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(Makkot 11b)
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Kapara for involuntary homicide (Makkot 11b)

ערוך לנר מסכת מכות דף יא עמוד ב

בגמרא מיתת כהן הוא דמכפרה. עיין בתוס' (ד"ה מידי גלות) ובריטב"א. ואכתי לפי דבריהם לענ"ד לא מיושב מה דקאמר מידי גלות קא מכפרה, דממנ"פ אם גלות לא מועיל כלל לכפרה למה צריך לגלות, ולמה לא תכפר עליו מיתת כה"ג ג"כ כשיושב בעירו,וכמו שהעיר הריטב"א. ועוד, הרי בפי' אמרינן לעיל ליגלו כי היכי דליהוו להו כפרה וכקושית התוס'.

ואם הגלות מועיל ג"כ לכפרה רק שלא יגמר הכפרה אלא במיתת הכה"ג א"כ אכתי היאך יליף אביי ק"ו ומה מי שגלה כבר וכו' הרי מי שגלה כבר נצטרף כפרת גלות לכפרת כה"ג משא"כ מי שלא גלה עדיין:


והנלענ"ד בזה דשני מיני כפרות יש בזה, כפרת תליי' וכפרה בהחלט. והנה גם באשם תלוי כתיב וכפר עליו הכהן, וכפרה זו ודאי אינה כפרה גמורה דהא אם נודע לו שחטא אחר שהביא אשם תלוי צריך להביא חטאת כדאמרינן בכריתות, א"כ כפרה זו אינה רק כפרת תליי' מן היסורין עד שיודע לו ויביא החטאת שמכפר עליו לגמרי.

כמו כן צריך ברוצח בשוגג כפרת תליי' להגן עליו מן היסורין באשר שחטא חטא גדול כזה שהרג נפש, עד שימות הכה"ג ויתכפר כפרה גמורה. ולכן א"ש דקרי לגלות ג"כ כפרה ומכל מקום א"ש ג"כ ק"ו דאביי, שהרי גם באשם תלוי הדין כן דאם נודע לו שחטא קודם שהביא אשם תלוי אינו מביא רק חטאתו ולא צריך שוב עוד לכפרת אשם תלוי, כמו כן הכא כשבא הכפרה גמורה של מיתת הכהן קודם כפרת תליי' דגלות ל"צ עוד לכפרה זו:

Aruch la-Ner (Ya'akov Ettlinger, Germany, 1798-1871) [personal translation, use at your own risk]

In the Gemara it says, "It is the death of the Kohen Gadol that atones" [as opposed to exile in the City of Refuge]. See the Tosafot and the Ritva [below]....If exile doesn't help at all for atonement, then why require exile [at all]? And why wouldn't the death of the Kohen Gadol effect atonement when dwelling in one's own city, as the Ritva asks...?

If exile also helps effect atonement, but doesn't complete the process of atonement without the death of the Kohen Gadol, then how does the Kal v'homer of Abaye work....?

IMHO, there are two different kinds of atonement [kapara] at work here: suspended kapara and decisive kapara. We find the same for a "suspended-asham" sacrifice, as the verse (Vayikra 5:6) says, "the Kohen shall make kapara for him." This kapara may be definite, but it is not complete kapara. For if it is known to him that he will sin after having brought a suspended-ashem, then he will be required to bring a hattat [sin offering], as it says in Masechet Kritot. This case of kapara is specifically a suspended kapara, pending the experience of suffering, until it is known to him and he brings a hattat ofering that effects complete kapara.

Similarly, in the case of someone who committed negligent involuntary homicide, the atonement is suspended, to protect against the suffering that would other follow from having committed such a huge sin as killing a person, *until* the death of the Kohan Gadol, which effects complete kapara. Therefore, say that one who happens to go into exile, also experiences kapara. Say also the kal v'homer of Abaye, which is just like the suspended-ashem: the rule there too is if it is known to him [the kohen] that the sin was committed before the suspended-ashem could be brought -- then it isn't brought! Only his hattat offering is brought, and there's no further need for kapara from a suspended-asham. Similarly here: once complete kapara comes from the death of the Kohen Gadol, even before the suspended kapara of exile, there is no need for further kapara.

