חֲמִשָּׁה דְבָרִים אֵרְעוּ אֶת אֲבוֹתֵינוּ בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּתַמּוּז וַחֲמִשָּׁה בְּתִשְׁעָה בְאָב. בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּתַמּוּז נִשְׁתַּבְּרוּ הַלּוּחוֹת, וּבָטַל הַתָּמִיד, וְהֻבְקְעָה הָעִיר, וְשָׂרַף אַפּוֹסְטֹמוֹס אֶת הַתּוֹרָה, וְהֶעֱמִיד צֶלֶם בַּהֵיכָל. בְּתִשְׁעָה בְאָב נִגְזַר עַל אֲבוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ, וְחָרַב הַבַּיִת בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וּבַשְּׁנִיָּה, וְנִלְכְּדָה בֵיתָר, וְנֶחְרְשָׁה הָעִיר. מִשֶּׁנִּכְנַס אָב, מְמַעֲטִין בְּשִׂמְחָה:
The mishna discusses the five major communal fast days. Five calamitous matters occurred to our forefathers on the seventeenth of Tammuz, and five other disasters happened on the Ninth of Av. On the seventeenth of Tammuzthe tablets were broken by Moses when he saw that the Jews had made the golden calf; the daily offering was nullified by the Roman authorities and was never sacrificed again; the city walls of Jerusalem were breached; the general Apostemos publicly burned a Torah scroll; and Manasseh placed an idol in the Sanctuary.On the Ninth of Av it was decreed upon our ancestors that they would all die in the wilderness and not enter Eretz Yisrael; and the Temple was destroyed the first time, in the days of Nebuchadnezzar, and the second time, by the Romans; and Beitar was captured; and the city of Jerusalem was plowed, as a sign that it would never be rebuilt. Not only does one fast on the Ninth of Av, but from when the month of Av begins, one decreases acts of rejoicing.
ומשאכם. כשבקשו הבשר והמים, שכן כתיב (במדבר י״א:י״א) לשום את משא כל העם הזה עלי.
משאכם, “your burden.” A reference to the demands for meat and water. We know that in Numbers 11,11 Moses had asked G’d to relieve him of משא כל העם הזה עלי, “the burden of this whole people.”
וריבכם. בעניני הדין ותביעת ממון. וזה ספר להזכירם את פשעם שאע"פ שבשר אותם שיכנסו לארץ בלתי שום מלחמה שהיה ענינה רב התועלת והכבוד יותר מכל נכסיהם ועניניהם במדבר לא נמנעו מלעורר דברי ריבות איש על חבירו באופן שהוצרך למנות מדרגות שופטים עד שכל עשרה מהם היו צריכים לדיין פרטי ואין זה כי אם מרוע לב:
וריבכם, and your mutual financial claims upon one another. He reminded them of all this in order that they should remember their sins. He hoped that the people repented their past conduct honestly, for in the past, in spite of Moses having told them that they would take over the land of Canaan without even having to fight for it, something that should have been their major concern seeing that they were in the desert. Rather than focusing on their major problem, how to get out of the desert into the promised land, they had wasted their time and efforts in the pursuit of petty concerns, undermining their inter-personal relationships in the process. Due to this interminable quarreling, Moses had been forced to appoint a large number of judges that had to exert authority over the individuals down to every 10 people requiring at least one such judge. This could only have been due to some character weakness, some pre-disposition to be quarrelsome.
כִּ֠י אֵיכָכָ֤ה אוּכַל֙ וְֽרָאִ֔יתִי בָּרָעָ֖ה אֲשֶׁר־יִמְצָ֣א אֶת־עַמִּ֑י וְאֵֽיכָכָ֤ה אוּכַל֙ וְֽרָאִ֔יתִי בְּאׇבְדַ֖ן מוֹלַדְתִּֽי׃ {ס}
For how can I bear to see the disaster which will befall my people! And how can I bear to see the destruction of my kindred!”
אֲשֶׁ֤ר הׇגְלָה֙ מִיר֣וּשָׁלַ֔יִם עִם־הַגֹּלָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הׇגְלְתָ֔ה עִ֖ם יְכׇנְיָ֣ה מֶֽלֶךְ־יְהוּדָ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר הֶגְלָ֔ה נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּ֖ר מֶ֥לֶךְ בָּבֶֽל׃
[Kish] had been exiled from Jerusalem in the group that was carried into exile along with King Jeconiah of Judah, which had been driven into exile by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon.
וַיִּקְרָא יהוה אֱלֹהִים אֶל הָאָדָם (בראשית ג, ט), אֵיךְ הֲוֵית, אֶתְמוֹל לְדַעְתִּי, וְעַכְשָׁיו לְדַעְתּוֹ שֶׁל נָחָשׁ, אֶתְמוֹל מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ, וְעַכְשָׁיו בְּתוֹךְ עֵץ הַגָּן. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא, כְּתִיב (הושע ו, ז): וְהֵמָּה כְּאָדָם עָבְרוּ בְּרִית, הֵמָּה כְּאָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, מָה אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן הִכְנַסְתִּיו לְתוֹךְ גַּן עֵדֶן וְצִוִּיתִיו וְעָבַר עַל צִוּוּיִי, וְדַנְתִּי אוֹתוֹ בְּשִׁלּוּחִין וּבְגֵרוּשִׁין, וְקוֹנַנְתִּי עָלָיו אֵיכָה. הִכְנַסְתִּיו לְתוֹךְ גַּן עֵדֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ב, טו): וַיַּנִּיחֵהוּ בְגַן עֵדֶן. וְצִוִּיתִיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ב, טז): וַיְצַו יהוה אֱלֹהִים עַל הָאָדָם, וְעָבַר עַל הַצִּוּוּי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ג, יא): הֲמִן הָעֵץ אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִיךָ לְבִלְתִּי אֲכָל מִמֶנּוּ אָכָלְתָּ. וְדַנְתִּי אוֹתוֹ בְּשִׁלּוּחִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ג, כג): וַיְשַׁלְּחֵהוּ יהוה אֱלֹהִים מִגַּן עֵדֶן. וְדַנְתִּי אוֹתוֹ בְּגֵרוּשִׁין, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית ג, כד): וַיְגָרֶשׁ אֶת הָאָדָם. קוֹנַנְתִּי עָלָיו אֵיכָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיִּקְרָא יהוה אֱלֹהִים אֶל הָאָדָם וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ אַיֶכָּה, אֵיכָה כְּתִיב. אַף בָּנָיו הִכְנַסְתִּים לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְצִוִּיתִים וְעָבְרוּ עַל הַצִּוּוּי, דַּנְתִּי אוֹתָם בְּשִׁלּוּחִין וּבְגֵרוּשִׁין וְקוֹנַנְתִּי עֲלֵיהֶם אֵיכָה. הִכְנַסְתִּים לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה ב, ז): וָאָבִיא אֶתְכֶם אֶל אֶרֶץ הַכַּרְמֶל. צִוִּיתִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כז, כ): וְאַתָּה תְּצַוֶּה אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. עָבְרוּ עַל צִוּוּיִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דניאל ט, יא): וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עָבְרוּ אֶת תּוֹרָתֶךָ. דַּנְתִּי אוֹתָם בְּשִׁלּוּחִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה טו, א): שַׁלַּח מֵעַל פָּנַי וְיֵצֵאוּ. דַּנְתִּי אוֹתָם בְּגֵרוּשִׁין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (הושע ט, טו): מִבֵּיתִי אֲגָרְשֵׁם, קוֹנַנְתִּי עֲלֵיהֶם אֵיכָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איכה א, א): אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה.
“The Lord God called to the man, and said to him: Where are you?” (Genesis 3:9).
