Can and Should One Have a "Green Burial?"

By the sweat of your brow shall you get bread to eat, until you return to the ground—For from it you were taken. For dust you are, and to dust you shall return.”

Both go to the same place; both came from dust and both return to dust.

And then Abraham buried his wife Sarah in the cave of the field of Machpelah, facing Mamre—now Hebron—in the land of Canaan.

[God] buried him in the valley in the land of Moab, near Beth-peor; and no one knows his burial place to this day.

Why was Moses privileged that the Holy One blessed be He tended to him? It is, rather, that when he descended to Egypt, and the time for Israel’s redemption had arrived, all of Israel was occupied with silver and gold. Moses was circulating in the city and exerting himself three days and three nights to find Joseph’s coffin, as they were not able to depart from Egypt without Joseph. Why? It is because he administered an oath to them before his death, as it is stated: “Joseph administered an oath to the children of Israel, saying…[and you shall carry up my bones from here]” (Genesis 50:25). After he was extremely exhausted, Segula encountered him, and saw that Moses was exhausted from the exertion. She said to him: ‘My lord, Moses, why are you tired?’ He said to her: ‘For three days and three nights I have circulated in the city to find Joseph’s coffin, but I have not found it.’ She said to him: ‘Come with me and I will show you where he is.’ She led him to the stream, she said to him: ‘In this place they crafted a coffin weighing five hundred talents, and the magicians and the astrologers cast it into the stream. Thus they said to Pharaoh: If it is your wish that this nation will never depart from here, Joseph’s bones, if they never find them, they will be unable to leave.’ Moses immediately stood on the bank of the stream and said: ‘Joseph, you know how you administered an oath to Israel: “God will remember you [and you shall bring up my bones with you]” (Genesis 50:25). Accord deference to the God of Israel and do not delay the redemption of Israel. You have good deeds to your credit; ask for mercy before your Creator and rise from the depths.’ Immediately, Joseph’s coffin began bubbling and rising from the depths like a piece of wood. He took it, placed it on his shoulder, and he would bear it, with all of Israel following him. Israel were bearing the gold and the silver that they took from Egypt, and Moses was bearing Joseph’s coffin. The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘Moses, you say that you performed a minor action; as you live, this kindness that you performed is great, and you did not pay attention to the silver and the gold. I, too, will perform this kindness for you, and I will tend to you.’

חסד ואמת MERCY AND TRUTH — The mercy shown to the dead is “mercy of truth” (true, disinterested kindness) since one cannot hope for any reward (Genesis Rabbah 96:5).

These are the customs observed by the Jewish people with regard to corpses and burial. We close the eyes of the deceased. If one's mouth hangs open, we tie the jaw closed. After washing the corpse, we stuff closed the orifices, anoint it with different fragrances, cut its hair, and dress it in shrouds of white linen which are not expensive. Our Sages followed the custom of using a cloak worth a zuz, so as not to embarrass a person who lacks resources. We cover the faces of the deceased so as not to embarrass the poor whose faces turned black because of hunger.

We dig burial caves in the earth and make hollows at the side of the caves. There we bury the corpse with its face upward; we then place the earth and the stones back in place above it. They may bury it in a wooden coffin.Those who accompany the corpse tell him: "Go in peace," as Genesis 15:15 states: "You will go to your ancestors in peace."Markings are made on the graves. A tombstone is placed on the grave. For the righteous, by contrast, a tombstone is not placed, because their words will cause them to be remembered; a person will not need to visit in the cemeteries.

Rabbi Yoḥanan raised an objection to Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish from a baraita: There was an incident in Bnei Brak involving one who sold some of his father’s property that he had inherited, and he died, and the members of his family came and contested the sale, saying: He was a minor at the time of his death, and therefore the sale was not valid. And they came and asked Rabbi Akiva: What is the halakha? Is it permitted to exhume the corpse in order to examine it and ascertain whether or not the heir was a minor at the time of his death? Rabbi Akiva said to them: It is not permitted for you to disgrace him for the sake of a monetary claim. And furthermore, signs indicating puberty are likely to change after death, and therefore nothing can be proved by exhuming the body.

The Gemara asks: But can it be that due to the honor of the living, they allow the deceased to remain unburied overnight? The Gemara answers: Yes, as when the Merciful One states: “His body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but you shall bury him that day” (Deuteronomy 21:23), it teaches that the prohibition applies only to cases similar to that of a person whose body is hung after his death, who suffers degradation when his corpse is left hanging overnight. But here, since the deceased does not suffer degradation when the funeral is delayed, as the delay is in order that the burial will be performed with greater dignity, there is no violation of the prohibition, and he may be left unburied overnight.

The Gemara suggests: Come and hear a proof from a baraita: If one left his deceased relative unburied overnight for the sake of his honor, for example, in order to assemble the people from the neighboring towns for the funeral, or to bring him professional lamenters, or to bring him a coffin or shrouds, he does not transgress the prohibition of “his body shall not remain all night,” as anyone who acts in such a manner does so only for the sake of honoring the dead. This indicates that the eulogy and other funeral rites are performed to honor the deceased. The Gemara rejects this argument: This is what the baraita is saying: Anyone who acts in such a manner for the sake of honoring the living does not transgress the prohibition, as there is no degradation of the dead.

They do not convey a corpse from a city wherein there is a cemetery to another city, unless it is from outside the Land into the Land [of Israel], Gloss: Or if they convey him to the place of his ancestral sepulchre. And if he left instructions to convey him from one place to [another] place, or [if] he left instructions to bury him at his home and not in the cemetery, he is obeyed. It is permitted to place lime upon him, in order to decompose the flesh rapidly, and [then] to convey him to the place [concerning] which he left instructions.