וְהֵבִ֣יא אֶת־אֲשָׁמ֣וֹ לַיהוָ֡ה עַ֣ל חַטָּאתוֹ֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר חָטָ֜א נְקֵבָ֨ה מִן־הַצֹּ֥אן כִּשְׂבָּ֛ה אֽוֹ־שְׂעִירַ֥ת עִזִּ֖ים לְחַטָּ֑את וְכִפֶּ֥ר עָלָ֛יו הַכֹּהֵ֖ן מֵחַטָּאתֽוֹ׃
And one shall bring as a penalty to יהוה, for the sin of which one is guilty, a female from the flock, sheep or goat, as a sin offering; and the priest shall make expiation for the sin, on that person’s behalf.

As the Gemara in Yoma and Rambam in Hilchot Teshuva state, for severe enough sins, even completely Teshuvah, plus the day of Yom Kippur, plus suffering, are still only sufficient for a suspended kapara. Complete kapara, in that category of sin, arrives only with the death of the sinner.

But in the not-quite-so-severe case of the Shogeg / Rotzeach (the one who committed involuntary but negligent homicide), either one's own death *or* the death of the Kohan Gadol transforms the suspended-kapara (which includes exile, if that has already begun) into complete kapara. The role of the Kohen Gadol is analogous to the Vidui on Yom Kippur itself, when the Kohen Gadol is able to effect kapara for first himself and his family, then for all the Kohanim, and finally for all of the community of Israel.

Abaye's kol va-homer can be read as emphasizing that only death is sufficient for kapara -- if even one who has endured the suffering of exile is still only in a state of suspended-kapara, then *surely* we would acknowledge that one who hasn't even begun their exile is also only in a state of suspended-kapara.

מַתְנִי׳ מִשֶּׁנִּגְמַר דִּינוֹ מֵת כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל – הֲרֵי זֶה אֵינוֹ גּוֹלֶה. אִם עַד שֶׁלֹּא נִגְמַר דִּינוֹ מֵת כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל וּמִינּוּ אַחֵר תַּחְתָּיו וּלְאַחַר מִכֵּן נִגְמַר דִּינוֹ – חוֹזֵר בְּמִיתָתוֹ שֶׁל שֵׁנִי. נִגְמַר דִּינוֹ בְּלֹא כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, וְהַהוֹרֵג כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, וְכֹהֵן גָּדוֹל שֶׁהָרַג – אֵינוֹ יוֹצֵא מִשָּׁם לְעוֹלָם.
MISHNA: If, after the unintentional murderer’s verdict was decided and he was sentenced to exile, the High Priest died, he is not exiled, as the death of the High Priest exempts him from exile. If it was before his verdict was decided that the High Priest died and they appointed another in his place, and thereafter his verdict was decided, he returns from exile with the death of the second High Priest. If the verdict of a murderer was decided at a time when there was no High Priest, and likewise in the cases of one who unintentionally killed a High Priest and in the case of a High Priest who killed unintentionally, the unintentional murderer never leaves the city of refuge.
גְּמָ׳ מַאי טַעְמָא? אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: קַל וָחוֹמֶר, וּמָה מִי שֶׁגָּלָה כְּבָר – יָצָא עַכְשָׁיו, מִי שֶׁלֹּא גָּלָה – אֵינוֹ דִּין שֶׁלֹּא יִגְלֶה? וְדִלְמָא: הַאי דִּגְלָה אִיכַּפַּר לֵיהּ, הַאי דְּלָא גְּלָה לָא! מִידֵּי גָּלוּת קָא מְכַפְּרָא? מִיתַת כֹּהֵן הוּא דִּמְכַפְּרָא! אִם עַד שֶׁלֹּא נִגְמַר דִּינוֹ וְכוּ׳. מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי? אָמַר רַב כָּהֲנָא: דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״וְיָשַׁב בָּהּ עַד מוֹת הַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדֹל אֲשֶׁר מָשַׁח אֹתוֹ בְּשֶׁמֶן הַקֹּדֶשׁ״, וְכִי הוּא מוֹשְׁחוֹ? אֶלָּא: זֶה שֶׁנִּמְשַׁח בְּיָמָיו. מַאי הֲוָה לֵיהּ לְמֶעְבַּד? הָיָה לוֹ לְבַקֵּשׁ רַחֲמִים שֶׁיִּגְמוֹר דִּינוֹ לִזְכוּת, וְלֹא בִּיקֵּשׁ.
