בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה' אֱלהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעולָם אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְותָיו וְצִוָּנוּ לַעֲסוק בְּדִבְרֵי תורָה:
Blessed are you YHVH, our omnipresent God who has sanctified us with God's mitzvah and has commanded us to occupy ourselves with words of Torah.
ת"ר מצות חנוכה נר איש וביתו והמהדרין נר לכל אחד ואחד והמהדרין מן המהדרין ב"ש אומרים יום ראשון מדליק שמנה מכאן ואילך פוחת והולך וב"ה אומרים יום ראשון מדליק אחת מכאן ואילך מוסיף והולך
The Sages taught in a baraita: The basic mitzva of Hanukkah is each day to have a light kindled by a person, the head of the household, for themself and their household.
And the mehadrin, (those who are super strict in the performance of mitzvot), kindle a light for each and every one in the household.
And the mehadrin min hamehadrin, who are even more meticulous, adjust the number of lights daily. Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel disagree as to the nature of that adjustment.
Beit Shammai says: On the first day one kindles eight lights and, from there on, gradually decreases the number of lights until, on the last day of Hanukkah, they kindle one light.
And Beit Hillel says: On the first day one kindles one light, and from there on, gradually increases the number of lights until, on the last day, they kindle eight lights.
אמר עולא פליגי בה תרי אמוראי במערבא ר' יוסי בר אבין ור' יוסי בר זבידא חד אמר טעמא דב"ש כנגד ימים הנכנסין וטעמא דב"ה כנגד ימים היוצאין וחד אמר טעמא דב"ש כנגד פרי החג וטעמא דבית הלל דמעלין בקדש ואין מורידין
Ulla said: There were two amora’im in the West, (Eretz Yisrael). who disagreed with regard to this dispute, Rabbi Yosei bar Avin and Rabbi Yosei bar Zevida.
One said that the reason for Beit Shammai’s opinion is that the number of lights corresponds to the incoming days, i.e., the future. On the first day, eight days remain in Hanukkah, one kindles eight lights, and on the second day seven days remain, one kindles seven, etc.
The reason for Beit Hillel’s opinion is that the number of lights corresponds to the outgoing days. Each day, the number of lights corresponds to the number of the days of Hanukkah that were already observed.
And one said that the reason for Beit Shammai’s opinion is that the number of lights corresponds to the bulls of the festival of Sukkot: Thirteen were sacrificed on the first day and each succeeding day one fewer was sacrificed (Numbers 29:12–31).
The reason for Beit Hillel’s opinion is that the number of lights is based on the principle:
One elevates to a higher level in matters of sanctity and one does not downgrade. Therefore, if the objective is to have the number of lights correspond to the number of days, there is no alternative to increasing their number with the passing of each day.
מַאי חֲנוּכָּה? דְּתָנוּ רַבָּנַן: בְּכ״ה בְּכִסְלֵיו יוֹמֵי דַחֲנוּכָּה תְּמָנְיָא אִינּוּן דְּלָא לְמִסְפַּד בְּהוֹן וּדְלָא לְהִתְעַנּוֹת בְּהוֹן. שֶׁכְּשֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ יְוָוֽנִים לַהֵיכָל טִמְּאוּ כׇּל הַשְּׁמָנִים שֶׁבַּהֵיכָל. וּכְשֶׁגָּבְרָה מַלְכוּת בֵּית חַשְׁמוֹנַאי וְנִצְּחוּם, בָּדְקוּ וְלֹא מָצְאוּ אֶלָּא פַּךְ אֶחָד שֶׁל שֶׁמֶן שֶׁהָיָה מוּנָּח בְּחוֹתָמוֹ שֶׁל כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, וְלֹא הָיָה בּוֹ אֶלָּא לְהַדְלִיק יוֹם אֶחָד. נַעֲשָׂה בּוֹ נֵס וְהִדְלִיקוּ מִמֶּנּוּ שְׁמוֹנָה יָמִים. לְשָׁנָה אַחֶרֶת קְבָעוּם וַעֲשָׂאוּם יָמִים טוֹבִים בְּהַלֵּל וְהוֹדָאָה.
The Gemara asks: What is Hanukkah, and why are lights kindled on Hanukkah? The Gemara answers: The Sages taught in Megillat Ta’anit: On the twenty-fifth of Kislev, the days of Hanukkah are eight. One may not eulogize on them and one may not fast on them. What is the reason? When the Greeks entered the Sanctuary they defiled all the oils that were in the Sanctuary by touching them. And when the Hasmonean monarchy overcame them and emerged victorious over them, they searched and found only one cruse of oil that was placed with the seal of the High Priest, undisturbed by the Greeks. And there was sufficient oil there to light the candelabrum for only one day. A miracle occurred and they lit the candelabrum from it eight days. The next year the Sages instituted those days and made them holidays with recitation of hallel and special thanksgiving in prayer and blessings.