“The Lord God called to the man [and said to him: Where are you [ayeka]?]” – how [eikh] have you become like this? Yesterday you were loyal to My will, but now to the will of the serpent. Yesterday you extended from one end of the world to the other end, but now you fit “among the trees of the garden”?
Rabbi Abahu said in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina: “But they were like men [adam] who violated the covenant” (Hosea 6:7) – they were like Adam the first man. They were like Adam the first man, whom I put into the Garden of Eden and commanded him, but he violated the command, and I sentenced him to banishment and expulsion, and I lamented over him: ‘How could it be [eikha]?’ I put him into the Garden of Eden, as it is stated: “He placed him in the Garden of Eden” (Genesis 2:15). And I commanded him, as it is stated: “The Lord God commanded the man, saying” (Genesis 2:16). And he violated the command, as it is stated: “Did you eat from the tree that I commanded you not to eat from it?” (Genesis 3:11). And I sentenced him to banishment, as it is stated: “The Lord God banished him from the Garden of Eden” (Genesis 3:23). And I sentenced him to expulsion, as it is stated: “He expelled the man” (Genesis 3:24). And I lamented over him: ‘How could it be [eikha],’ as it is stated: “The Lord God called to the man, and said to him: Where are you [ayeka]?” – eikha is written. So it was with His descendants: I brought them into the Land of Israel, I commanded them and they violated the command, I sentenced them to banishment and expulsion, and I lamented over them: Eikha. I brought them into the Land of Israel, as it is stated: “I brought you to a fruitful land” (Jeremiah 2:7). And I commanded them, as it is stated: “You shall command the children of Israel” (Exodus 27:20). And they violated the command, as it is stated: “All Israel has violated Your Torah” (Daniel 9:11). And I sentenced them to banishment, as it is stated: “Banish them from My presence” (Jeremiah 15:1). And I sentenced them to expulsion, as it is stated: “I will expel them from My house” (Hosea 9:15). And I lamented over them: Eikha, as it is stated: “How [eikha] does…it sit” (Lamentations 1:1).
“The Lord God called to the man [and said to him: Where are you [ayeka]?]” – how [eikh] have you become like this? Yesterday you were loyal to My will, but now to the will of the serpent. Yesterday you extended from one end of the world to the other end, but now you fit “among the trees of the garden”?
Rabbi Abahu said in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina: “But they were like men [adam] who violated the covenant” (Hosea 6:7) – they were like Adam the first man. They were like Adam the first man, whom I put into the Garden of Eden and commanded him, but he violated the command, and I sentenced him to banishment and expulsion, and I lamented over him: ‘How could it be [eikha]?’ I put him into the Garden of Eden, as it is stated: “He placed him in the Garden of Eden” (Genesis 2:15). And I commanded him, as it is stated: “The Lord God commanded the man, saying” (Genesis 2:16). And he violated the command, as it is stated: “Did you eat from the tree that I commanded you not to eat from it?” (Genesis 3:11). And I sentenced him to banishment, as it is stated: “The Lord God banished him from the Garden of Eden” (Genesis 3:23). And I sentenced him to expulsion, as it is stated: “He expelled the man” (Genesis 3:24). And I lamented over him: ‘How could it be [eikha],’ as it is stated: “The Lord God called to the man, and said to him: Where are you [ayeka]?” – eikha is written. So it was with His descendants: I brought them into the Land of Israel, I commanded them and they violated the command, I sentenced them to banishment and expulsion, and I lamented over them: Eikha. I brought them into the Land of Israel, as it is stated: “I brought you to a fruitful land” (Jeremiah 2:7). And I commanded them, as it is stated: “You shall command the children of Israel” (Exodus 27:20). And they violated the command, as it is stated: “All Israel has violated Your Torah” (Daniel 9:11). And I sentenced them to banishment, as it is stated: “Banish them from My presence” (Jeremiah 15:1). And I sentenced them to expulsion, as it is stated: “I will expel them from My house” (Hosea 9:15). And I lamented over them: Eikha, as it is stated: “How [eikha] does…it sit” (Lamentations 1:1).
אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה, שְׁלשָׁה נִתְנַבְּאוּ בְּלָשׁוֹן אֵיכָה, משֶׁה, יְשַׁעְיָה, וְיִרְמְיָה. משֶׁה אָמַר (דברים א, יב): אֵיכָה אֶשָֹּׂא לְבַדִּי וגו'. יְשַׁעְיָה אָמַר (ישעיה א, כא): אֵיכָה הָיְתָה לְזוֹנָה. יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה בָדָד, אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי מָשָׁל לְמַטְרוֹנָה שֶׁהָיוּ לָהּ שְׁלשָׁה שׁוֹשְׁבִינִין, אֶחָד רָאָה אוֹתָהּ בְּשַׁלְוָתָהּ, וְאֶחָד רָאָה אוֹתָהּ בְּפַחֲזוּתָהּ, וְאֶחָד רָאָה אוֹתָהּ בְּנִוּוּלָהּ. כָּךְ, משֶׁה רָאָה אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּכְבוֹדָם וְשַׁלְוָתָם וְאָמַר: אֵיכָה אֶשָֹּׂא לְבַדִּי טָרְחֲכֶם. יְשַׁעְיָה רָאָה אוֹתָם בְּפַחֲזוּתָם, וְאָמַר: אֵיכָה הָיְתָה לְזוֹנָה. יִרְמְיָה רָאָה אוֹתָם בְּנִוּוּלָם, וְאָמַר: אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה. שָׁאֲלוּ אֶת בֶּן עַזַּאי אָמְרוּ לוֹ רַבֵּנוּ דְּרשׁ לָנוּ דָּבָר אֶחָד מִמְגִלַּת קִינוֹת, אָמַר לָהֶם לֹא גָּלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַד שֶׁכָּפְרוּ בִּיחִידוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, וּבַמִּילָה שֶׁנִּתְּנָה לְעֶשְׂרִים דּוֹרוֹת, וּבַעֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת, וּבַחֲמִשָּׁה סִפְרֵי תּוֹרָה, מִנְיַן אֵיכָ"ה. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי לֹא גָּלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַד שֶׁכָּפְרוּ בִּשְׁלשִׁים וָשֵׁשׁ כָּרֵתוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה, וּבַעֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת, מִנְיַן אֵיכָ"ה יָשְׁבָה בָדָד. רַבִּי בְּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַבְדִּימֵי דְּמִן חֵיפָה, לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ בֵּן, בִּזְּמַן שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל אָבִיו, הָיָה מַלְבִּישׁוֹ בִּגְדֵי מִילָתִין, וּבִזְמַן שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה רְצוֹנוֹ, מַלְבִּישׁוֹ בִּגְדֵי בָּדָד. כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל, כָּל זְמַן שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, כְּתִיב (יחזקאל טז, י): וָאַלְבִּשֵׁךְ רִקְמָה, רַבִּי סִימָא אָמַר פּוּרְפִּירָא תִּרְגֵּם אוּנְקְלוּס אַפְקַלְטוֹרִין פְּלִיקְטָא. וּבִזְּמַן שֶׁאֵין עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מַלְבִּישָׁן בִּגְדֵי בְּדָדִין, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב: אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה בָדָד. אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי, קָרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת, אָמַר לָהֶם מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם כְּשֶׁמֵּת לוֹ מֵת וְהוּא מִתְאַבֵּל, מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, אָמְרוּ לוֹ תּוֹלֶה שַׂק עַל פִּתְחוֹ. אָמַר לָהֶם אַף אֲנִי כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה נ, ג): אַלְבִּישׁ שָׁמַיִם קַדְרוּת וְשַׂק אָשִׂים כְּסוּתָם. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, אָמְרוּ לוֹ מְכַבֶּה אֶת הַפָּנָסִין, אָמַר לָהֶם כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יואל ד, טו): שֶׁמֶשׁ וְיָרֵחַ קָדָרוּ וְכוֹכָבִים אָסְפוּ נָגְהָם. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, כּוֹפֶה אֶת הַמִּטּוֹת. כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דניאל ז, ט): עַד דִּי כָרְסָוָן רְמִיו וְעַתִּיק יוֹמִין יְתִב, כִּבְיָכוֹל שֶׁהָיוּ הֲפוּכִין. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, הוֹלֵךְ יָחֵף, כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (נחום א, ג): יהוה בְּסוּפָה וּבִסְעָרָה דַּרְכּוֹ וְעָנָן אֲבַק רַגְלָיו. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, מְבַזֵּעַ פּוּרְפִּירָא שֶׁלּוֹ. כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, דִּכְתִיב (איכה ב, יז): עָשָׂה יהוה אֲשֶׁר זָמָם בִּצַּע אֶמְרָתוֹ. רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב דִּכְפַר חָנָן מְפָרֵשׁ לֵיהּ מַהוּ בִּצַּע אֶמְרָתוֹ, מְבַזַּע פּוּרְפִּירָא שֶׁלּוֹ. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, יוֹשֵׁב וְדוֹמֵם, כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איכה ג, כח): יֵשֵׁב בָּדָד וְיִדֹּם. מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם אָבֵל, מַה דַּרְכּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת, יוֹשֵׁב וּבוֹכֶה, כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה כב, יב): וַיִּקְרָא יהוה אֱלֹהִים צְבָאוֹת בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא לִבְכִי וּלְמִסְפֵּד וּלְקָרְחָה, דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֵיכָה, אָמַר לָהֶם יִרְמְיָה, מָה רְאִיתֶם בַּעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁאַתֶּם לְהוּטִין אַחֲרֶיהָ, אִלּוּ הָיָה לָהּ פֶּה לְמֵיסַב וּלְמֵיתַב, הָיִינוּ אוֹמְרִין כָּךְ, אֶלָּא נֶאֱמַר דִּידָהּ וְנֶאֱמַר דִּילֵיהּ, נֶאֱמַר דִּידָהּ (ירמיה י, ב): כֹּה אָמַר יהוה אֶל דֶּרֶךְ הַגּוֹיִם אַל תִּלְמָדוּ וּמֵאֹתוֹת הַשָּׁמַיִם אַל תֵּחָתּוּ כִּי יֵחַתּוּ הַגּוֹיִם מֵהֵמָה. וְנֶאֱמַר דִּילֵיהּ (ירמיה י, יא): כִּדְנָה תֵּאמְרוּן לְהוֹם אֱלָהַיָּא דִי שְׁמַיָא וְאַרְקָא וגו', (ירמיה י, טז): לֹא כְאֵלֶּה חֵלֶק יַעֲקֹב כִּי יוֹצֵר הַכֹּל הוּא וְיִשְׂרָאֵל שֵׁבֶט נַחֲלָתוֹ יהוה צְבָאוֹת שְׁמוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר אֵין לְשׁוֹן אֵיכָה אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן תּוֹכֵחָה, הֲדָא מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ירמיה ח, ח): אֵיכָה תֹאמְרוּ חֲכָמִים אֲנַחְנוּ וְתוֹרַת יהוה אִתָּנוּ וגו'. וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אוֹמֵר אֵין לְשׁוֹן אֵיכָה אֶלָּא קִינָה, הֲדָא מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (בראשית ג, ט): וַיִּקְרָא יהוה אֱלֹהִים אֶל הָאָדָם וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ אַיֶּכָּה, אוֹי לְכָה. וְאֵימָתַי נֶאֶמְרָה מְגִלַּת קִינוֹת, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר בִּימֵי יְהוֹיָקִים נֶאֶמְרָה, אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה וְכִי בּוֹכִין עַל הַמֵּת עַד שֶׁלֹא יָמוּת, אֶלָּא אֵימָתַי נֶאֶמְרָה אַחַר חֻרְבַּן הַבַּיִת, הֲרֵי פִּתְרוֹנוֹ: אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה בָדָד.
“How does the greatly crowded city sit alone? She has become like a widow. Great among the nations, a princess among the states: She has become a vassal” (Lamentations 1:1).
“How [eikha] does…sit [alone].” Three prophesied with the term eikha: Moses, Isaiah, and Jeremiah. Moses said: “How [eikha] can I bear alone…” (Deuteronomy 1:12). Isaiah said: “How [eikha] did [the faithful city] become a harlot?” (Isaiah 1:21). Jeremiah said: “How [eikha] does [the greatly crowded city] sit alone?” Rabbi Levi said: This is analogous to a noblewoman who had three friends. One saw her in her tranquility, one saw her in her debauchery, and one saw her in her disgrace. So, Moses saw them in their glory and their tranquility and said: “How [eikha] can I bear alone your troubles?” Isaiah saw them in their debauchery and said: “How [eikha] did [the faithful city] become a harlot?” Jeremiah saw them in their disgrace and said: “How [eikha] does [the greatly crowded city] sit [alone]?”
They asked ben Azai, saying to him: ‘Our teacher, expound for us one matter from the scroll of Lamentations.’ He said to them: ‘Israel was exiled only after they denied the Unique One of the world, circumcision that was given after twenty generations, the Ten Commandments, the five books of the Torah; the numerical value of eikha.’
Rabbi Levi said: Israel was exiled only after they denied the thirty-six instances of karet in the Torah and the Ten Commandments, the numerical value of “how does…sit solitary [eikha yasheva badad]?”
Rabbi Berekhya [said] in the name of Rabbi Avdimai of Haifa: [This is analogous] to a king who had a son. When he would perform his father’s will, [the king] would clothe him in fine silk, and when he would not perform his will, he would clothe him in the garments of an olive-press worker [badad]. So too Israel, as long as they would perform the will of the Holy One blessed be He, it is written: “I clothed you in embroidery” (Ezekiel 16:10). Rabbi Sima said: Purple garments. Onkelos translated: Embroidered garments. But when they do not perform the will of the Holy One blessed be He, He clothes them in the garments of olive-press workers. That is what is written: “How does…sit solitary [badad]?”
Rav Naḥman said that Shmuel said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: The Holy One blessed be He summoned the ministering angels and said to them: ‘A flesh and blood king, when a relative of his dies and he mourns, what does he typically do?’ They said to Him: ‘He hangs sackcloth on his entrance.’ He said to them: ‘I, too, will do so.’ That is what is written: “I clothe the heavens in blackness and I place sackcloth as their garment” (Isaiah 50:3). ‘A flesh and blood king, what [else] does he typically do?’ They said to Him: ‘He extinguishes the lamps.’ He said to them: ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “The sun and the moon darkened and the stars withdrew their shining” (Joel 4:15). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He overturns the beds.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “Until thrones were set in place and the Ancient One sat” (Daniel 7:9), [implying,] as it were, that they had been overturned. ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He walks barefoot.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “His path is in tempest and in storm, and clouds are the dust of His feet” (Nahum 1:3). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He rends his purple garments.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “The Lord accomplished what He devised; He implemented [bitza] His statement [emrato]” (Lamentations 2:17). Rabbi Yaakov of Kefar Ḥanan explained it: What is bitza emrato? It is that He rent His purple garments. ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He sits in silence.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “Let him sit alone and be silent” (Lamentations 3:28). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He sits and weeps.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “The Lord, God of hosts, called on that day for weeping and for lamentation and for baldness” (Isaiah 22:12).