GEMARA: The mishna teaches: If after the unintentional murderer’s verdict was decided and he was sentenced to exile, the High Priest died, the unintentional murderer is not exiled. The Gemara asks: What is the reason for this? Abaye says: It is derived through an a fortiori inference: If one who was already exiled now emerges with the death of this High Priest, with regard to one who was not yet exiled, is it not right that he should not be exiled? The Gemara rejects this reasoning: And perhaps with regard to this one, who was already exiled, his sin was atoned for by his exile, and therefore the death of the High Priest facilitates his return, but that one, who was not yet exiled, no, his sin was not atoned for and the death of the High Priest should not prevent his exile. The Gemara rebuts: Is it his exile that atones for his sin? It is the death of the High Priest that atones for his sin, and the High Priest died. The mishna teaches: If it was before his verdict was decided that the High Priest died and they appointed another in his place, and thereafter his verdict was decided, he returns with the death of the second High Priest. The Gemara asks: From where are these matters derived? Rav Kahana said that they are derived from a verse, as the verse states: “And he shall dwell there until the death of the High Priest, whom he anointed with the sacred oil” (Numbers 35:25). Now is it the unintentional murderer who anoints the High Priest? Rather, the reference is to that High Priest who was anointed during his days, after he committed the unintentional murder. The Gemara asks: Why is his return home dependent on the death of the second High Priest? Earlier (11a), the Gemara explained that the High Priest bears a share of the responsibility for unintentional murderers, as he should have pleaded for mercy for his generation and he did not do so. In this case, as the High Priest in question was appointed only after the murder transpired, what could he have done to prevent the unintentional murder? The Gemara answers: He should have pleaded for mercy that the verdict of the unintentional murderer would be decided by the court favorably, so that he would not be sentenced to exile, and he did not plead.
מַתְנִי׳ חַטָּאת וְאָשָׁם וַדַּאי — מְכַפְּרִין. מִיתָה וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים — מְכַפְּרִין עִם הַתְּשׁוּבָה. תְּשׁוּבָה — מְכַפֶּרֶת עַל עֲבֵירוֹת קַלּוֹת: עַל עֲשֵׂה, וְעַל לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה. וְעַל הַחֲמוּרוֹת הוּא תּוֹלֶה, עַד שֶׁיָּבֹא יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים וִיכַפֵּר. הָאוֹמֵר: אֶחֱטָא וְאָשׁוּב, אֶחֱטָא וְאָשׁוּב — אֵין מַסְפִּיקִין בְּיָדוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת תְּשׁוּבָה. אֶחֱטָא וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר — אֵין יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר. עֲבֵירוֹת שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַמָּקוֹם — יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר, עֲבֵירוֹת שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לַחֲבֵירוֹ — אֵין יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר, עַד שֶׁיְּרַצֶּה אֶת חֲבֵירוֹ.