בְבַיִת שֵׁנִי כְּשֶׁמַּלְכֵי יָוָן גָּזְרוּ גְּזֵרוֹת עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבִטְּלוּ דָּתָם וְלֹא הֵנִיחוּ אוֹתָם לַעֲסֹק בְּתוֹרָה וּבְמִצְוֹת. וּפָשְׁטוּ יָדָם בְּמָמוֹנָם וּבִבְנוֹתֵיהֶם וְנִכְנְסוּ לַהֵיכָל וּפָרְצוּ בּוֹ פְּרָצוֹת וְטִמְּאוּ הַטָּהֳרוֹת. וְצָר לָהֶם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל מְאֹד מִפְּנֵיהֶם וּלְחָצוּם לַחַץ גָּדוֹל עַד שֶׁרִחֵם עֲלֵיהֶם אֱלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵינוּ וְהוֹשִׁיעָם מִיָּדָם וְהִצִּילָם וְגָבְרוּ בְּנֵי חַשְׁמוֹנַאי הַכֹּהֲנִים הַגְּדוֹלִים וַהֲרָגוּם וְהוֹשִׁיעוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִיָּדָם וְהֶעֱמִידוּ מֶלֶךְ מִן הַכֹּהֲנִים וְחָזְרָה מַלְכוּת לְיִשְׂרָאֵל יֶתֶר עַל מָאתַיִם שָׁנָה עַד הַחֻרְבָּן הַשֵּׁנִי:
In [the era of] the Second Temple, the Greek kingdom issued decrees against the Jewish people, [attempting to] nullify their faith and refusing to allow them to observe the Torah and its commandments. They extended their hands against their property and their daughters; they entered the Sanctuary, wrought havoc within, and made the sacraments impure.
The Jews suffered great difficulties from them, for they oppressed them greatly until the God of our ancestors had mercy upon them, delivered them from their hand, and saved them. The sons of the Hasmoneans, the High Priests, overcame [them], slew them, and saved the Jews from their hand.
They appointed a king from the priests, and sovereignty returned to Israel for more than 200 years, until the destruction of the Second Temple.
The Jews suffered great difficulties from them, for they oppressed them greatly until the God of our ancestors had mercy upon them, delivered them from their hand, and saved them. The sons of the Hasmoneans, the High Priests, overcame [them], slew them, and saved the Jews from their hand.
They appointed a king from the priests, and sovereignty returned to Israel for more than 200 years, until the destruction of the Second Temple.
וּכְשֶׁגָּבְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַל אוֹיְבֵיהֶם וְאִבְּדוּם בְּכ"ה בְּחֹדֶשׁ כִּסְלֵו הָיָה וְנִכְנְסוּ לַהֵיכָל וְלֹא מָצְאוּ שֶׁמֶן טָהוֹר בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ אֶלָּא פַּךְ אֶחָד וְלֹא הָיָה בּוֹ לְהַדְלִיק אֶלָּא יוֹם אֶחָד בִּלְבַד וְהִדְלִיקוּ מִמֶּנּוּ נֵרוֹת הַמַּעֲרָכָה שְׁמוֹנָה יָמִים עַד שֶׁכָּתְשׁוּ זֵיתִים וְהוֹצִיאוּ שֶׁמֶן טָהוֹר:
When the Jews overcame their enemies and destroyed them, they entered the Sanctuary; this was on the twenty-fifth of Kislev. They could not find any pure oil in the Sanctuary, with the exception of a single cruse. It contained enough oil to burn for merely one day. They lit the arrangement of candles from it for eight days until they could crush olives and produce pure oil.
וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה הִתְקִינוּ חֲכָמִים שֶׁבְּאוֹתוֹ הַדּוֹר שֶׁיִּהְיוּ שְׁמוֹנַת הַיָּמִים הָאֵלּוּ שֶׁתְּחִלָּתָן כ"ה בְּכִסְלֵו יְמֵי שִׂמְחָה וְהַלֵּל וּמַדְלִיקִין בָּהֶן הַנֵּרוֹת בָּעֶרֶב עַל פִּתְחֵי הַבָּתִּים בְּכָל לַיְלָה וְלַיְלָה מִשְּׁמוֹנַת הַלֵּילוֹת לְהַרְאוֹת וּלְגַלּוֹת הַנֵּס. וְיָמִים אֵלּוּ הֵן הַנִּקְרָאִין חֲנֻכָּה וְהֵן אֲסוּרִין בְּהֶסְפֵּד וְתַעֲנִית כִּימֵי הַפּוּרִים. וְהַדְלָקַת הַנֵּרוֹת בָּהֶן מִצְוָה מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים כִּקְרִיאַת הַמְּגִלָּה:
Accordingly, the Sages of that generation ordained that these eight days, which begin from the twenty-fifth of Kislev, should be commemorated to be days of happiness and praise [of God]. Candles should be lit in the evening at the entrance to the houses on each and every one of these eight nights to publicize and reveal the miracle.