Another matter: Eikha, Jeremiah said to them: ‘What did you see in idol worship that you are so enthusiastic to follow it? If it had a mouth to engage in debate, we would have said this. Instead, we will speak of it and we will speak of Him.’ We will speak of it, “So said the Lord: Do not learn the way of the nations, and from the signs of the heavens do not be frightened, though the nations are frightened by them” (Jeremiah 10:2). We will speak of Him: “Tell them this: The gods who did not make the heavens and the earth shall vanish from the earth and from under these heavens. [He makes the earth with His might]” (Jeremiah 10:11–12). “The Portion of Jacob is not like these, for He is the one who forms everything, and Israel is the tribe of His inheritance, the Lord of hosts is His name” (Jeremiah 10:16).
Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya, Rabbi Yehuda says: The term eikha is nothing other than an expression of reproof. That is what is written: “How [eikha] can you say: We are wise, and the law of the Lord is with us...”? (Jeremiah 8:8). Rabbi Neḥemya says: The term eikha is nothing other than an expression of lamentation. That is what is written: “The Lord God called to the man, and said to him: Where are you [ayeka]?” (Genesis 3:9), woe are you [oy lekha]. When was the scroll of Lamentations composed? Rabbi Yehuda says: It was composed in the days of Yehoyakim. Rabbi Neḥemya said to him: ‘Does one weep over the dead before he dies? Rather, when was it composed? After the destruction of the Temple. This is its solution: “How [eikha] does…sit solitary?”’
“How [eikha] does…sit [alone].” Three prophesied with the term eikha: Moses, Isaiah, and Jeremiah. Moses said: “How [eikha] can I bear alone…” (Deuteronomy 1:12). Isaiah said: “How [eikha] did [the faithful city] become a harlot?” (Isaiah 1:21). Jeremiah said: “How [eikha] does [the greatly crowded city] sit alone?” Rabbi Levi said: This is analogous to a noblewoman who had three friends. One saw her in her tranquility, one saw her in her debauchery, and one saw her in her disgrace. So, Moses saw them in their glory and their tranquility and said: “How [eikha] can I bear alone your troubles?” Isaiah saw them in their debauchery and said: “How [eikha] did [the faithful city] become a harlot?” Jeremiah saw them in their disgrace and said: “How [eikha] does [the greatly crowded city] sit [alone]?”
They asked ben Azai, saying to him: ‘Our teacher, expound for us one matter from the scroll of Lamentations.’ He said to them: ‘Israel was exiled only after they denied the Unique One of the world, circumcision that was given after twenty generations, the Ten Commandments, the five books of the Torah; the numerical value of eikha.’
Rabbi Levi said: Israel was exiled only after they denied the thirty-six instances of karet in the Torah and the Ten Commandments, the numerical value of “how does…sit solitary [eikha yasheva badad]?”
Rabbi Berekhya [said] in the name of Rabbi Avdimai of Haifa: [This is analogous] to a king who had a son. When he would perform his father’s will, [the king] would clothe him in fine silk, and when he would not perform his will, he would clothe him in the garments of an olive-press worker [badad]. So too Israel, as long as they would perform the will of the Holy One blessed be He, it is written: “I clothed you in embroidery” (Ezekiel 16:10). Rabbi Sima said: Purple garments. Onkelos translated: Embroidered garments. But when they do not perform the will of the Holy One blessed be He, He clothes them in the garments of olive-press workers. That is what is written: “How does…sit solitary [badad]?”
Rav Naḥman said that Shmuel said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: The Holy One blessed be He summoned the ministering angels and said to them: ‘A flesh and blood king, when a relative of his dies and he mourns, what does he typically do?’ They said to Him: ‘He hangs sackcloth on his entrance.’ He said to them: ‘I, too, will do so.’ That is what is written: “I clothe the heavens in blackness and I place sackcloth as their garment” (Isaiah 50:3). ‘A flesh and blood king, what [else] does he typically do?’ They said to Him: ‘He extinguishes the lamps.’ He said to them: ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “The sun and the moon darkened and the stars withdrew their shining” (Joel 4:15). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He overturns the beds.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “Until thrones were set in place and the Ancient One sat” (Daniel 7:9), [implying,] as it were, that they had been overturned. ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He walks barefoot.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “His path is in tempest and in storm, and clouds are the dust of His feet” (Nahum 1:3). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He rends his purple garments.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “The Lord accomplished what He devised; He implemented [bitza] His statement [emrato]” (Lamentations 2:17). Rabbi Yaakov of Kefar Ḥanan explained it: What is bitza emrato? It is that He rent His purple garments. ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He sits in silence.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “Let him sit alone and be silent” (Lamentations 3:28). ‘A flesh and blood king, what does he typically do?’ ‘He sits and weeps.’ ‘That is what I will do,’ as it is stated: “The Lord, God of hosts, called on that day for weeping and for lamentation and for baldness” (Isaiah 22:12).
Another matter: Eikha, Jeremiah said to them: ‘What did you see in idol worship that you are so enthusiastic to follow it? If it had a mouth to engage in debate, we would have said this. Instead, we will speak of it and we will speak of Him.’ We will speak of it, “So said the Lord: Do not learn the way of the nations, and from the signs of the heavens do not be frightened, though the nations are frightened by them” (Jeremiah 10:2). We will speak of Him: “Tell them this: The gods who did not make the heavens and the earth shall vanish from the earth and from under these heavens. [He makes the earth with His might]” (Jeremiah 10:11–12). “The Portion of Jacob is not like these, for He is the one who forms everything, and Israel is the tribe of His inheritance, the Lord of hosts is His name” (Jeremiah 10:16).
Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya, Rabbi Yehuda says: The term eikha is nothing other than an expression of reproof. That is what is written: “How [eikha] can you say: We are wise, and the law of the Lord is with us...”? (Jeremiah 8:8). Rabbi Neḥemya says: The term eikha is nothing other than an expression of lamentation. That is what is written: “The Lord God called to the man, and said to him: Where are you [ayeka]?” (Genesis 3:9), woe are you [oy lekha]. When was the scroll of Lamentations composed? Rabbi Yehuda says: It was composed in the days of Yehoyakim. Rabbi Neḥemya said to him: ‘Does one weep over the dead before he dies? Rather, when was it composed? After the destruction of the Temple. This is its solution: “How [eikha] does…sit solitary?”’
(יב)אֵיכָ֥ה אֶשָּׂ֖א לְבַדִּ֑י טָרְחֲכֶ֥ם וּמַֽשַּׂאֲכֶ֖ם וְרִֽיבְכֶֽם׃
(12)How can I myself alone bear your cumbrance, and your burden, and your strife?
(כא)אֵיכָה֙ הָיְתָ֣ה לְזוֹנָ֔ה קִרְיָ֖ה נֶאֱמָנָ֑ה מְלֵאֲתִ֣י מִשְׁפָּ֗ט צֶ֛דֶק יָלִ֥ין בָּ֖הּ וְעַתָּ֥ה מְרַצְּחִֽים׃
(21)How is the faithful city Become a harlot! She that was full of justice, Righteousness lodged in her, But now murderers.
(א)אֵיכָ֣ה ׀ יָשְׁבָ֣ה בָדָ֗ד הָעִיר֙ רַבָּ֣תִי עָ֔ם הָיְתָ֖ה כְּאַלְמָנָ֑ה רַּבָּ֣תִי בַגּוֹיִ֗ם שָׂרָ֙תִי֙ בַּמְּדִינ֔וֹת הָיְתָ֖ה לָמַֽס׃ (ס)
(1) O how has the city that was once so populous remained lonely! She has become like a widow! She that was great among the nations, a princess among the provinces, has become tributary.
(ט) וַיִּקְרָ֛א יהוה אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־הָֽאָדָ֑ם וַיֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹ אַיֶּֽכָּה׃
(9) And the LORD God called unto the man, and said unto him: ‘Where are you?’
