sinner can not repent – rather the sinner will die in the wickedness that the sinner initially committed intentionally.
(4) Moses said, “Thus says the LORD: Toward midnight I will go forth among the Egyptians, (5) and every first-born in the land of Egypt shall die, from the first-born of Pharaoh who sits on his throne to the first-born of the slave girl who is behind the millstones; and all the first-born of the cattle. (6) And there shall be a loud cry in all the land of Egypt, such as has never been or will ever be again; (7) but not a dog shall snarl at any of the Israelites, at man or beast—in order that you may know that the LORD makes a distinction between Egypt and Israel. (8) Then all these courtiers of yours shall come down to me and bow low to me, saying, ‘Depart, you and all the people who follow you!’ After that I will depart.” And he left Pharaoh’s presence in hot anger. (9) Now the LORD had said to Moses, “Pharaoh will not heed you, in order that My marvels may be multiplied in the land of Egypt.” (10) Moses and Aaron had performed all these marvels before Pharaoh, but the LORD had stiffened the heart of Pharaoh so that he would not let the Israelites go from his land.
וא"ר יוחנן מפני מה לא נאמר כי טוב בהודאה זו לפי שאין הקב"ה שמח במפלתן של רשעים ואמר רבי יוחנן מאי דכתיב (שמות יד, כ) ולא קרב זה אל זה כל הלילה בקשו מלאכי השרת לומר שירה אמר הקב"ה מעשה ידי טובעין בים ואתם אומרים שירה
This is because the Holy One, Blessed Be God, does not rejoice at the downfall of the wicked. And Rabbi Yohanan said: Why has it been written (Exodus 14:20): "This one did not draw near to that one the whole night."? The ministering angels sought to recite a song, [but] the Holy One, Blessed Be He said: The work of My hands is drowning in the sea, and you are reciting a song???
(א) עד בכור השבי. לָמָּה לָקוּ הַשְּׁבוּיִים? כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמְרוּ, יִרְאָתָם תָּבְעָה עֶלְבּוֹנָם וְהֵבִיאָה פֻּרְעָנוּת עַל מִצְרָיִם:
(1) עד בכור השבי UNTO THE FIRSTBORN OF THE CAPTIVE (these words are used in 12:29 instead of עד בכור השפחה “unto the firstborn of the handmaid” in this verse) — Why were the captives smitten, for they had not enslaved the Israelites? In order that these might not say that their god had claimed satisfaction for the humiliation imposed upon them and had brought this punishment upon the Egyptians (cf. Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 12:29).
(ג) וכל בכור בהמה. לְפִי שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹבְדִין לָהּ. כְּשֶׁהַקָּבָּ"ה נִפְרַע מִן הָאֻמָּה, נִפְרַע מֵאֱלֹהֶיהָ:
(3) וכל בכור בהמה AND ALL THE FIRSTBORN OF BEASTS — because they worshipped these as gods. When the Holy One, blessed be God, exacts punishment from a nation, God punishes their gods at the same time (Genesis Rabbah 96:5).
(17) If your enemy falls, do not exult; If they trip, let your heart not rejoice.
Rav Yosef taught a baraita: What is the meaning of that which is written with regard to the plague of the firstborn: “And none of you shall go out of the opening of their house until the morning” (Exodus 12:22)? If the plague was not decreed upon the Jewish people, why were they not permitted to leave their homes? Once permission is granted to the destroyer to kill, it does not distinguish between the righteous and the wicked.
(א) ומת כל בכור (שמות יא ה). נתכנסו כל הבכורות אצל אבותיהן אמרו להם כל מה שאמר משה הביא עלינו, אין אתם מבקשין שנחיה, אלא בואו ונוציא את (העבדים) [העברים] הללו מבינינו, ואם לאו הרי אנו מתים, השיבו אותם ואמרו להם אפילו כל המצרים מתים אינן יוצאין מכאן, מה עשו נתכנסו כל הבכורות והלכו להם אצל פרעה והיו מצווחין אל פרעה ואומרים לו בבקשה ממך הוצא העם הזה שבשבילם הרעה תבא (עליהם ועליו) [עלינו ועליך]. אמר להם לעבדיו צאו וקפחו שוקיהם של אלו, מה עשו הבכורות, מיד יצאו ונטל כל אחד ואחד מהם חרבו והרג אביו, שנאמר למכה מצרים בבכוריהם (תהלים קלו י), למכה בכורי מצרים אין כתיב כאן אלא למכה מצרים בבכוריהם, משנהרגו אבותיהם נגלה [עליהן] הקב"ה והרגן, שנאמר וה' הכה כל בכור
(1) (Exod. 11:5:) AND EVERY FIRST-BORN <IN THE LAND OF EGYPT> SHALL DIE. All the first-born came together with their fathers.73PRK 7:6/9; PR 17:5. <The first-born> said to < their fathers >: Whatever Moses has said he has brought upon us. Do you not wish us to live? Rather come and let us have these {slaves} [Hebrews] go away from among us; for if we do not, we are dead. They answered them and said to them: Even if all the Egyptians die, they will not go away from here. What did they do? All the first-born came together and went to Pharaoh. They cried out unto Pharaoh and said to him: Please have this people go away, for because of them evil will come {over them and over him} [over us and over you]. He said to his servants: Get going and beat those <people> on the legs. What did the first-born do? Immediately, when they had gone out, each and every one of them took his sword and killed his father. It is so stated (in Ps. 136:10): TO THE ONE WHO SMOTE EGYPT THROUGH THEIR FIRST-BORN. "To the one who smote the first-born of Egypt" is not written here, but TO THE ONE WHO SMOTE EGYPT THROUGH THEIR FIRST-BORN. After they had killed their fathers, the Holy One appeared [over them] and killed them, as stated (in Exod. 12:29): <AND IT CAME TO PASS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT > THAT THE LORD SMOTE ALL THE FIRST-BORN, <FROM THE FIRST-BORN OF PHARAOH, WHO WAS SITTING UPON HIS THRONE, TO THE FIRST-BORN OF THE CAPTIVE WHO WAS IN THE DUNGEON, AND ALL THE FIRST-BORN OF THE CATTLE.>