These days are called Chanukah. It is forbidden to eulogize and fast on them, as on the days of Purim. Lighting the candles on these days is a Rabbinic mitzvah, like the reading of the Megillah.
These days are called Chanukah. It is forbidden to eulogize and fast on them, as on the days of Purim. Lighting the candles on these days is a Rabbinic mitzvah, like the reading of the Megillah.
כָּל שֶׁחַיָּב בִּקְרִיאַת הַמְּגִלָּה חַיָּב בְּהַדְלָקַת נֵר חֲנֻכָּה וְהַמַּדְלִיק אוֹתָהּ בַּלַּיְלָה הָרִאשׁוֹן מְבָרֵךְ שָׁלֹשׁ בְּרָכוֹת וְאֵלּוּ הֵן. בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה' אֱלֹקֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ לְהַדְלִיק נֵר שֶׁל חֲנֻכָּה וְשֶׁעָשָׂה נִסִּים לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ וְכוּ'. וְשֶׁהֶחֱיָנוּ וְקִיְּמָנוּ וְכוּ'. וְכָל הָרוֹאֶה אוֹתָהּ וְלֹא בֵּרֵךְ מְבָרֵךְ שְׁתַּיִם. שֶׁעָשָׂה נִסִּים לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ וְשֶׁהֶחֱיָנוּ. וּבִשְׁאָר הַלֵּילוֹת הַמַּדְלִיק מְבָרֵךְ שְׁתַּיִם וְהָרוֹאֶה מְבָרֵךְ אַחַת שֶׁאֵין מְבָרְכִין שֶׁהֶחֱיָנוּ אֶלָּא בַּלַּיְלָה הָרִאשׁוֹן:
Whoever is obligated to read the Megillah is also obligated to kindle the Chanukah lamp. On the first night, a person lighting [the lamp] recites three blessings. They are:
Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us to light the Chanukah lamp.
"...who wrought miracles for our ancestors...."
"...who has granted us life, sustained us...."
When a person who did not recite a blessing [on his own Chanukah lamp] sees a lamp, he should recite the latter two blessings. On subsequent nights, a person who kindles the lamp should recite two blessings and one who sees a lamp should recite one, for the blessing Shehecheyanu is recited only on the first night.
Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us to light the Chanukah lamp.
"...who wrought miracles for our ancestors...."
"...who has granted us life, sustained us...."
When a person who did not recite a blessing [on his own Chanukah lamp] sees a lamp, he should recite the latter two blessings. On subsequent nights, a person who kindles the lamp should recite two blessings and one who sees a lamp should recite one, for the blessing Shehecheyanu is recited only on the first night.