MISHNA: A sin-offering, which atones for unwitting performance of transgressions punishable by karet, and a definite guilt-offering, which is brought for robbery and misuse of consecrated items, atone for those sins. Death and Yom Kippur atone for sins when accompanied by repentance. Repentance itself atones for minor transgressions, for both positive mitzvot and negative mitzvot. And repentance places punishment for severe transgressions in abeyance until Yom Kippur comes and completely atones for the transgression.

גְּמָ׳ אָשָׁם וַדַּאי — אִין, אָשָׁם תָּלוּי — לָא. וְהָא כַּפָּרָה כְּתִיבָא בֵּיהּ? הָנָךְ מְכַפְּרִי כַּפָּרָה גְּמוּרָה, אָשָׁם תָּלוּי אֵינוֹ מְכַפֵּר כַּפָּרָה גְּמוּרָה.
GEMARA: The mishna says that a definite guilt-offering atones for sins. The Gemara analyzes this: With regard to a definite guilt-offering, yes, it does atone for sins. This implies that an uncertain guilt-offering does not. The Gemara asks: But isn’t atonement written with regard to it? Why, then, doesn’t it atone? The Gemara answers: Those, the sin-offerings and definite guilt-offerings, facilitate complete atonement, but an uncertain guilt-offering does not facilitate complete atonement. Instead, this offering provides temporary atonement for an individual, to protect him from punishment until he becomes aware of his sin and brings the appropriate offering.
שָׁאַל רַבִּי מַתְיָא בֶּן חָרָשׁ אֶת רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה בְּרוֹמִי: שָׁמַעְתָּ אַרְבָּעָה חִלּוּקֵי כַפָּרָה שֶׁהָיָה רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל דּוֹרֵשׁ? אָמַר: שְׁלֹשָׁה הֵן, וּתְשׁוּבָה עִם כׇּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד. עָבַר עַל עֲשֵׂה וְשָׁב — אֵינוֹ זָז מִשָּׁם עַד שֶׁמּוֹחֲלִין לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״שׁוּבוּ בָּנִים שׁוֹבָבִים״. עָבַר עַל לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה וְעָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה — תְּשׁוּבָה תּוֹלָה, וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כִּי בַיּוֹם הַזֶּה יְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיכֶם מִכֹּל חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם״. עָבַר עַל כָּרֵיתוֹת וּמִיתוֹת בֵּית דִּין וְעָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה — תְּשׁוּבָה וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים תּוֹלִין, וְיִסּוּרִין מְמָרְקִין. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וּפָקַדְתִּי בְשֵׁבֶט פִּשְׁעָם וּבִנְגָעִים עֲוֹנָם״. אֲבָל מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ חִילּוּל הַשֵּׁם בְּיָדוֹ — אֵין לוֹ כֹּחַ בִּתְשׁוּבָה לִתְלוֹת וְלֹא בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים לְכַפֵּר וְלֹא בְּיִסּוּרִין לְמָרֵק, אֶלָּא כּוּלָּן תּוֹלִין, וּמִיתָה מְמָרֶקֶת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְנִגְלָה בְאׇזְנָי ה׳ צְבָאוֹת אִם יְכוּפַּר הֶעָוֹן הַזֶּה לָכֶם עַד תְּמוּתוּן״.
Furthermore, with regard to the topic of repentance, Rabbi Matya ben Ḥarash asked Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya when Rabbi Elazar was in Rome: Have you heard the teaching that there are four distinctions in the process of atonement that Rabbi Yishmael would derive? He said to him: They are not four but three distinctions, and repentance is necessary with each one. These are the categories: If one violates a positive mitzva and repents, he is forgiven even before he moves from his place, i.e. immediately, as it is stated: “Return, you backsliding children, I will heal your backsliding” (Jeremiah 3:22), implying that when one repents he is immediately forgiven. If one violates a prohibition and repents, repentance suspends his punishment and Yom Kippur atones for his sin, as it is stated: “For on this day shall atonement be made for you, to purify you from all your sins” (Leviticus 16:30). If one commits a transgression that warrants karet or a sin punishable by death from the earthly court and then repents, repentance and Yom Kippur suspend his punishment, and suffering absolves and completes the atonement, as it is stated: “Then will I visit their transgression with the rod, and their iniquity with strokes” (Psalms 89:33). But in the case of one who has caused desecration of God’s name, his repentance has no power to suspend punishment, nor does Yom Kippur have power to atone for his sin, nor does suffering alone have power to absolve him. Rather, all these suspend punishment, and death absolves him, as it is stated: “And the Lord of Hosts revealed Himself to my ears: This iniquity shall not be atoned for until you die” (Isaiah 22:14).
אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַתְּשׁוּבָה מְכַפֶּרֶת עַל הַכּל וְעַצְמוֹ שֶׁל יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר. יֵשׁ עֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁהֵן מִתְכַּפְּרִים לִשְׁעָתָן וְיֵשׁ עֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁאֵין מִתְכַּפְּרִים אֶלָּא לְאַחַר זְמַן. כֵּיצַד. עָבַר אָדָם עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ כָּרֵת וְעָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה אֵינוֹ זָז מִשָּׁם עַד שֶׁמּוֹחֲלִין לוֹ, וּבְאֵלּוּ נֶאֱמַר (ירמיה ג כב) "שׁוּבוּ בָּנִים שׁוֹבָבִים אֶרְפָּה מְשׁוּבֹתֵיכֶם" וְגוֹ'. עָבַר עַל מִצְוַת לֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ כָּרֵת וְלֹא מִיתַת בֵּית דִּין וְעָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה, תְּשׁוּבָה תּוֹלָה וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מְכַפֵּר, וּבְאֵלּוּ נֶאֱמַר (ויקרא טז ל) "כִּי בַיּוֹם הַזֶּה יְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיכֶם". עָבַר עַל כְּרֵתוֹת וּמִיתוֹת בֵּית דִּין וְעָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה, תְּשׁוּבָה וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים תּוֹלִין וְיִסּוּרִין הַבָּאִין עָלָיו גּוֹמְרִין לוֹ הַכַּפָּרָה. וּלְעוֹלָם אֵין מִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ כַּפָּרָה גְּמוּרָה עַד שֶׁיָּבוֹאוּ עָלָיו יִסּוּרִין, וּבְאֵלּוּ נֶאֱמַר (תהילים פט לג) "וּפָקַדְתִּי בְשֵׁבֶט פִּשְׁעָם וּבִנְגָעִים עֲוֹנָם". בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּשֶׁלֹּא חִלֵּל אֶת הַשֵּׁם בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעָבַר אֲבָל הַמְחַלֵּל אֶת הַשֵּׁם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁעָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה וְהִגִּיעַ יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים וְהוּא עוֹמֵד בִּתְשׁוּבָתוֹ וּבָאוּ עָלָיו יִסּוּרִין אֵינוֹ מִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ כַּפָּרָה גְּמוּרָה עַד שֶׁיָּמוּת. אֶלָּא תְּשׁוּבָה יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים וְיִסּוּרִין שְׁלָשְׁתָּן תּוֹלִין וּמִיתָה מְכַפֶּרֶת שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה כב יד) "וְנִגְלָה בְאָזְנָי ה' צְבָאוֹת" וְגוֹ' (ישעיה כב יד) "אִם יְכֻפַּר הֶעָוֹן הַזֶּה לָכֶם עַד תְּמֻתוּן":
Even though Teshuvah atones for all [sins] and the essence of Yom Kippur brings atonement, [there are different levels of sin and hence, differences in the degree of atonement.] There are sins that can be atoned for immediately and other sins which can only be atoned for over the course of time. What is implied?
If a person violates a positive command which is not punishable by karet and repents, he will not leave that place before he is forgiven. Concerning these sins, [Jeremiah 3:22] states: "Return, faithless children! I will heal your rebellious acts."
If a person violates a prohibition that is not punishable by karet or execution by the court and repents, Teshuvah has a tentative effect and Yom Kippur brings atonement as [Leviticus, loc. cit. states "This day will atone for you."
If a person violates [sins punishable by] karet or execution by the court and repents, Teshuvah and Yom Kippur have a tentative effect and the sufferings which come upon him complete the atonement. He will never achieve complete atonement until he endures suffering for concerning these [sins, Psalms 89:33] states: "I will punish their transgression with a rod."
When does the above apply: When the desecration of God's name is not involved in the transgression. However, a person who desecrated God's name, even though he repented, Yom Kippur arrived while he continued his repentance, and he experienced suffering, will not be granted complete atonement until he dies. The three: repentance, Yom Kippur, and suffering have a tentative effect and death atones as [Isaiah 22:14] states: "It was revealed in my ears [by] the Lord of Hosts, surely this iniquity will not be atoned for until you die."
וְכׇל־אָדָ֞ם לֹא־יִהְיֶ֣ה ׀ בְּאֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֗ד בְּבֹא֛וֹ לְכַפֵּ֥ר בַּקֹּ֖דֶשׁ עַד־צֵאת֑וֹ וְכִפֶּ֤ר בַּעֲדוֹ֙ וּבְעַ֣ד בֵּית֔וֹ וּבְעַ֖ד כׇּל־קְהַ֥ל יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
When he goes in to make expiation in the Shrine, nobody else shall be in the Tent of Meeting until he comes out. When he has made expiation for himself and his household, and for the whole congregation of Israel,
מידי גלות קא מכפרא. תימה אין ה"נ מדאמר בריש מכילתין (דף ב:) הם שלא עשו מעשה לגלו כי היכי דתהוי להו כפרה אלמא גלות מכפרת וי"ל דהכא כפרה לפטרו מגלות קאמר דהא בעי למילף דמי שלא גלה עדיין דמיתת כ"ג תועיל לפטרו מגלות מק"ו הלכך שפיר משני מידי גלות מכפרת מיתת כ"ג מכפרת פירוש מיפטרא מגלות שהרי אפילו לא גלה אלא יום אחד ומת הכ"ג הוא חוזר ואילו לא מת הכהן אפילו שהה שם זמן מרובה אינו יוצא על כרחך כפרה זו במיתת כהן תלויה כדפירשתי כן נראה למשי"ח:
מידי גלות קא מכפר. פי׳ לאו דגלות לא מכפרה כלל דודאי בכל מקום גלות מכפרת ולא לחנם אמרה תורה שיגלה לכאן אלא לומר דגלות לא מכפרה ליה להחזירו לפוטרו מגואל הדם ומית׳ כ"ג הוא דעבדא כפרה לחודא: