First Aliyyah | עֲלִיָּה רִאשׁוֹנָה
God teaches Mosheh about the holiday that is now called Yom Kippur (יוֹם כִּפּוּר), "The Day of Atonement." On this holy day, atoning—making up for having done something wrong—means holding back from certain luxuries in life. With this in mind, when the rabbis read God said to Mosheh, "Torture your souls," the rabbis figured we should not eat on Yom Kippur.
Because Yom Kippur today happens 8 days after Rosh Hashanah, we might think of Yom Kippur as taking place in the first month of the year, but God calls this the seventh month. When Beney Yisra'el were about to leave Egypt—in the month that is now when Passover is celebrated—God told Beney Yisra'el that the first month of their peoplehood would be the month when they were freed. Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur take place six months after Passover.
(כט) וְהָיְתָ֥ה לָכֶ֖ם לְחֻקַּ֣ת עוֹלָ֑ם בַּחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ֠שְּׁבִיעִ֠י בֶּֽעָשׂ֨וֹר לַחֹ֜דֶשׁ תְּעַנּ֣וּ אֶת־נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֗ם וְכׇל־מְלָאכָה֙ לֹ֣א תַעֲשׂ֔וּ הָֽאֶזְרָ֔ח וְהַגֵּ֖ר הַגָּ֥ר בְּתוֹכְכֶֽם׃ (ל) כִּֽי־בַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּ֛ה יְכַפֵּ֥ר עֲלֵיכֶ֖ם לְטַהֵ֣ר אֶתְכֶ֑ם מִכֹּל֙ חַטֹּ֣אתֵיכֶ֔ם לִפְנֵ֥י יהוה תִּטְהָֽרוּ׃ (לא) שַׁבַּ֨ת שַׁבָּת֥וֹן הִיא֙ לָכֶ֔ם וְעִנִּיתֶ֖ם אֶת־נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶ֑ם חֻקַּ֖ת עוֹלָֽם׃
(29)
This will be for you a law forever. In the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, torture your souls, and do no work; this goes for every citizen and every foreigner who lives among you!
(30) Yes! On this day,
there will be atonement for you, purifying you from all of your sins. You will be pure
in front of Adonai.
(31) It will be
a Shabbat of rest for you. Torture your souls. That is the law forever.
Second Aliyyah | עֲלִיָּה שְׁנִיָּה
God tells Mosheh to explain a few rules of how to be holy. Doing holy actions, like treating our loved ones kindly and celebrating Jewish holidays, helps remind us that we have a specific and holy God.
(ב) דַּבֵּ֞ר אֶל־כׇּל־עֲדַ֧ת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל וְאָמַרְתָּ֥ אֲלֵהֶ֖ם קְדֹשִׁ֣ים תִּהְי֑וּ כִּ֣י קָד֔וֹשׁ אֲנִ֖י יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃ (ג) אִ֣ישׁ אִמּ֤וֹ וְאָבִיו֙ תִּירָ֔אוּ וְאֶת־שַׁבְּתֹתַ֖י תִּשְׁמֹ֑רוּ אֲנִ֖י יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃ (ד) אַל־תִּפְנוּ֙ אֶל־הָ֣אֱלִילִ֔ם וֵֽאלֹהֵי֙ מַסֵּכָ֔ה לֹ֥א תַעֲשׂ֖וּ לָכֶ֑ם אֲנִ֖י יהוה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃
(2) Speak to the whole congregation of Beney Yisra'el. Say to them, "Be holy! Yes! I, Adonai, am your God. (3) Every person should honor their parents. Observe my Shabbatot. I am Adonai, your God.
(4)
Do not turn to false gods or make molten gods for yourselves. I am Adonai, your God."
Third Aliyyah | עֲלִיָּה שְׁלִישִׁית
God gives examples of actions we should not do: going around telling lies, refusing to help when somebody needs our help, holding back when you have concerns, blaming people unfairly, and more. Also, God provides an important general rule: Ve'ahavta lere'akha kamokha (וְאָֽהַבְתָּ֥ לְרֵעֲךָ֖ כָּמ֑וֹךָ, "Love your neighbor like you love yourself").
(טז) לֹא־תֵלֵ֤ךְ רָכִיל֙ בְּעַמֶּ֔יךָ לֹ֥א תַעֲמֹ֖ד עַל־דַּ֣ם רֵעֶ֑ךָ אֲנִ֖י יהוה׃ (יז) לֹֽא־תִשְׂנָ֥א אֶת־אָחִ֖יךָ בִּלְבָבֶ֑ךָ הוֹכֵ֤חַ תּוֹכִ֙יחַ֙ אֶת־עֲמִיתֶ֔ךָ וְלֹא־תִשָּׂ֥א עָלָ֖יו חֵֽטְא׃ (יח) לֹֽא־תִקֹּ֤ם וְלֹֽא־תִטֹּר֙ אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י עַמֶּ֔ךָ וְאָֽהַבְתָּ֥ לְרֵעֲךָ֖ כָּמ֑וֹךָ אֲנִ֖י יהוה׃
(16) Do not
walk among your people with falsehoods. Do not stand over the blood of your neighbor.
I am Adonai.
(17)
Do not hate your sibling in your heart. Give your peer feedback. Do not hold a sin over them.
(18) Do not avenge and do not hold grudges against the people of your nation. Love your neighbor like you love yourself. I am Adonai.