(כד) ...אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ בָּא אַבְרָהָם לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בּוֹכֶה וּמְמָרֵט זְקָנוֹ וְתוֹלֵשׁ שַׂעֲרוֹת רֹאשׁוֹ וּמַכֶּה אֶת פָּנָיו וְקוֹרֵע אֶת בְּגָדָיו וְאֵפֶר עַל רֹאשׁוֹ, וְהָיָה מְהַלֵּךְ בְּבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ וְסוֹפֵד וְצוֹעֵק, אָמַר לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִפְּנֵי מָה נִשְׁתַּנֵּיתִי מִכָּל אֻמָּה וְלָשׁוֹן שֶׁבָּאתִי לִידֵי בּוּשָׁה וּכְלִמָּה זֹאת, כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאוּהוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת אַף הֵם קָשְׁרוּ הֶסְפֵּד שׁוּרוֹת שׁוּרוֹת וְאוֹמְרִין (ישעיה לג, ח): נָשַׁמּוּ מְסִלּוֹת שָׁבַת עֹבֵר אֹרַח וגו', מַאי נָשַׁמּוּ מְסִלּוֹת, אָמְרוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְסִלּוֹת שֶׁהִתְקַנְתָּ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם שֶׁלֹא יְהוּ עוֹבְרֵי דְרָכִים פּוֹסְקִים מֵהֶם הֵיאַךְ הָיוּ לִשְׁמָמָה. שָׁבַת עֹבֵר אֹרַח, אָמְרוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא דְּרָכִים שֶׁהָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹבְרִים וְשָׁבִים בָּהֶם בַּחַגִּים הֵיאַךְ שָׁבְתוּ. הֵפֵר בְּרִית, אָמְרוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, הוּפַר בְּרִית שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם אֲבִיהֶם, שֶׁעַל יָדוֹ מִתְיַשֵּׁב הָעוֹלָם, וְעַל יָדוֹ הִכִּירוּךָ בָּעוֹלָם שֶׁאַתָּה אֵל עֶלְיוֹן קוֹנֵה שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ. מָאַס עָרִים. אָמְרוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מָאַסְתָּ יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וְצִיּוֹן לְאַחַר שֶׁבָּחַרְתָּ בָּהֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ירמיה יד, יט): הֲמָאֹס מָאַסְתָּ אֶת יְהוּדָה [ו]אִם בְּצִיּוֹן גָּעֲלָה נַפְשֶׁךָ וגו'. (ישעיה לג, ח): לֹא חָשַׁב אֱנוֹשׁ. אָמְרוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֲפִלּוּ כְּדוֹר אֱנוֹשׁ שֶׁהָיוּ רֹאשׁ לְעוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים לֹא חָשַׁבְתָּ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה נִזְקַק הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת, אָמַר לָהֶם, מַה לָּכֶם קוֹשְׁרִין מִסְפֵּד בָּעִנְיָן הַזֶּה שׁוּרוֹת שׁוּרוֹת. אָמְרוּ לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, מִפְּנֵי אַבְרָהָם אוֹהַבְךָ שֶׁבָּא לְבֵיתְךָ וְסָפַד וּבָכָה מִפְּנֵי מָה לֹא הִשְׁגַּחְתָּ עָלָיו, אָמַר לָהֶם מִיּוֹם שֶׁנִּפְטַר אוֹהֲבִי מִלְּפָנַי לְבֵית עוֹלָמוֹ לֹא בָא לְבֵיתִי, וְעַכְשָׁו (ירמיה יא, טו): מַה לִּידִידִי בְּבֵיתִי, אָמַר אַבְרָהָם לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם מִפְּנֵי מָה הִגְלֵיתָ אֶת בָּנַי וּמְסַרְתָּן בִּידֵי הָאֻמּוֹת וַהֲרָגוּם בְּכָל מִיתוֹת מְשֻׁנּוֹת, וְהֶחֱרַבְתָּ אֶת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ מָקוֹם שֶׁהֶעֱלֵיתִי אֶת יִצְחָק בְּנִי עוֹלָה לְפָנֶיךָ. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאַבְרָהָם בָּנֶיךָ חָטְאוּ וְעָבְרוּ עַל כָּל הַתּוֹרָה וְעַל עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁתַּיִם אוֹתִיּוֹת שֶׁבָּהּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דניאל ט, יא): וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עָבְרוּ אֶת תּוֹרָתֶךָ. אָמַר אַבְרָהָם לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם מִי מֵעִיד בָּהֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁעָבְרוּ אֶת תּוֹרָתֶךָ, אָמַר לוֹ תָּבֹא תוֹרָה וְתָעִיד בָּהֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, מִיָּד בָּאָה תוֹרָה לְהָעִיד בָּהֶן, אָמַר לָהּ אַבְרָהָם בִּתִּי אַתְּ בָּאָה לְהָעִיד בָּהֶן בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁעָבְרוּ עַל מִצְוֹתַיִךְ וְאֵין לָךְ בּשֶׁת פָּנִים מִפָּנַי, זִכְרִי יוֹם שֶׁהֶחֱזִירֵךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל כָּל אֻמָּה וְלָשׁוֹן וְלֹא רָצוּ לְקַבְּלֵךְ עַד שֶׁבָּאוּ בָנַי לְהַר סִינַי וְקִבְּלוּ אוֹתָךְ וְכִבְּדוּךְ, וְעַכְשָׁו אַתְּ בָּאָה לְהָעִיד בָּהֶם בְּיוֹם צָרָתָם. כֵּיוָן שֶׁשָּׁמְעָה תּוֹרָה כָךְ עָמְדָה לְצַד אֶחָד וְלֹא הֵעִידָה בָּהֶן. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאַבְרָהָם יָבֹאוּ עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁתַּיִם אוֹתִיּוֹת וְיָעִידוּ בָּהֶן בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. מִיָּד בָּאוּ עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁתַּיִם אוֹתִיּוֹת, בָּאָה אל"ף לְהָעִיד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁעָבְרוּ עַל הַתּוֹרָה, אָמַר לָהּ אַבְרָהָם, אל"ף אַתְּ רֹאשׁ לְכָל הָאוֹתִיּוֹת וּבָאת לְהָעִיד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּיוֹם צָרָתָם, זִכְרִי יוֹם שֶׁנִּגְלָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל הַר סִינַי וּפָתַח בָּךְ (שמות כ, ב): אָנֹכִי יהוה אֱלֹהֶיךָ, וְלֹא קִבְּלוּךְ אֻמָּה וְלָשׁוֹן אֶלָּא בָּנַי, וְאַתָּ בָּאת לְהָעִיד בְּבָנַי. מִיָּד עָמְדָה אל"ף לְצַד אֶחָד וְלֹא הֵעִידָה בָּהֶן. בָּאתָה בי"ת לְהָעִיד בָּהֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, וְאָמַר לָהּ אַבְרָהָם בִּתִּי אַתְּ בָּאת לְהָעִיד עַל בָּנַי, שֶׁהֵם זְרִיזִין בַּחֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְשֵׁי תוֹרָה שֶׁאַתְּ בְּרֹאשׁ הַתּוֹרָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית א, א): בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים, מִיָּד עָמְדָה בי"ת לְצַד אֶחָד וְלֹא הֵעִידָה כְּלוּם. בָּאתָה גימ"ל לְהָעִיד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, אָמַר לָהּ אַבְרָהָם גימ"ל אַתְּ בָּאת לְהָעִיד בְּבָנַי שֶׁעָבְרוּ עַל הַתּוֹרָה, כְּלוּם יֵשׁ אֻמָּה שֶׁמְקַיֶּמֶת מִצְוַת צִיצִית שֶׁאַתְּ נְתוּנָה בָּרֹאשׁ, אֶלָּא בָּנַי, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברים כב, יב): גְּדִלִים תַּעֲשֶׂה לָּךְ. מִיָּד עָמְדָה גימ"ל לְצַד אֶחָד וְלֹא הֵעִידָה כְּלוּם. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁרָאוּ כָּל הָאוֹתִיּוֹת שֶׁהִשְׁתִּיקָן אַבְרָהָם, נִתְבַּיְּשׁוּ וְעָמְדוּ בְּעַצְמָן וְלֹא הֵעִידוּ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. מִיָּד פָּתַח אַבְרָהָם לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְאָמַר רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם לְמֵאָה שָׁנָה נָתַתָּ לִי בֵּן, וּכְשֶׁעָמַד עַל דַּעְתּוֹ וְהָיָה בָּחוּר בֶּן שְׁלשִׁים וָשֶׁבַע שָׁנִים אָמַרְתָּ לִי הַעֲלֵהוּ עוֹלָה לְפָנַי, וְנַעֲשֵׂיתִי עָלָיו כְּאַכְזָרִי וְלֹא רִחַמְתִּי עָלָיו, אֶלָּא אֲנִי בְּעַצְמִי כָּפַתְתִּי אוֹתוֹ, וְלֹא תִזְכֹּר לִי זֹאת וְלֹא תְרַחֵם עַל בָּנַי. פָּתַח יִצְחָק וְאָמַר רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, כְּשֶׁאָמַר לִי אַבָּא (בראשית כב, ח): אֱלֹהִים יִרְאֶה לּוֹ הַשֶֹּׂה לְעֹלָה בְּנִי, לֹא עִכַּבְתִּי עַל דְּבָרֶיךָ וְנֶעֱקַדְתִּי בִּרְצוֹן לִבִּי עַל גַּבֵּי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וּפָשַׁטְתִּי אֶת צַוָּארִי תַּחַת הַסַּכִּין, וְלֹא תִזְכֹּר לִי זֹאת וְלֹא תְרַחֵם עַל בָּנַי. פָּתַח יַעֲקֹב וְאָמַר רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, לֹא עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה עָמַדְתִּי בְּבֵית לָבָן, וּכְשֶׁיָּצָאתִי מִבֵּיתוֹ פָּגַע בִּי עֵשָׂו הָרָשָׁע וּבִקֵּשׁ לַהֲרֹג אֶת בָּנַי וּמָסַרְתִּי עַצְמִי לְמִיתָה עֲלֵיהֶם, וְעַכְשָׁו נִמְסְרוּ בְּיַד אוֹיְבֵיהֶם כַּצֹּאן לְטִבְחָה, לְאַחַר שֶׁגִּדַּלְתִּים כְּאֶפְרוֹחִים שֶׁל תַּרְנְגוֹלִים וְסָבַלְתִּי עֲלֵיהֶם צַעַר גִּדּוּל בָּנִים, כִּי רֹב יָמַי הָיִיתִי בְּצַעַר גָּדוֹל בַּעֲבוּרָם, וְעַתָּה לֹא תִזְכֹּר לִי זֹאת לְרַחֵם עַל בָּנַי. פָּתַח משֶׁה וְאָמַר רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, לֹא רוֹעֶה נֶאֱמָן הָיִיתִי עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה וְרַצְתִּי לִפְנֵיהֶם כְּסוּס בַּמִּדְבָּר, וּכְשֶׁהִגִּיעַ זְמַן שֶׁיִּכָּנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ גָּזַרְתָּ עָלַי בַּמִּדְבָּר יִפְּלוּ עַצְמוֹתַי, וְעַכְשָׁו שֶׁגָּלוּ שָׁלַחְתָּ לִי לִסְפֹּד וְלִבְכּוֹת עֲלֵיהֶם, זֶהוּ הַמָּשָׁל שֶׁאוֹמְרִים בְּנֵי אָדָם מִטּוּב אֲדוֹנִי לֹא טוֹב לִי וּמֵרָעָתוֹ רַע לִי. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר משֶׁה לְיִרְמְיָה לֵךְ לְפָנַי שֶׁאֵלֵךְ וַאֲבִיאֵם וְאֶרְאֶה מִי מַנִּיחַ יָדוֹ עֲלֵיהֶם. אָמַר לוֹ יִרְמְיָה אִי אֶפְשָׁר לֵילֵךְ בַּדֶּרֶךְ מִפְּנֵי הַהֲרוּגִים, אָמַר לוֹ אַף עַל פִּי כֵן, מִיָּד הָלַךְ משֶׁה וְיִרְמְיָה לְפָנָיו, עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ לְנַהֲרוֹת בָּבֶל, רָאוּהוּ לְמשֶׁה וְאָמְרוּ זֶה לָזֶה בָּא בֶּן עַמְרָם מִקִּבְרוֹ לִפְדוֹתֵינוּ מִיַּד צָרֵינוּ, יָצְתָה בַּת קוֹל וְאָמְרָה גְּזֵרָה הִיא מִלְּפָנַי. מִיָּד אָמַר לָהֶם משֶׁה בָּנַי לְהַחֲזִיר אֶתְכֶם אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁכְּבָר נִגְזְרָה גְּזֵרָה, אֶלָּא הַמָּקוֹם יַחֲזִיר אֶתְכֶם בִּמְהֵרָה וְהִנִּיחַ אוֹתָם. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה הֵרִימוּ קוֹלָם בִּבְכִיָּה גְדוֹלָה עַד שֶׁעָלְתָה בְּכִיָּתָם לַמָּרוֹם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים קלז, א): עַל נַהֲרוֹת בָּבֶל שָׁם יָשַׁבְנוּ גַּם בָּכִינוּ. כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּא משֶׁה אֵצֶל אֲבוֹת הָעוֹלָם אָמְרוּ לוֹ מֶה עָשׂוּ הָאוֹיְבִים בְּבָנֵינוּ, אָמַר לָהֶם, מֵהֶם הָרְגוּ, וּמֵהֶם כָּפְתוּ יְדֵיהֶם לַאֲחוֹרֵיהֶם, וּמֵהֶם אֲסוּרִים בְּכַבְלֵי בַרְזֶל, וּמֵהֶם נִפְשָׁטִים עֲרֻמִּים, וּמֵהֶם מֵתוּ בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְנִבְלָתָם לְעוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם וּלְבֶהֱמַת הָאָרֶץ, וּמֵהֶם מֻשְׁלָכִים לַחַמָּה רְעֵבִים וּצְמֵאִים, מִיָּד פָּתְחוּ כֻּלָּם וּבָכוּ וְקוֹנְנוּ בְּקִינוֹת וַי עַל דִּמְטָא לִבְנַן, הֵיכֵי הֲוֵיתוּן כְּיַתְמֵי בְּלָא אַבָּא, הֵיכֵי דְּמַכִיתוּן בְּטִיהֲרָא וּבְקַיְיטָא בְּלָא לְבוּשָׁא וּבְלָא כְסוּ. הֵיכֵי סַגֵּיתוּן בְּטוּרֵי וּבַחֲצָצֵי חֲלִיצֵי מְסָאנֵי וּבְלֹא סַנְדְּלָא. הֵיכֵי טַעֲנִיתוּן מוֹבְלֵי טְעוּנֵי דְּחָלָא, הֵיכֵי הֲווֹ יְדֵיכוֹן כְּפִיתוּן לַאֲחוֹרֵיכוֹן, הֵיכֵי לָא בְּלַעְתּוּן רוֹקָא בְּפוּמֵיכוֹן. פְּתַח משֶׁה וַאֲמַר לִיטָא שִׁמְשָׁא אַמַּאי לָא חֲשַׁכְתְּ בְּשָׁעָה דְּעָאל שַׂנְאָה לְבֵית מַקְדְּשָׁא. אַהֲדַר לֵיהּ שִׁמְשָׁא בְּחַיָּיךְ משֶׁה רַעֲיָא מְהֵימְנָא, הֵיכֵי אֶהֱוֵי חָשׁוֹכָא דְּלָא שַׁבְקִין לִי וְלָא רָפוּ לִי דְּנָקְטִין לִי בְּשִׁיתִּין שׁוֹטֵי דְנוּרָא וְאָמְרִין לִי פּוֹק וּנְהַר נְהוֹרָיךְ. תּוּב פְּתַח משֶׁה וַאֲמַר וַי עַל זִיוָךְ מַקְדְּשָׁא הֵיכֵי חָשַׁךְ, וַי כִּי מְטָא זִמְנֵיהּ דִּיחָרֵב וְהֵיכְלָא מְכַלֵּי וְדַרְדְּקֵי דְבֵי רַב מִתְקַטְלִין וַאֲבוּהוֹן אָזְלִין בַּשִּׁבְיָה וְגָלוּתָא וּבְחַרְבָּא. תּוּב פְּתַח משֶׁה וַאֲמַר, שַׁבָּאֵי אִי בְּחַיֵּיכוֹן אַתּוּן קָטוֹלֵי, לָא תִקְטְלוּן קָטוֹלָא אַכְזְרָאָה וְלָא תְשַׁוּוֹן כַּלָּאָה גְמִירָא, וְלָא תִקְטְלוּן בְּרָא בְּאַנְפּוֹהִי דְּאַבָּא, וּבְרַתָּא בְאַנְפַּהּ דְּאִמָּא, דִּמְטָא זִימְנָא דְּמָרֵי שְׁמַיָא חוּשְׁבָּנָא חֲשִׁיב מִנְכוֹן. וְכַשְׂדָּאֵי רַשִּׁיעַיָא לָא עָבְדִין הָכֵי אֶלָּא מוֹתְבִין לֵיהּ לִבְרָא בְּכַנְפֵיהּ דְּאִמֵּיהּ וְאָמְרִין לֵיהּ לַאֲבוּהָ קוּם נַכְסֵיהּ, בַּכְיָא אִמֵּיהּ וְנָתְרִין דִּמְעָתָא עֲלוֹהִי וַאֲבוּהִי תְּלָה לֵיהּ רֵישֵׁיהּ. וְעוֹד אָמַר לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, כָּתַבְתָּ בְּתוֹרָתְךָ (ויקרא כב, כח): וְשׁוֹר אוֹ שֶׂה אֹתוֹ וְאֶת בְּנוֹ לֹא תִשְׁחֲטוּ בְּיוֹם אֶחָד, וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר הָרְגוּ בָּנִים וְאִמּוֹתֵיהֶם כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה וְאַתָּה שׁוֹתֵק. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה קָפְצָה רָחֵל אִמֵּנוּ לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְאָמְרָה רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, גָּלוּי לְפָנֶיךָ שֶׁיַּעֲקֹב עַבְדְּךָ אֲהָבַנִּי אַהֲבָה יְתֵרָה וְעָבַד בִּשְׁבִילִי לְאַבָּא שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים, וּכְשֶׁהִשְׁלִימוּ אוֹתָן שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים וְהִגִּיעַ זְמַן נִשֹּׂוּאַי לְבַעְלִי, יָעַץ אָבִי לְהַחְלִיפֵנִי לְבַעְלִי בִּשְׁבִיל אֲחוֹתִי, וְהֻקְשָׁה עָלַי הַדָּבָר עַד מְאֹד כִּי נוֹדְעָה לִי הָעֵצָה, וְהוֹדַעְתִּי לְבַעְלִי וּמָסַרְתִּי לוֹ סִימָן שֶׁיַּכִּיר בֵּינִי וּבֵין אֲחוֹתִי כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא יוּכַל אָבִי לְהַחֲלִיפֵנִי, וּלְאַחַר כֵּן נִחַמְתִּי בְּעַצְמִי וְסָבַלְתִּי אֶת תַּאֲוָתִי וְרִחַמְתִּי עַל אֲחוֹתִי שֶׁלֹא תֵצֵא לְחֶרְפָּה, וְלָעֶרֶב חִלְּפוּ אֲחוֹתִי לְבַעְלִי בִּשְׁבִילִי, וּמָסַרְתִּי לַאֲחוֹתִי כָּל הַסִּימָנִין שֶׁמָּסַרְתִּי לְבַעְלִי, כְּדֵי שֶׁיְהֵא סָבוּר שֶׁהִיא רָחֵל. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁנִּכְנַסְתִּי תַּחַת הַמִּטָּה שֶׁהָיָה שׁוֹכֵב עִם אֲחוֹתִי וְהָיָה מְדַבֵּר עִמָּהּ וְהִיא שׁוֹתֶקֶת וַאֲנִי מְשִׁיבַתּוּ עַל כָּל דָּבָר וְדָבָר, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא יַכִּיר לְקוֹל אֲחוֹתִי וְגָמַלְתִּי חֶסֶד עִמָּהּ, וְלֹא קִנֵּאתִי בָּהּ וְלֹא הוֹצֵאתִיהָ לְחֶרְפָּה. וּמָה אֲנִי שֶׁאֲנִי בָּשָׂר וָדָם עָפָר וָאֵפֶר לֹא קִנֵּאתִי לַצָּרָה שֶׁלִּי וְלֹא הוֹצֵאתִיהָ לְבוּשָׁה וּלְחֶרְפָּה, וְאַתָּה מֶלֶךְ חַי וְקַיָּם, רַחֲמָן, מִפְּנֵי מָה קִנֵאתָ לַעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ מַמָּשׁ, וְהִגְלֵיתָ בָּנַי וְנֶהֶרְגוּ בַּחֶרֶב וְעָשׂוּ אוֹיְבִים בָּם כִּרְצוֹנָם. מִיָּד נִתְגַּלְגְּלוּ רַחֲמָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְאָמַר, בִּשְׁבִילֵךְ רָחֵל אֲנִי מַחֲזִיר אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לִמְקוֹמָן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ירמיה לא, יד): כֹּה אָמַר יהוה קוֹל בְּרָמָה נִשְׁמָע נְהִי בְּכִי תַמְרוּרִים רָחֵל מְבַכָּה עַל בָּנֶיהָ מֵאֲנָה לְהִנָּחֵם עַל בָּנֶיהָ כִּי אֵינֶנּוּ. וּכְתִיב (ירמיה לא, יד): כֹּה אָמַר יהוה מִנְעִי קוֹלֵךְ מִבֶּכִי וְעֵינַיִךְ מִדִּמְעָה כִּי יֵשׁ שָׂכָר לִפְעֻלָּתֵךְ וגו', וּכְתִיב (ירמיה לא, יד): וְיֵשׁ תִּקְוָה לְאַחֲרִיתֵךְ נְאֻם יהוה וְשָׁבוּ בָנִים לִגְבוּלָם.
[Loose translation] R. Shmuel Bar Nachman said: When the Temple was destroyed, Abraham came to God, weeping and wailing and rending his clothes with ashes on his head. Even the ministering angels joined him in mourning. How, Abraham asked God, could You allow this to happen to my people?
Israel has transgressed my laws, God replied.
Says who? Abraham asked.
The Torah will testify against them, God said, and the Torah came forth. But Abraham convinced her not to testify, reminding her that when God brought her into the world, only the Israelites accepted her. [That's a reference to another midrash, in which God offers the Torah to every nation in the world but only the Israelites say "yes."]
Then God called the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet -- considered the building-blocks not only of Torah but of creation itself -- to testify. And Abraham convinced them too not to testify, reminding each of its place in the Torah and in our hearts. To the aleph he said: you're the first letter of the first commandment God spoke to us! To the bet he said: you're the first letter of the Torah! To the gimel he said: you're the first letter of the commandment to wear tzitzit, which only we uphold! And each letter was reminded, and chose not to testify against the house of Israel.
Abraham argued further with God: I was willing to sacrifice my beloved son for You. Won't You remember that, and have mercy?
Isaac added: I was willing to be sacrificed. Won't You remember that, and have mercy?
Jacob added, I spent my life tending to my children, the house of Israel, in service of Your plan. Won't You remember that, and have mercy?
Moses added, I was a faithful shepherd to the house of Israel for forty years. In the desert I ran before them like a horse, and You didn't even let me enter the land with them, and now You're allowing them to be exiled and killed? Won't You remember, and have mercy?
Moses and the prophet Jeremiah [author of Lamentations, which we read on Tisha b'Av] went to see the destruction with their own eyes. It was hard for them to walk because the roads were so filled with the bodies of the dead. And they saw people being killed left and right, death and suffering everywhere, fathers forced to kill sons in the presence of their mothers, and they returned weeping.
Moses cursed the sun, saying: Sun, why didn't you go dark when this happened? But the sun said, I tried, but I couldn't. Moses bemoaned the Temple's fall... Moses pointed out that even for animals the Torah states one shouldn't kill mother and child on the same day, and here many children and many parents were slaughtered in the same day.
At that moment, the matriarch Rachel leaped before God and said: "Master of the Universe, it is known before You that Yaakov, Your servant, loved me very greatly, and worked for my father for seven years in order to marry me. And when those seven years were complete and the time came for my wedding to my husband, my father decided to replace me with my sister for my husband. This was exceedingly hard for me, for it was known to me; I told my husband of it and gave him a sign by which he would be able to distinguish me from my sister, so that my father would not be able to exchange me. Thereafter I regretted it and stifled my desire, and I had mercy on my sister, that she would not be shamed. In the evening, they exchanged my sister for me, and I gave my sister all the signs that I had given to my husband in order that he would believe that she was Rachel. Not only that - I climbed under the bed upon which he lay with my sister; he spoke with her and she remained silent, I answered him each and every time so that he would not recognize my sister by her voice. I performed kindness for her, and was not jealous of her, and I did not allow her to be shamed. And if I, a mere mortal, dust and ashes, was not jealous of my rival and did not allow her to be shamed and humiliated - what of You, living, eternal, merciful King: why are You jealous of idolatry, which has no substance to it? You have exiled my children and they have been killed by the sword, and their enemies have done with them as they please!"
Immediately God's mercy was aroused, and He said: "For you, Rachel, I shall return Israel to their place."
This is as it is written, "So says God: A voice is heard in Rama, it is the sound of bitter weeping, Rachel is weeping over her children, she refuses to be comforted for her children for they are gone." And it is written, "So says God: Withhold your voice from weeping and your eyes from their tears, for there is a reward for your act...," and it is written, "There is hope for your end, promises God, and the children will return to their borders."
(א)איכה.
וישלחהו י"י אלהים מגן עדן (שם כג). וקוננתי עליו איכה, ויקרא י"י אלהים אל האדם ויאמר לו איכה (שם ט), איכה כת'.
וישלחהו י"י אלהים מגן עדן (שם כג). וקוננתי עליו איכה, ויקרא י"י אלהים אל האדם ויאמר לו איכה (שם ט), איכה כת'.
“Therefore YHWH banished Adam from the Garden of Eden” (Genesis 3:23). And uttered a lament over him, as indicated by the verse: “YHWH called unto Adam and said to him “Ayekah (where are you” (Genesis 3:9). The word here is spelled with the letter “hey” at the end, so that the word has the further significance of “Eicha, how can it be.” [it is like a howl, if one dare to speak thus of God, expressing the ache of God’s grief, as in Lamentations where God says] “Eicha, How can it be”
(א)איכה. יוֹדֵעַ הָיָה הֵיכָן הוּא אֶלָּא לִכָּנֵס עִמּוֹ בִּדְבָרִים, שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא נִבְהָל לְהָשִׁיב אִם יַעֲנִישֵׁהוּ פִּתְאוֹם (בראשית רבה), וְכֵן בְּקַיִן אָמַר לוֹ אֵי הֶבֶל אָחִיךָ (בראשית ד), וְכֵן בְּבִלְעָם מִי הָאֲנָשִׁים הָאֵלֶּה עִמָּךְ (במדבר כ"ב), לִכָּנֵס עִמָּהֶם בִּדְבָרִים, וְכֵן בְּחִזְקִיָּה בִּשְׁלוּחֵי מְרֹאדַךְ בַּלְאֲדָן:
(1) איכה WHERE ARE YOU — He knew where he was, but He asked this in order to open up a conversation with him that he should not become confused in his reply, if He were to pronounce punishment against him all of a sudden. Similarly in the case of Cain, He said to him, (4:9) “where is Abel thy brother?” Similarly with Balaam, (Numbers 22:9) “what men are these with thee?” — to open up a conversation with them; so, also, in the case of Hezekiah with reference to the messengers of Merodach-baladan (Isaiah 39:3).
God does not really want to be informed about something that is not known. Rather, God wishes to effect something in a person that can only be effected by such a question. The question is intended to penetrate the human heart, but can only do if the person allows the heart to be penetrated. . . . God's question penetrates this game of hide-and-seek. God's question means to stir us up, it means to destroy our hiding places, it means to show us where we went astray, it means to awaken in us a strong will to extricate ourselves.
––Martin Buber, The Way of Man
ואמר רב יהודה אמר רב אדם הראשון מין היה שנאמר (בראשית ג, ט) ויקרא יהוה אלהים אל האדם ויאמר לו איכה אן נטה לבך רבי יצחק אמר מושך בערלתו היה כתיב הכא (הושע ו, ז) והמה כאדם עברו ברית וכתיב התם (בראשית ט, ט) את בריתי הפר
And Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: Adam the first man was a heretic, as it is stated: “And the Lord called to the man and said to him: Where are you”? (Genesis 3:9), meaning, to where has your heart turned, indicating that Adam turned from the path of truth. Rabbi Yitzḥak says: He was one who drew his foreskin forward, so as to remove any indication that he was circumcised. It is written here: “And they like men [adam] have transgressed the covenant” (Hosea 6:7), and it is written there: “And the uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he has broken My covenant” (Genesis 17:14).
איכה, אמר כן לפתיחת הדברים כמו אי הבל אחיך (ד' ט') מזה בידך (שמות ד' ב'):
ויקרא..איכה, He called out “where are you?” G’d used these words as an opener for the conversation, not because He was unaware of their whereabouts. We find a repeat of this when G’d opened His conversation with Kayin (Genesis 4,9) or with Moses (Exodus 4,2).
במדרש (איכה רבתי פ"א) אמר רבי לוי שלשה אמרו בלשון איכה. משה. ישעיהו. ירמיהו. משל מה הדבד דוה למטרונה שהיו לה ג' שושנינין אחד ראה אותה בשלותה ואחד ראה אותה בפחזותה. ואחד ראה אותה בניוולה , כך משה ראה אותן בשלותן אמר איכה אשא לבדי טרחכם ומשאכם וריבכם. ישעיהו ראה אותן בפחזותן אמר איכה היתה לזונה וגו' (ישעי' א') ירמיהו ראה אותה בניוולה אמר איכה ישבה בדד (איכה א'):
Midrash Eychah Rabbati 1, relates in the name of Rabbi Levi: "Three people used the term eychah, Moses, Isaiah and Jeremiah." This could be understood by the following parable. A lady of substance had three intimate friends. One of the friends knew her when she was at the height of her beauty and wealth. The second friend knew her while she was committing all manner of excesses, over indulgence etc. The third friend knew her only when she had already fallen into disgrace. Thus, Moses saw Israel at peace, and at a high level spiritually. Yet he proclaimed "How can I alone carry the burden of your quarrels etc." (Deut 1,12) Isaiah, who knew Israel at a time when she committed all kinds of excesses, proclaimed "how has she become a harlot." (Isaiah 1,21) Jeremiah who knew Israel in disgrace proclaimed: "How lonesome and isolated has she become!" (Lamentations 1,1)