בחנוכה: בִּימֵי מַתִּתְיָֽהוּ בֶּן יוֹחָנָן כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל חַשְׁמוֹנָאִי וּבָנָיו כְּשֶׁעָמְ֒דָה מַלְכוּת יָוָן הָרְ֒שָׁעָה עַל־עַמְּ֒ךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְהַשְׁכִּיחָם תּוֹרָתֶֽךָ וּלְהַעֲבִירָם מֵחֻקֵּי רְצוֹנֶֽךָ, וְאַתָּה בְּרַחֲמֶֽיךָ הָרַבִּים עָמַֽדְתָּ לָהֶם בְּעֵת צָרָתָם רַֽבְתָּ אֶת־רִיבָם דַּֽנְתָּ אֶת־דִּינָם נָקַֽמְתָּ אֶת־נִקְמָתָם מָסַֽרְתָּ גִבּוֹרִים בְּיַד חַלָּשִׁים וְרַבִּים בְּיַד מְעַטִּים וּטְמֵאִים בְּיַד טְהוֹרִים וּרְשָׁעִים בְּיַד צַדִּיקִים וְזֵדִים בְּיַד עוֹסְ֒קֵי תוֹרָתֶֽךָ וּלְךָ עָשִֽׂיתָ שֵׁם גָּדוֹל וְקָדוֹשׁ בְּעוֹלָמֶֽךָ וּלְעַמְּ֒ךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל עָשִֽׂיתָ תְּשׁוּעָה גְדוֹלָה וּפֻרְקָן כְּהַיּוֹם הַזֶּה וְאַחַר־כֵּן בָּֽאוּ בָנֶֽיךָ לִדְבִיר בֵּיתֶֽךָ וּפִנּוּ אֶת־הֵיכָלֶֽךָ וְטִהֲרוּ אֶת־מִקְדָּשֶֽׁךָ וְהִדְלִֽיקוּ נֵרוֹת בְּחַצְרוֹת קָדְשֶֽׁךָ וְקָבְ֒עוּ שְׁמוֹנַת יְמֵי חֲנֻכָּה אֵֽלּוּ לְהוֹדוֹת וּלְהַלֵּל לְשִׁמְךָ הַגָּדוֹל:
On Chanukah: In the days of Matisyahu, son of Yochanan the High Priest, the Hasmonean and his sons, when the evil Greek kingdom rose up against Your people Israel to make them forget Your Torah and to turn them away from the statutes of Your will— You, in Your abundant mercy, stood by them in their time of distress, You defended their cause, You judged their grievances, You avenged them. You delivered the mighty into the hands of the weak, many into the hands of the few, defiled people into the hands of the undefiled, the wicked into the hands of the righteous, and insolent [sinners] into the hands of diligent students of Your Torah. And You made Yourself a great and sanctified name in Your world. And for Your people, Israel, You performed a great deliverance and redemption unto this very day. Afterwards, Your sons entered the Holy of Holies of Your Abode, cleaned Your Temple, purified Your Sanctuary, and kindled lights in the Courtyards of Your Sanctuary, and designated these eight days of Chanukah to thank and praise Your great Name.
אָמַר רָבָא: פְּשִׁיטָא לִי, נֵר בֵּיתוֹ וְנֵר חֲנוּכָּה — נֵר בֵּיתוֹ עָדִיף, מִשּׁוּם שְׁלוֹם בֵּיתוֹ. נֵר בֵּיתוֹ וְקִידּוּשׁ הַיּוֹם — נֵר בֵּיתוֹ עָדִיף, מִשּׁוּם שְׁלוֹם בֵּיתוֹ. בָּעֵי רָבָא: נֵר חֲנוּכָּה וְקִידּוּשׁ הַיּוֹם מַהוּ? קִידּוּשׁ הַיּוֹם עֲדִיף — דִּתְדִיר, אוֹ דִילְמָא נֵר חֲנוּכָּה עֲדִיף — מִשּׁוּם פַּרְסוֹמֵי נִיסָּא? בָּתַר דְּבַעְיַהּ, הֲדַר פַּשְׁטַהּ: נֵר חֲנוּכָּה עֲדִיף, מִשּׁוּם פַּרְסוֹמֵי נִיסָּא.
Rava said: It is obvious to me that there is a fixed list of priorities. When a person is poor and must choose between purchasing oil to light a Shabbat lamp for his home or purchasing oil to light a Hanukkah lamp, the Shabbat lamp for his home takes precedence. That is due to peace in his home; without the light of that lamp, his family would be sitting and eating their meal in the dark. Similarly, if there is a conflict between acquiring oil to light a lamp for his home and wine for the sanctification [kiddush] of Shabbat day, the lamp for his home takes precedence due to peace in his home. However, Rava raised a dilemma: When the conflict is between oil for a Hanukkah lamp or wine for kiddush of Shabbat day, what is the ruling in that case? Does kiddush of Shabbat day take priority because it is frequent, i.e., it is performed every week, and there is a principle: When there is a conflict between a frequent practice and an infrequent practice, the frequent practice takes precedence? Or, perhaps the Hanukkah lamp takes precedence due to publicity of the miracle? After he raised the dilemma, he then resolved it on his own and he ruled that, in that case, the Hanukkah lamp takes precedence due to publicity of the miracle.
ת"ר לפי שראה אדם הראשון יום שמתמעט והולך אמר אוי לי שמא בשביל שסרחתי עולם חשוך בעדי וחוזר לתוהו ובוהו וזו היא מיתה שנקנסה עלי מן השמים עמד וישב ח' ימים בתענית [ובתפלה]
With regard to the dates of these festivals, the Sages taught: When Adam the first man saw that the day was progressively diminishing, as the days become shorter from the autumnal equinox until the winter solstice, he did not yet know that this is a normal phenomenon, and therefore he said: Woe is me; perhaps because I sinned the world is becoming dark around me and will ultimately return to the primordial state of chaos and disorder. And this is the death that was sentenced upon me from Heaven, as it is written: “And to dust shall you return” (Genesis 3:19). He arose and spent eight days in fasting and in prayer.
נהגו לאכול בחנוכה מאכלי חלב וגבינה, לזכר הנס שנעשה בהם, שהאכילה יהודית בת יוחנן כהן גדול את האויב במאכלי חלב, ולאחר שנרדם הרגתו, ונעשתה ישועה לישראל. ואף שמעשה זה היה לפני ימי החנוכה, מכל מקום מכח זיכרון מעשה גבורתה של יהודית התעצמו אח"כ החשמונאים והעזו למרוד ביוונים, ועל כן מעשה גבורתה שייך לנס החנוכה. ועוד נהגו לאכול בחנוכה מאכלים מטוגנים בשמן, כסופגניות ולביבות.
There is a custom to eat dairy on Ḥanuka, in commemoration of the miracle that occurred through such foods. Yehudit, the daughter of Yoḥanan the High Priest, fed the enemy general dairy foods and killed him after he fell asleep, bringing salvation to the Jews. Even though this story happened before the events of Ḥanuka, Yehudit’s act of courage emboldened the Hasmoneans later on, giving them the strength to rebel against the Greeks. Therefore, her bravery is connected to the miracle of Ḥanuka. There is also a custom to eat foods fried in oil, like sufganiyot (fried doughnuts) and latkes (potato pancakes).
אָמַר רַבָּה: נֵר חֲנוּכָּה מִצְוָה לְהַנִּיחָהּ בְּטֶפַח הַסָּמוּךְ לַפֶּתַח. וְהֵיכָא מַנַּח לֵיהּ? רַב אַחָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרָבָא אָמַר: מִיָּמִין רַב שְׁמוּאֵל מִדִּפְתִּי אָמַר: מִשְּׂמֹאל. וְהִילְכְתָא מִשְּׂמֹאל, כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּהֵא נֵר חֲנוּכָּה מִשְּׂמֹאל וּמְזוּזָה מִיָּמִין.
Rabba said: It is a mitzva to place the Hanukkah lamp within the handbreadth adjacent to the entrance. The Gemara asks: And where, on which side, does he place it? There is a difference of opinion: Rav Aḥa, son of Rava, said: On the right side of the entrance. Rav Shmuel from Difti said: On the left. And the halakha is to place it on the left so that the Hanukkah lamp will be on the left and the mezuza on the right. One who enters the house will be surrounded by mitzvot (ge’onim).
מִצְוַת נֵר חֲנֻכָּה, לְהַדְלִיק בַּפֶּתַח הַסָּמוּךְ לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, מִשּׁוּם פִּרְסוּמֵי נִסָּא, וְכָךְ הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין בִּזְמַן הַמִּשְׁנָה וְהַגְּמָרָא. וּבַזְּמַן הַזֶּה שֶׁאָנוּ דָרִים בֵּין הָאֻמּוֹת, מַדְלִיקִין בַּבַּיִת שֶׁהוּא דָר בּוֹ. וְאִם יֶשׁ לוֹ חַלּוֹן לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, יַדְלִיקֵם שָׁם. וְאִם לָאו, מַדְלִיקָן אֵצֶל הַפָּתַח. וּמִצְוָה שֶׁיַנִּיחֵם בַּטֶּפַח הַסָּמוּךְ לַפֶּתַח מִשְּׂמֹאל, שֶׁתְּהֵא מְזוּזָה מִיָמִין, וְנֵר חֲנֻכָּה מִשְּׂמֹאל, וְנִמְצָא שֶהוּא מְסֻבָּב בְּמִצְוֹת. וְיוֹתֵר טוֹב לְהַנִּיחָם בַּחֲלַל הַפָּתַח.
It is a mitzvah to light the menorah in the doorway that opens to the street, [public domain], in order to publicize the miracle; and it was done in this manner in the days of the Mishnah and the Talmud. Now, since we live among non-Jews, we light the menorah in the house, and if you have a window facing the street, you should light it there; if not, you should light it near the door. It is a mitzvah to place the menorah within a tefach of the left side of the door so that the mezuzah will be on the right and the Chanukah lights on the left, and in so doing you find yourself surrounded by mitzvos. It is preferable to place the menorah within the open space of the door.
מִצְוָה לְהַנִּיחָם לְמַעְלָה מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים מִן הַקַּרְקַע, וּלְמַטָּה מֵעֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים. וְאִם הִנִּיחָם לְמַעְלָה מֵעֲשָׂרָה, יָצָא. אֲבָל אִם הִנִּיחָם לְמַעְלָה מֵעֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה, לֹא יָצָא, מִשׁוּם דִּלְמַעְלָה מֵעֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה לָא שָׁלְטָא עֵינָא. וּמִי שֶׁהוּא דָר בַּעֲלִיָה, יָכוֹל לְהַנִּיחָם בַּחַלּוֹן, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא גָבוֹהַּ מֵעֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים. אֲבָל אִם הַחַלּוֹן לְמַעְלָה מֵעֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה מִקַּרְקַּע רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, דְּלָא שָׁלְטָא בְּהוּ עֵינָא מֵהַהוֹלְכִים בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, אֲזַי טוֹב יוֹתֵר לְהַנִּיחָם אֵצֶל הַפָּתַח.
The mitzvah requires that [the menorah] be placed higher than three tefachim above the floor and lower than ten tefachim. But if you placed it higher than ten tefachim you have fulfilled your obligation. However, if you placed it higher than twenty amos you have not fulfilled your obligation, because when it is placed higher than twenty amos it is out of the range of vision. If you live on an upper floor you may place [the menorah] in the window, even though it is higher than ten tefachim from the ground. But if the window is higher than twenty amos from the ground of the public domain, where it is out of visual range of the people walking in the street, then it is preferable to place the lights near the door.
הַנֵּרוֹת, יִהְיוּ בְּשׁוּרָה אַחַת בְּשָׁוֶה, לֹא אֶחָד גָּבוֹהַּ וְאֶחָד נָמוּךְ. וְיִהְיֶה הֶפְסֵק בֵּין נֵר לְנֵר, שֶׁלֹּא יִתְקָרֵב הַלַהַב שֶׁל זֶה לָזֶה וְיִהְיֶה כְּמוֹ מְדוּרָה. וּבְנֵרוֹת שֶׁל שַעֲוָה, יִהְיֶה הֶפְסֵק, שֶׁלֹּא יִתְחַמֵּם זֶה מִזֶּה וְתִטֹּף הַשַּׁעֲוָה וְיִתְקַלְקָלו. מִלֵּא קְעָרָה שֶׁמֶן וְהִקִּיפָּהּ פְּתִילוֹת, אִם כָּפָה עָלֶיהָ כְּלִי, כָּל פְּתִילָה עוֹלָה בִּשְׁבִיל נֵר אֶחָד. לֹא כָּפָה עָלֶיהָ כְּלִי, אֲפִלוּ לְנֵר אֶחָד, אֵינָהּ עוֹלָה, לְפִי שֶׁהִיא כִּמְדוּרָה. נֵר שֶׁיֶשׁ לוֹ שְׁנֵי פִּיוֹת אוֹ יוֹתֵר, לֹא יַדְלִיקוּ בוֹ שְנַיִם אֲפִלוּ בַּלַיְלָה הָרִאשׁוֹן, מִשּׁוּם דְּלֵיכָּא הֶכֵּר כַּמָּה נֵרוֹת מַדְלִיקִין.
The lights should be placed in an even row; one should not be higher than the other. Space should be left between the lights, so that the flames will not merge and look like a torch. Wax candles should be separated, so they will not become heated from each other and cause the wax to melt, and become spoiled. If you fill a dish with oil and put wicks around it, and you place a [perforated] cover on it, each wick counts as a separate light. If you did not place such a cover on it, it does not even count as one light, because it resembles a torch. A lamp that has two or more branches should not be kindled by two persons, even on the first night, because there is no way to tell how many candles were lit [for that night].
זְמַן הַדְלָקָתָן, מִיָד בְּצֵאת הַכּוֹכָבִים, וְלֹא יְאֻחָר. וְאָסוּר לַעֲשׂוֹת שׁוּם דָּבָר קֹדֶּם הַהַדְלָקָה, אֲפִלּוּ לִלְמֹד. רַק אִם לֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל מַעֲרִיב, יִתְפַּלֵּל תְּחִלָּה וְאַחַר כָּךְ יַדְלִיק. וְקֹדֶם שֶׁיַדְלִיק, יְקַבֵּץ כָּל בְּנֵי בֵיתוֹ לְפִרְסוּמֵי מִלְּתָא. וְצָרִיךְ לָתֵת שֶמֶן, שֶׁיִדְלְקוּ לְכָל הַפָּחוֹת חֲצִּי שָׁעָה. וּבְדִיעֲבַד אִם לֹא הִדְלִיק מִיָד, יָכוֹל לְהַדְלִיק בִּבְרָכָה כָּל זְמַן שֶׁבְּנֵי בֵיתוֹ נֵעוֹרִים. אֲבָל לְאַחַר שֶׁבְּנֵי בֵיתוֹ יְשֵׁנִים, תוּ לֵיכָּא פִּרְסוּמֵי נִסָּא, וְיַדְלִיק בְּלֹא בְרָכָה. אִם לֹא יִהְיֶה לוֹ פְּנַאי לְהַדְלִיק בַּלַּיְלָה, יָכוֹל לְהַקְדִּים אֶת עַצְמוֹ וּלְהַדְלִיק מִפְּלַג הַמִּנְחָה וּלְמַעְלָה, דְּהַיְנוּ שָׁעָה וּרְבִיעִית קֹדֶם צֵאת הַכּוֹכָבִים, וְהַיְנוּ שָׁעָה זְמַנִּית, לְפִי עֵרֶךְ הַיוֹם, (עַיֵן לְעֵיל סִימָן סט סָעִיף ב). וּבִימֵי חֲנֻכָּה שֶׁהַיָמִים קְצָרִים, אִם הַיּוֹם אָרֹךְ רַק עֶשֶׂר שָׁעוֹת עַל הָאוּהר (עַל הַשָּׁעוֹן), אֲזַי פְּלַג הַמִּנְחָה, הֲוֵי שָׁעָה אַחַת וּשְׁתֵּי מִינוּטִין (דַקוֹת) וָחֵצִי וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיִתֵּן שֶׁמֶן כְּדֵי שֶׁיִהְיוּ דּוֹלְקִים עַד חֲצִי שָׁעָה לְאַחַר צֵאת הַכּוֹכָבִים. וְאִם אֵינָם דּוֹלְקִים כָּךְ, לֹא קִיֵם הַמִּצְוָה.
The time to light [the menorah] is immediately after the stars appear, and you should not delay it. It is forbidden to do anything before lighting the menorah, even to study Torah. Except, if you have not prayed Maariv, you should first pray and then light the menorah. Before lighting the menorah, you should gather the entire family, in order to proclaim the event publicly. You should pour in enough oil to burn at least half an hour. If, inadvertently, you did not light them immediately, you may light them and say the berachos, as long as the members of your family are still awake. However, after the family is asleep it is no longer considered a public event, and you should light them without saying the berachos. If you will not have time to light the menorah at night, you may do it before that time and light the menorah from pelag haMinchah, which is one and one-fourth hour before the stars come out, (these are "time-variable" hours, measured according to the length of daylight, see chapter 69:2 above. And in the season of Chanukah, when the days are short, the day is only ten hours long (measured by the clock), then pelag haMinchah, is one hour and two and one-half minutes before the stars appear). [You may kindle the menorah then] provided you pour in enough oil to burn until one-half hour after the stars become visible. If the lights do not burn that long you have not fulfilled the mitzvah.
סֵדֶר הַדְלָקָתָן כְּפִי מִנְהָגֵנוּ, בַּלַיְלָה הָרִאשׁוֹן מַדְלִיק הַנֵּר שֶׁכְּנֶגֶד יְמִינוֹ, וּבַלַּיְלָה הַשֵּׁנִי מוֹסִיף עָלָיו נֵר כְּנֶגֶד שְׂמֹאלוֹ, וְכֵן בְּכָל לַיְלָה מוֹסִיף כְּנֶגֶד שְׂמֹאלוֹ, וְזֶה שֶׁהוּא מוֹסִיף, מַדְלִיק בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וּפוֹנֶה וְהוֹלֵךְ לִימִינוֹ.
According to our custom, the order of lighting the menorah is as follows: On the first night you kindle the light facing your right hand, on the second night you add one light to the left [of the previous night's light]; similarly, on each subsequent night you add one light to the left. The light that is added is always kindled first, and you continue lighting towards the right.
בְּלֵיל רִאשׁוֹן מְבָרֵךְ הַמַּדְלִיק קֹדֶם הַהַדְלָקָה שָׁלֹשׁ בְּרָכוֹת, לְהַדְלִיק, שֶׁעָשָׂה נִסִּים, שֶׁהֶחֱיָנוּ. וּבִשְׁאָר הַלֵּילוֹת, אֵינוֹ מְבָרֵךְ שֶׁהֶחֱיָנוּ. לְאַחַר שֶׁבֵּרַךְ הַבְּרָכוֹת, מַדְלִיק נֵר אֶחָד. וּבְעוֹד שֶׁמַּדְלִיק הָאֲחֵרִים, אוֹמֵר, הַנֵּרוֹת הַלָּלוּ וְכוּ'. גֵּר אוֹמֵר, שֶׁעָשָׂה נִסִּים לְיִשְֹרָאֵל. וְאִם אָמַר לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ, יָצָא. אוֹנֵן, רַחֲמָנָא לִצְּלָן, אִם יֵשׁ אַחֵר, יַדְלִיק הָאַחֵר בִּבְרָכוֹת וְהוּא יַעֲנֶה אָמֵן. וְאִי לֵיכָּא אַחֵר, יַדְלִיק הוּא בְּלֹא בְרָכוֹת.
On the first night, you recite three berachos before lighting the menorah: Lehadlik [To kindle the Chanukah light], She'asa nisim [Who has performed miracles], and Shehecheyanu. On the other nights you do not say Shehecheyanu. After you say the berachos you kindle one light, and while kindling the others, you says, Haneiros halalu [These lights] etc. A convert to Judaism should say, "Who has performed miracles for Yisrael," but if he said "la'avoseinu," [for our forefathers], he has fulfilled his obligation. An onein [a mourner before the burial], [should not light the menorah], but he should let someone else light the menorah, and say the berachos, and [the onein] should respond Amein. But if there is no one else, then he should light the menorah himself but without saying the berachos.
בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, מַדְלִיקִין תְּחִלָּה נֵר חֲנֻכָּה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ נֵר שַׁבָּת, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיְהֵא לְאַחַר פְּלַג הַמִּנְחָה. וּמִתְפַּלְּלִין תְּחִלָּה מִנְחָה. וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁיִתֵּן שֶׁמֶן כְּדֵי שֶיִדְלְקוּ עַד חֲצִי שָׁעָה לְאַחַר צֵאת הַכּוֹכָבִים. דְּאִם לֹא כֵן, הֲוֵּי לֵהּ בְּרָכָה לְבַטָּלָה. וְאִם מַדְלִיק אֵצֶל הַפֶּתַח, צָרִיךְ לִזָּהֵר לְהַפְסִיק בְּאֵיזֶה דָבָר בֵּינָם לְבֵין הַדֶּלֶת, שֶלֹּא יְכַבֵּם הָרוּחַ בִּפְתִיחַת וּנְעִילַת הַדֶּלֶת.
On erev Shabbos you should first kindle the Chanukah lights, then the Shabbos candles but it should be after pelag haMinchah. Before lighting them you should pray Minchah. You must put in enough oil to keep them burning until one-half hour after the stars come out, otherwise the berachos you say over them are in vain. If you light the menorah near the door, you must be careful to place something between it and the door, so that the wind will not blow it out when the door is opened and closed.
חָל רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ טֵבֵת בַּשַׁבָּת, מוֹצִיאִין שְׁלֹשָׁה סִפְרֵי תוֹרָה, בָּרִאשׁוֹן קוֹרִין שִׁשָׁה גַבְרֵי בְּפָרָשַׁת הַשָׁבוּעַ. בַּשֵּׁנִי, שְׁבִיעִי בְּשֶׁל רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ, וּמַתְחִילִין וּבְיוֹם הַשַׁבָּת (וְעַיֵּן לְעֵיל סִימָן עח סָעִיף א וְסִימָן עט סָעִיף א). וְאוֹמְרִים חֲצִי קַדִּישׁ. וּבַשְּׁלִישִׁי מַפְטִיר בְּשֶׁל חֲנֻכָּה יוֹמוֹ, וּמַפְטִירִין רָנִּי וְשִמְחִי. וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּתָדִיר קוֹדֵם, זֶהוּ בַּקְּרִיאָה, שֶׁקּוֹרִין שְׁנֵיהֶם. אֲבָל בְּהַפְטָרָה שֶׁאֵין מַפְטִירִין אֶלָּא אַחַת, דּוֹחִין שֶל רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ וְקוֹרִין שֶׁל חֲנֻכָּה, מִשּׁוּם פִּרְסוּמֵי נִסָּא.
If Rosh Chodesh Teiveis occurs on Shabbos, three sifrei Torah are taken out. In the first one, six men are called up for the reading of the parashah of the week. To the second seifer Torah, a seventh person is called for the reading of Rosh Chodesh, beginning from Uveyom haShabbos [And on the Sabbath day] (see Chapter 78:1 and Chapter 79:1 above). Then [half-kaddish] is said. In the third seifer Torah, Maftir is read, from the nasi of the current Chanukah day. For the Haftarah we read Roni vesimchi. Although the more frequent takes precedence, this rule applies only to Torah reading, where both [Rosh Chodesh and Chanukah] are read, but in the case of the Haftarah where only one is read, we put aside Rosh Chodesh and read the Haftarah of Chanukah, to publicize the miracle.