Save "4 The Mussar Balance:  Obtaining the Middle Path "
4 The Mussar Balance: Obtaining the Middle Path
Rambam Hilkhot Deot 1:
(א) דֵעוֹת הַרְבֵּה יֵשׁ לְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מִבְּנֵי אָדָם וְזוֹ מְשֻׁנָּה מִזּוֹ וּרְחוֹקָה מִמֶּנָּהּ בְּיוֹתֵר. יֵשׁ אָדָם שֶׁהוּא בַּעַל חֵמָה כּוֹעֵס תָּמִיד. וְיֵשׁ אָדָם שֶׁדַּעְתּוֹ מְיֻשֶּׁבֶת עָלָיו וְאֵינוֹ כּוֹעֵס כְּלָל וְאִם יִכְעַס יִכְעַס כַּעַס מְעַט בְּכַמָּה שָׁנִים. וְיֵשׁ אָדָם שֶׁהוּא גְּבַהּ לֵב בְּיוֹתֵר. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא שְׁפַל רוּחַ בְּיוֹתֵר. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא בַּעַל תַּאֲוָה לֹא תִּשְׂבַּע נַפְשׁוֹ מֵהָלֹךְ בְּתַאֲוָה. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא בַּעַל לֵב טָהוֹר מְאֹד וְלֹא יִתְאַוֶּה אֲפִלּוּ לִדְבָרִים מְעַטִּים שֶׁהַגּוּף צָרִיךְ לָהֶן. וְיֵשׁ בַּעַל נֶפֶשׁ רְחָבָה שֶׁלֹּא תִּשְׂבַּע נַפְשׁוֹ מִכָּל מָמוֹן הָעוֹלָם, כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (קהלת ה ט) "אוֹהֵב כֶּסֶף לֹא יִשְׂבַּע כֶּסֶף". וְיֵשׁ מְקַצֵּר נַפְשׁוֹ שֶׁדַּיּוֹ אֲפִלּוּ דָּבָר מְעַט שֶׁלֹּא יַסְפִּיק לוֹ וְלֹא יִרְדֹּף לְהַשִּׂיג כָּל צָרְכּוֹ. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא מְסַגֵּף עַצְמוֹ בְּרָעָב וְקוֹבֵץ עַל יָדוֹ וְאֵינוֹ אוֹכֵל פְּרוּטָה מִשֶּׁלּוֹ אֶלָּא בְּצַעַר גָּדוֹל. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא מְאַבֵּד כָּל מָמוֹנוֹ בְּיָדוֹ לְדַעְתּוֹ. וְעַל דְּרָכִים אֵלּוּ שְׁאָר כָּל הַדֵּעוֹת כְּגוֹן מְהוֹלֵל וְאוֹנֵן וְכִילַי וְשׁוֹעַ וְאַכְזָרִי וְרַחֲמָן וְרַךְ לֵבָב וְאַמִּיץ לֵב וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן:
(ב) וְיֵשׁ בֵּין כָּל דֵּעָה וְדֵעָה הָרְחוֹקָה מִמֶּנָּה בַּקָּצֶה הָאַחֵר דֵּעוֹת בֵּינוֹנִיּוֹת זוֹ רְחוֹקָה מִזּוֹ. וְכָל הַדֵּעוֹת יֵשׁ מֵהֶן דֵּעוֹת שֶׁהֵן לָאָדָם מִתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ לְפִי טֶבַע גּוּפוֹ. וְיֵשׁ מֵהֶן דֵּעוֹת שֶׁטִּבְעוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם זֶה מְכֻוָּן וְעָתִיד לְקַבֵּל אוֹתָם בִּמְהֵרָה יוֹתֵר מִשְּׁאָר הַדֵּעוֹת. וְיֵשׁ מֵהֶן שֶׁאֵינָן לָאָדָם מִתְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ אֶלָּא לָמַד אוֹתָם מֵאֲחֵרִים אוֹ שֶׁנִּפְנָה לָהֶן מֵעַצְמוֹ לְפִי מַחֲשָׁבָה שֶׁעָלְתָה בְּלִבּוֹ. אוֹ שֶׁשָּׁמַע שֶׁזּוֹ הַדֵּעָה טוֹבָה לוֹ וּבָהּ רָאוּי לֵילֵךְ וְהִנְהִיג עַצְמוֹ בָּהּ עַד שֶׁנִּקְבְּעָה בְּלִבּוֹ:
(ג) שְׁתֵּי קְצָווֹת הָרְחוֹקוֹת זוֹ מִזּוֹ שֶׁבְּכָל דֵּעָה וְדֵעָה אֵינָן דֶּרֶךְ טוֹבָה וְאֵין רָאוּי לוֹ לָאָדָם לָלֶכֶת בָּהֶן וְלֹא לְלַמְּדָן לְעַצְמוֹ. וְאִם מָצָא טִבְעוֹ נוֹטֶה לְאַחַת מֵהֶן אוֹ מוּכָן לְאַחַת מֵהֶן אוֹ שֶׁכְּבָר לָמֵד אַחַת מֵהֶן וְנָהַג בָּהּ יַחֲזִיר עַצְמוֹ לַמּוּטָב וְיֵלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ הַטּוֹבִים וְהִיא הַדֶּרֶךְ הַיְשָׁרָה:
(ד) הַדֶּרֶךְ הַיְשָׁרָה הִיא מִדָּה בֵּינוֹנִית שֶׁבְּכָל דֵּעָה וְדֵעָה מִכָּל הַדֵּעוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ לָאָדָם. וְהִיא הַדֵּעָה שֶׁהִיא רְחוֹקָה מִשְּׁתֵּי הַקְּצָווֹת רִחוּק שָׁוֶה וְאֵינָהּ קְרוֹבָה לֹא לָזוֹ וְלֹא לָזוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ צִוּוּ חֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים שֶׁיְּהֵא אָדָם שָׁם דֵּעוֹתָיו תָּמִיד וּמְשַׁעֵר אוֹתָם וּמְכַוִּן אוֹתָם בַּדֶּרֶךְ הָאֶמְצָעִית כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא שָׁלֵם בְּגוּפוֹ. כֵּיצַד. לֹא יְהֵא בַּעַל חֵמָה נוֹחַ לִכְעֹס וְלֹא כְּמֵת שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַרְגִּישׁ אֶלָּא בֵּינוֹנִי. לֹא יִכְעֹס אֶלָּא עַל דָּבָר גָּדוֹל שֶׁרָאוּי לִכְעֹס עָלָיו כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יֵעָשֶׂה כַּיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ פַּעַם אַחֶרֶת. וְכֵן לֹא יִתְאַוֶּה אֶלָּא לִדְבָרִים שֶׁהַגּוּף צָרִיךְ לָהֶן וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לִהְיוֹת בְּזוּלָתָן כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי יג כה) "צַדִּיק אֹכֵל לְשֹׂבַע נַפְשׁוֹ". וְכֵן לֹא יִהְיֶה עָמֵל בְּעִסְקוֹ אֶלָּא לְהַשִּׂיג דָּבָר שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לוֹ לְחַיֵּי שָׁעָה כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים לז טז) "טוֹב מְעַט לַצַּדִּיק". וְלֹא יִקְפֹּץ יָדוֹ בְּיוֹתֵר. וְלֹא יְפַזֵּר מָמוֹנוֹ אֶלָּא נוֹתֵן צְדָקָה כְּפִי מִסַּת יָדוֹ וּמַלְוֶה כָּרָאוּי לְמִי שֶׁצָּרִיךְ. וְלֹא יְהֵא מְהוֹלֵל וְשׂוֹחֵק וְלֹא עָצֵב וְאוֹנֵן אֶלָּא שָׂמֵחַ כָּל יָמָיו בְּנַחַת בְּסֵבֶר פָּנִים יָפוֹת. וְכֵן שְׁאָר דֵּעוֹתָיו. וְדֶרֶךְ זוֹ הִיא דֶּרֶךְ הַחֲכָמִים. כָּל אָדָם שֶׁדֵּעוֹתָיו דֵּעוֹת (בֵּינוֹנִית) [בֵּינוֹנִיּוֹת] מְמֻצָּעוֹת נִקְרָא חָכָם:
(ה) וּמִי שֶׁהוּא מְדַקְדֵּק עַל עַצְמוֹ בְּיוֹתֵר וְיִתְרַחֵק מִדֵּעָה בֵּינוֹנִית מְעַט לְצַד זֶה אוֹ לְצַד זֶה נִקְרָא חָסִיד. כֵּיצַד. מִי שֶׁיִּתְרַחֵק מִגֹּבַהּ הַלֵּב עַד הַקָּצֶה הָאַחֲרוֹן וְיִהְיֶה שְׁפַל רוּחַ בְּיוֹתֵר נִקְרָא חָסִיד וְזוֹ הִיא מִדַּת חֲסִידוּת. וְאִם נִתְרַחֵק עַד הָאֶמְצַע בִּלְבַד וְיִהְיֶה עָנָו נִקְרָא חָכָם וְזוֹ הִיא מִדַּת חָכְמָה. וְעַל דֶּרֶךְ זוֹ שְׁאָר כָּל הַדֵּעוֹת. וַחֲסִידִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים הָיוּ מַטִּין דֵּעוֹת שֶׁלָּהֶן מִדֶּרֶךְ הָאֶמְצָעִית כְּנֶגֶד שְׁתֵּי הַקְּצָווֹת. יֵשׁ דֵּעָה שֶׁמַּטִּין אוֹתָהּ כְּנֶגֶד הַקָּצֶה הָאַחֲרוֹן וְיֵשׁ דֵּעָה שֶׁמַּטִּין אוֹתָהּ כְּנֶגֶד הַקָּצֶה הָרִאשׁוֹן. וְזֶהוּ לִפְנִים מִשּׁוּרַת הַדִּין. וּמְצֻוִּין אָנוּ לָלֶכֶת בַּדְּרָכִים הָאֵלּוּ הַבֵּינוֹנִים וְהֵם הַדְּרָכִים הַטּוֹבִים וְהַיְשָׁרִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כח ט) "וְהָלַכְתָּ בִּדְרָכָיו":
(ו) כָּךְ לָמְדוּ בְּפֵרוּשׁ מִצְוָה זוֹ. מַה הוּא נִקְרָא חַנּוּן אַף אַתָּה הֱיֵה חַנּוּן. מַה הוּא נִקְרָא רַחוּם אַף אַתָּה הֱיֵה רַחוּם. מַה הוּא נִקְרָא קָדוֹשׁ אַף אַתָּה הֱיֵה קָדוֹשׁ. וְעַל דֶּרֶךְ זוֹ קָרְאוּ הַנְּבִיאִים לָאֵל בְּכָל אוֹתָן הַכִּנּוּיִין אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם וְרַב חֶסֶד צַדִּיק וְיָשָׁר תָּמִים גִּבּוֹר וְחָזָק וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. לְהוֹדִיעַ שֶׁהֵן דְּרָכִים טוֹבִים וִישָׁרִים וְחַיָּב אָדָם לְהַנְהִיג עַצְמוֹ בָּהֶן וּלְהִדַּמּוֹת אֵלָיו כְּפִי כֹּחוֹ:
(ז) וְכֵיצַד יַרְגִּיל אָדָם עַצְמוֹ בְּדֵעוֹת אֵלּוּ עַד שֶׁיִּקָּבְעוּ בּוֹ. יַעֲשֶׂה וְיִשְׁנֶה וִישַׁלֵּשׁ בַּמַּעֲשִׂים שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה עַל פִּי הַדֵּעוֹת הָאֶמְצָעִיּוֹת וְיַחֲזֹר בָּהֶם תָּמִיד עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם קַלִּים עָלָיו וְלֹא יִהְיֶה בָּהֶם טֹרַח עָלָיו וְיִקָּבְעוּ הַדֵּעוֹת בְּנַפְשׁוֹ. וּלְפִי שֶׁהַשֵּׁמוֹת הָאֵלּוּ נִקְרָא בָּהֶן הַיּוֹצֵר וְהֵם הַדֶּרֶךְ הַבֵּינוֹנִית שֶׁאָנוּ חַיָּבִין לָלֶכֶת בָּהּ. נִקְרֵאת דֶּרֶךְ זוֹ דֶּרֶךְ ה'. וְהִיא שֶׁלִּמֵּד אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ לְבָנָיו שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יח יט) "כִּי יְדַעְתִּיו לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר יְצַוֶּה" וְגוֹ'. וְהַהוֹלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ זוֹ מֵבִיא טוֹבָה וּבְרָכָה לְעַצְמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יח יט) "לְמַעַן הָבִיא ה' עַל אַבְרָהָם אֵת אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר עָלָיו":
(1) Each and every man possesses many character traits. Each trait is very different and distant from the others.One type of man is wrathful; he is constantly angry. [In contrast,] there is the calm individual who is never moved to anger, or, if at all, he will be slightly angry, [perhaps once] during a period of several years.There is the prideful man and the one who is exceptionally humble. There is the man ruled by his appetites - he will never be satisfied from pursuing his desires, and [conversely,] the very pure of heart, who does not desire even the little that the body needs.There is the greedy man, who cannot be satisfied with all the money in the world, as [Ecclesiastes 5:9] states: "A lover of money never has his fill of money." [In contrast,] there is the man who puts a check on himself; he is satisfied with even a little, which is not enough for his needs, and he does not bother to pursue and attain what he lacks.There is [the miser,] who torments himself with hunger, gathering [his possessions] close to himself. Whenever he spends a penny of his own, he does so with great pain. [Conversely,] there is [the spendthrift,] who consciously wastes his entire fortune.All other traits follow the same pattern [of contrast]. For example: the overly elated and the depressed; the stingy and the freehanded; the cruel and the softhearted; the coward and the rash. and the like.
(2) Between each trait and the [contrasting] trait at the other extreme, there are intermediate points, each distant from the other.With regard to all the traits: a man has some from the beginning of his conception, in accordance with his bodily nature. Some are appropriate to a person's nature and will [therefore] be acquired more easily than other traits. Some traits he does not have from birth. He may have learned them from others, or turned to them on his own. This may have come as a result of his own thoughts, or because he heard that this was a proper trait for him, which he ought to attain. [Therefore,] he accustomed himself to it until it became a part of himself.
(3) The two extremes of each trait, which are at a distance from one another, do not reflect a proper path. It is not fitting that a man should behave in accordance with these extremes or teach them to himself.If he finds that his nature leans towards one of the extremes or adapts itself easily to it, or, if he has learned one of the extremes and acts accordingly, he should bring himself back to what is proper and walk in the path of the good [men]. This is the straight path.
(4) The straight path: This [involves discovering] the midpoint temperament of each and every trait that man possesses [within his personality.] This refers to the trait which is equidistant from either of the extremes, without being close to either of them.Therefore, the early Sages instructed a man to evaluate his traits, to calculate them and to direct them along the middle path, so that he will be sound {of body}.For example: he should not be wrathful, easily angered; nor be like the dead, without feeling, rather he should [adopt] an intermediate course; i.e., he should display anger only when the matter is serious enough to warrant it, in order to prevent the matter from recurring. Similarly, he should not desire anything other than that which the body needs and cannot exist without, as [Proverbs 13:25] states: "The righteous man eats to satisfy his soul."Also, he shall not labor in his business except to gain what he needs for immediate use, as [Psalms 37:16] states: "A little is good for the righteous man."He should not be overly stingy nor spread his money about, but he should give charity according to his capacity and lend to the needy as is fitting. He should not be overly elated and laugh [excessively], nor be sad and depressed in spirit. Rather, he should be quietly happy at all times, with a friendly countenance. The same applies with regard to his other traits.This path is the path of the wise. Every man whose traits are intermediate and equally balanced can be called a "wise man."
(5) A person who carefully [examines] his [behavior], and therefore deviates slightly from the mean to either side is called pious.What is implied? One who shuns pride and turns to the other extreme and carries himself lowly is called pious. This is the quality of piety. However, if he separates himself [from pride] only to the extent that he reaches the mean and displays humility, he is called wise. This is the quality of wisdom. The same applies with regard to other character traits.The pious of the early generations would bend their temperaments from the intermediate path towards [either of] the two extremes. For some traits they would veer towards the final extreme, for others, towards the first extreme. This is referred to as [behavior] beyond the measure of the law.We are commanded to walk in these intermediate paths - and they are good and straight paths - as [Deuteronomy 28:9] states: "And you shall walk in His ways."
(6) [Our Sages] taught [the following] explanation of this mitzvah:Just as He is called "Gracious," you shall be gracious;Just as He is called "Merciful," you shall be merciful;Just as He is called "Holy," you shall be holy;In a similar manner, the prophets called God by other titles: "Slow to anger," "Abundant in kindness," "Righteous," "Just," "Perfect," "Almighty," "Powerful," and the like. [They did so] to inform us that these are good and just paths. A person is obligated to accustom himself to these paths and [to try to] resemble Him to the extent of his ability.
(7) How can one train himself to follow these temperaments to the extent that they become a permanent fixture of his [personality]?He should perform - repeat - and perform a third time - the acts which conform to the standards of the middle road temperaments. He should do this constantly, until these acts are easy for him and do not present any difficulty. Then, these temperaments will become a fixed part of his personality.Since the Creator is called by these terms and they make up the middle path which we are obligated to follow, this path is called "the path of God." This is [the heritage] which our Patriarch Abraham taught his descendants, as [Genesis 18:19] states: "for I have known Him so that he will command his descendants...to keep the path of God."One who follows this path brings benefit and blessing to himself, as [the above verse continues]: "so that God will bring about for Abraham all that He promised."

(א) המעשים הטובים הם המעשים השווים הממוצעים בין שתי קצוות ששתיהן רע, האחת מהן תוספות, והשנית חסרון, והמעלות הן תכונות נפשיות וקנינים ממוצעים בין שתי תכונות רעות, האחת מהן יתירה והאחרת חסרה, מן התכונות האלה יתחייבו הפעולות ההם, והמשל בו הזהירות שהיא מדה ממוצעת בין רוב התאוה ובין העדר הרגשת ההנאה, והזהירות היא מפעולות הטוב ותכונות הנפש אשר יתחייב ממנה הזהירות היא מעלת המדות, אבל רוב התאוה הוא הקצה הראשון והעדר הרגשת ההנאה לגמרי הוא הקצה האחרון, ושניהם רע גמור, ושתי תכונות הנפש אשר מהן יתחייב רוב התאוה, והיא התכונה היתירה, והעדר ההרגשה, והיא התכונה החסרה, שתיהן יחד פחיתיות מפחיתיות המדות:

(ב) וכן הנדיבות ממוצע בין הכילות והפזור, והגבורה ממוצעת בין המסירה לסכנות ובין רך הלבב, והסלסול ממוצע בין ההתנשאות ובין הנבלה, והענוה ממוצעת בין הגאוה ושפלות הרוח, וההסתפקות ממוצע בין אהבת הממון והעצלה, וטוב לב ממוצע בין הנבלה ויתרון טוב הלבב, (ומפני שאין למדות האלה שם ידוע בלשננו צריך לפרש ענינים ומה שרוצים בו הפילוסופים, לב טוב קורים מי שכל כוונתו להטיב לבני אדם בגופו ובממנו ועצתו בכל יכולתו בלתי שישיגהו נזק או בזיון והוא האמצעי, הנבל הוא הפך זה והוא מי שאינו רוצה להועיל לבני אדם בדבר אפילו במה שאין בגו חסרון ולא טורח ולא נזק, והוא הקצה האחרון, ויתרון טוב הלבב הוא שעושה הדברים הנזכרים בלב טוב, ואפילו אם ישיגהו בזה נזק גדול או בזיון או טורח רב או הפסד מרובה, והוא הקצה הראשון), והסבלנות ממוצע בין הכעס והעדר הרגשת חרפה ובוז, ובושת פנים ממוצע בין העזות והביישנות (פי' נראה מדברי רבותי' ז"ל שביישן אצלם הוא מי שיש לו רוב בושת, ובוש פנים הוא הממוצע מאמרם לא הביישן למד, ולא אמרו אין בוש פנים, ואמרו בוש פנים לגן עדן, ולא אמרו הביישן לגן עדן, ולזה סדרתים כך), וכן שאר, לא יצטרכו לשמות מונחות להם כשיהיו הענינים מובנים בהכרח:

(1) Chapter IV
Concerning the Cure of the Diseases of the Soul1To this chapter, in which the Aristotelian doctrine of the Mean (Μεσότες, balance) is applied to Jewish ethics, M. later supplemented H. Deot, I, 1—7; II, 2, 3, 7; and III, 1. Cf. Eth. Nic. II, 5—9; III, 8—14; IV. Although M. follows Aristotle in defining virtue as a state intermediate between two extremes, the too little and the too much, he still remains on Jewish ground, as there are biblical and Talmudical passages expressing such a thought. Such passages are Prov. IV, 26, "Balance well the track of thy foot, and let all thy ways be firmly right"; ibid., XXX, 8, "Neither poverty nor riches give thou unto me"; Eccles. VII, 16, "Be not righteous overmuch; neither show thyself overwise" (quoted in H. Deot, III, 1); etc. In Moreh, I, 32, M. interprets "neither show thyself overwise" and "To eat too much honey is not good" (Prov. XXV, 27) as a warning against attempting to exceed the limits of one's intellectual powers, and as an admonition to keep knowledge within bounds. In the Palestinian Talmud (Ḥagigah, II, 77 a bot.), there is found an interesting passage which sums up well the thought of this chapter, and it is curious that M. did not refer to it. It reads, "The ways of the Torah may be likened to two roads, on one of which fire and on the other snow is encountered. If one go along one path, he will be burned to death, and if he proceed along the other, he will perish in the snow. What, then, should one do? He must go between the extremes." A similar passage is found in Tosefta Ḥagigah 2 (cf. Yer. Ḥagigah, p. 20), "They make it incumbent upon man to go between the extremes, and not to incline to this side or to that." See, also, Soṭah, 5a, "he (the scholar) in whom there is pride deserves excommunication, and also he in whom there is no pride at all." For a discussion of Aristotle's doctrine of the Μεσότες, see Grant, The Ethics of Aristotle, vol. I, pp. 251—262. For that of M., see Jaraczewski, ZPhKr, XLVI, pp. 11—12; Rosin, Ethik, p. 26, n. 1; p. 79 ff.; Lazarus, Ethik, vol. I, Abhang XIV (Eng. ed. vol. I, p. 273 f.); Wolff, Acht Capitel, Introd., pp. XIII—XIV; Yellin and Abrahams, Maimonides, pp. 78—83; Cohen, Charakteristik, etc., in Moses ben Maimon, I, p. III ff.; A. Löwenthal in JE., II, p. 101; Lewis, in Aspects of the Hebrew Genius, (London, 1910) pp. 82—83. On the mean in Jewish religious philosophy, see Rosin, Ethik, pp. 10, 12, 14, 19, 24; H. Malter, JQR (new series) vol. I, p. 160, n. 15.
Good deeds are such as are equibalanced,2השױס, the equidistant (equivalent to the Aristotelian ίσον, the exactly equal, the normal, or equibalanced); cf. Moreh, II, 39, “It is clear, then, that the Law is normal (משוױה) in this sense; for it contains the words, ‘Just statutes and judgments’ (Deut. IV, 8); but ‘just’ is here identical with ‘equibalanced’ (שוױם).” maintaining the mean between two equally bad extremes, the too much and the too little.3הממוצעים, the mean (Aristotelian μέσον). Nic. Eth., II, 6, “By an objective mean, I understand that which is equidistant from the two given extremes, and which is one and the same to all, and by a mean relatively to the person, I understand that which is neither too much nor too little.” Virtues are psychic conditions and dispositions which are mid-way between two reprehensible extremes, one of which is characterized by an exaggeration, the other by a deficiency.4Cf. ibid., “Virtue, then, is a disposition of the moral purpose in relative balance, which is determined by a standard, according as the thoughtful man would determine. It is a middle state between two faulty ones, in the way of excess on one side, and defect on the other; and it is so, moreover, because the faulty states on one side fall short of, and those on the other side exceed, what is right, both in the case of the emotions and the actions; but virtue finds, and, when found, adopts the mean.” Cf. H. Deot, I, 4, and II, 2. Good deeds are the product of these dispositions. To illustrate, abstemiousness is a disposition which adopts a mid-course between inordinate passion and total insensibility to pleasure. Abstemiousness, then, is a proper rule of conduct, and the psychic disposition which gives rise to it is an ethical quality; but inordinate passion, the extreme of excess, and total insensibility to enjoyment, the extreme of deficiency5הקצה הראשון, is the extreme of excess (Aristotle's ὐπερβολή), and הקצה האחרון the extreme of deficiency (ἔλλειψις). Cf. H. Deot, I, 5; III, 1; ואתרחק לצד האחרון עד שלא יאכל בשר ולא ישתה יין וכ׳, where צד האחרון clearly means the extreme of the too little., are both absolutely pernicious. The psychic dispositions, from which these two extremes, inordinate passion and insensibility, result—the one being an exaggeration, the other a deficiency—are alike classed among moral imperfections.

(2) Likewise, liberality is the mean between sordidness and extravagence; courage, between recklessness and cowardice; dignity, between haughtiness and loutishness6See Hebrew text, c. IV, pp. 19—20, n. 17. On the gloss והגחת ממוצעת וכ׳, introduced here in some Mss. and edd., see Hebrew text, c. IV, p. 20, note. This gloss seems to go back to Eth. Nic., II, 7, “He that is as he should be may be called friendly, and his mean state friendliness; he that exceeds, if it be without any interested motive, somewhat too complaisant, if with such motive, a flatterer; he that is deficient and in all instances unpleasant, quarrelsome and cross."; humility, between arrogance and self-abasement; contentedness, between avarice and slothful indifference; and magnificence, between meanness and profusion. [Since definite terms do not exist in our language with which to express these latter qualities, it is necessary to explain their content, and tell what the philosophers meant by them. A man is called magnificent whose whole intention is to do good to others by personal service, by money, or advice, and with all his power, but without meanwhile bringing suffering or disgrace upon himself. That is the medium line of conduct. The mean man is one who does not want others to succeed in anything, even though he himself may not thereby suffer any loss, hardship, or injury. That is the one extreme. The profuse man, on the contrary, is one who willingly performs the above-mentioned deeds, in spite of the fact that thereby he brings upon himself great injury, or disgrace, terrible hardship, or considerable loss. That is the other extreme.7The virtue which I. T. explains here, owing to the inadequacy of the Hebrew terms, is the one which Aristotle calls magnificence (I. T.'s טוב לב). The excess is want of taste or vulgar profusion (יתרון טוב הלבב), and the defect paltriness (הגבלה). See Eth. Nic., loc. cit. According to Aristotle, magnificence is a higher kind of liberality (גדיבות), and consists of the spending of money on a grand scale, with taste and propriety. It is prompted by a desire for what is noble, concerning itself with the services of religion, public works, and so forth. The vulgar man, whose object is ostentation, offends with excessive splendor, while the mean man, on the other hand, through timidity and constant fear of expense, even though he does expend large amounts, mars the whole effect by some petty characteristic of meanness (ibid., IV, 2). I. T. has, accordingly, incorrectly explained the terms גבלה ,לב מוב, and יתרון טוב הלבב.] Gentleness is the mean between irascibility and insensibility to shame and disgrace; and modesty, between impudence and shamefacedness.8See H. Deot, I, and II for a list and discussion of the virtues. Aristotle mentions and discussess the following virtues in Eth. Nic.; courage (II, 7, and III, 6-9), perfected self-mastery or temperance (II, 7, and III, 10-11), liberality (II, 7, and IV, 1), magnificence (II, 7 and IV, 2), greatness of soul (II, 7, and IV, 3), love of honor (II, 7, and IV, 4), gentleness (II, 7, and IV, 5), friendliness (II, 7, and IV, 6), truthfulness (II, 7. and IV, 7), jocularity or liveliness (II, 7, and IV, 8), and modesty (II, 7, and IV, 9). Cf., also, Eudemian Ethics, II, 3, where a formal table is given contaning fourteen virtues and their respective pairs of extremes; and Mag. Mor. I, 20 ff. [The explanation of these latter terms, gleaned from the sayings of our sages (may their memory be blessed!) seems to be this. In their opinion, a modest man is one who is very bashful, and therefore modesty is the mean. This we gather from their saying, "A shamefaced man cannot learn".9Abot, II, 5. They also assert, "A modest man is worthy of Paradise"10Abot, V, 20., but they do not say this of a shamefaced man. Therefore, I have thus arranged them."11See Hebrew text, c. IV, p. 21, n. 16.] So it is with the other qualities. One does not necessarily have to use conventional terms for these qualities, if only the ideas are clearly fixed in the mind.12Aristotle also mentions the paucity of terms to express the nice distinctions he makes (Eth. Nic., II, 7).

(ד) ודע שאלו המעלות והפחיתיות אשר למדות לא יגיעו ויתישבו בנפש רק בכפול הפעולות הבאות מן המדה ההיא פעמים רבות בזמן ארוך והרגילינו בהם, ואם היו הפעולות ההם טובות יהיה המגיע לנו מעלה, ואם היו רעו יהיה המגיע לנו פחיתות, ומפני שאין האדם בטבעו מתחילת ענינו בעל מעלה, ולא בעל חסרון, כמו שנבאר בפרק השמיני, והוא ירגיל בלא ספק פעולות מקטנותו כפי מנהג קרוביו ואנשי ארצו, ואפשר שיהיו הפעולות ההם ממוצעות, ואפשר שיהיו מותירות או מחסרות, כמו שספרנו ותהיה נפשו חולה.

(4) Know, moreover, that these moral excellences or defects cannot be acquired, or implanted in the soul, except by means of the frequent repetition of acts resulting from these qualities, which, practised during a long period of time, accustoms us to them.15Cf. Yoma, 86 b; Sotah, 22a, "As soon as a man has committed a sin and repeated it, it becomes to him a permitted act". If these acts performed are good ones, then we shall have gained a virtue; but if they are bad, we shall have acquired a vice. Since, however, no man is born with an innate virtue or vice, as we shall explain in Chapter VIII, and, as every one's conduct from childhood up is undoubtedly influenced by the manner of living of his relatives and countrymen,16Cf. H. Deot, "VI, 1, "The natural disposition of the human mind occasions man to be influenced in his opinions and actions by those with whom he associates, and his conduct to be dependent on that of his friends and countrymen". his conduct may be in accord with the rules of moderation; but, then again, it is possible that his acts may incline towards either extreme, as we have demonstrated, in which case, his soul becomes diseased.17On the acquisition of virtues and vices, see Eth. Nic., II, 1—3; and H. Deot, I, 2, 7. See below c. VIII, p. 85ff.

(ט) וזאת התורה התמימה המשלמת אותנו כמו שהעיד עליה יודעה, תורת י"י תמימה משיבת נפש, עדות י"י נאמנה מחכימת פתי, לא זכרה דבר מזה, ואמנם כוונה להיות האדם טבעי הולך בדרך האמצעיה, יאכל מה שיש לו לאכול בשויי, וישתה מה שיש לו לשתות בשווי, ויבעול מה שמותר לו לבעול בשווי, וישכון המדינות ביושר ואמונה לא שישכון במדברות ובהרים, ולא שילבש השער והצמר ולא שיענה גופו, והזהירה מזה לפי מה שבא בקבלה אמר בנזיר וכפר עליו מאשר חטא על הנפש, ואמרו ז"ל וכי על איזה נפש חטא זה, על שמנע עצמו מן היין, והלא הדברים קל וחומר אם מי שציער עצמו מן היין צריך כפרה, המצער עצמו מכל דבר על אחת כמה וכמה. ובדברי נביאנו וחכמי תורתינו ראינו שהם מכוונים אל השווי ושמירת נפשם וגופם על מה שתחייבהו התורה, וענה השם ית' על יד נביאו למי ששאל לצום יום אחד בשנה אם יתמיד עליו אם לא, והוא אמרם לזכריהו אבכה בחדש החמישי הנזר כאשר עשיתי זה כמה שנים, וענה אותם כי צמתם וספוד בחמישי ובשביעי זה שבעים שנה הצום צמתוני אני וכי תאכלו וכי תשתו הלא אתם האוכלים ואתם השותים, אחר כן צוה אותם ביושר ובמעלה לבד לא בצום, והוא אמרו להם כה אמר י"י צבאות לאמר משפט אמת שפטו וחסד ורחמים עשו איש את אחיו, ואמר אחר כן כה אמר י"י צבאות צום הרביעי וצום החמישי וצום השביעי וצום העשירי יהיו לבית יהודה לששון ולשמחה ולמועדים טובים והאמת והשלום אהבו, ודע שאמת הם המעלות השכליות מפני שהן אמיתיות לא ישתנו כמו שזכרנו בפרק השני, והשלום הם מעלות המדות אשר בהם יהיה השלום בעולם. ואשוב אל כוונתי שאם יאמרו אלו המתדמים באומות מאנשי תורתינו, שאיני מדבר כי אם בהם, שהם אינם עושים מה שעושים אותו מהטריח גופותם ופסוק הנאותיהם אלא על דרך הלמוד לכחות הנפש, כדי שיהיו נוטים אל הצד האחד מעט כפי מה שבארנו בזה הפרק שראוי שיהיה האדם כן, זהו טעות מהם כאשר אבאר.

(9) The perfect Law which leads us to perfection—as one who knew it well testifies by the words, "The Law of the Lord is perfect restoring the soul; the testimonies of the Lord are faithful making wise the simple"27Ps. XIX, 9.—recommends none of these things (such as self-torture, flight from society etc.). On the contrary, it aims at man's following the path of moderation, in accordance with the dictates of nature, eating, drinking, enjoying legitimate sexual intercourse, all in moderation, and living among people in honesty and uprightness, but not dwelling in the wilderness or in the mountains, or clothing oneself in garments of hair and wool, or afflicting the body. The Law even warns us against these practices, if we interpret it according to what tradition tells us is the meaning of the passage concerning the Nazarite, "And he (the priest) shall make an atonement for him because he hath sinned against the soul."28Num. VI, 11. The Rabbis ask, "Against what soul has he sinned? Against his own soul, because he has deprived himself of wine. Is this not then a conclusion a minori ad majus? If one who deprives himself merely of wine must bring an atonement, how much more incumbent is it upon one who denies himself every enjoyment."29Nazir, 19a, 22a; Ta'anit, 11a; Baba Ḳamma, 91b; Nedarim, 10a; cf. M.'s Commentary on Abot, V, 15. By the words of our prophets and of the sages of our Law, we see that they were bent upon moderation and the care of their souls and bodies, in accordance with what the Law prescribes and with the answer which God gave through His prophet to those who asked whether the fast-day once a year should continue or not. They asked Zechariah, "Shall I weep in the fifth month with abstinence as I have done already these many years?"30Zech. VII, 3. His answer was, "When ye fasted and mourned in the fifth and in the seventh (month) already these seventy years, did ye in anywise fast for me, yea for me? And if ye do eat and if ye do drink are ye not yourselves those that eat and yourselves those that drink?"31Ibid., VII, 6. After that, he enjoined upon them justice and virtue alone, and not fasting, when he said to them, "Thus hath said the Lord of Hosts. Execute justice and show kindness and mercy every man to his brother."32Ibid., VII, 9. He said further, "Thus hath said the Lord of Hosts, the fast-day of the fourth, and the fast-day of the fifth, and the fast of seventh, and the fast of the tenth (month) shall become to the house of Judah gladness, and joy, and merry festivals; only love ye truth and peace."33Ibid., VIII, 9.. Know that by "truth" the intellectual virtues are meant, for they are immutably true, as we have explained in Chapter II, and that by "peace" the moral virtues are designated, for upon them depends the peace of the world. But to resume. Should those of our co-religionists—and it is of them alone that I speak—who imitate the followers of other religions, maintain that when they torment their bodies, and renounce every joy, that they do so merely to discipline the faculties of their souls by inclining somewhat to the one extreme, as is proper, and in accordance with our own recommendations in this chapter, our answer is that they are in error, as I shall now demonstrate.

(א) שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁבֹּר עֶצֶם מִן הַפֶּסַח – שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁבֹּר עֶצֶם מִכָּל עַצְמוֹת הַפֶּסַח, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יב מו) וְעֶצֶם לֹא תִשְׁבְּרוּ בוֹ.

(ב) מִשָּׁרְשֵׁי הַמִּצְוָה. לִזְכֹּר נִסֵּי מִצְרַיִם כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ בָּאֲחֵרוֹת. וְגַם זֶה גֶּזַע מִן הַשֹּׁרֶשׁ הַנִּזְכָּר, שֶׁאֵין כָּבוֹד לִבְנֵי מְלָכִים וְיוֹעֲצֵי אָרֶץ לִגְרֹר הָעֲצָמוֹת וּלְשַׁבְּרָם כִּכְלָבִים, לֹא יָאוּת לַעֲשׂוֹת כָּכָה, כִּי אִם לַעֲנִיֵּי הָעָם הָרְעֵבִים. וְעַל כֵּן בִּתְחִלַּת בּוֹאֵנוּ לִהְיוֹת סְגֻלַּת כָּל הָעַמִּים מַמְלֶכֶת כֹּהֲנִים וְגוֹי קָדוֹשׁ (שם יט ו), וּבְכָל שָׁנָה וְשָׁנָה בְּאוֹתוֹ הַזְּמַן, רָאוּי לָנוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת מַעֲשִׂים הַמַּרְאִים בָּנוּ הַמַּעֲלָה הַגְּדוֹלָה שֶׁעָלִינוּ בָּהּ בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה. וּמִתּוֹךְ הַמַּעֲשֶׂה וְהַדִּמְיוֹן שֶׁאֲנַחְנוּ עוֹשִׂין, נִקְבַּע בְּנַפְשׁוֹתֵינוּ הַדָּבָר לְעוֹלָם. וְאַל תַּחְשֹׁב בְּנִי לִתְפֹּשׂ עַל דְּבָרַי וְלוֹמַר וְלָמָּה יְצַוֶּה אוֹתָנוּ הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ לַעֲשׂוֹת כָּל אֵלֶּה לְזִכְרוֹן אוֹתוֹ הַנֵּס, וַהֲלֹא בְּזִכְרוֹן אֶחָד יַעֲלֶה הַדָּבָר בְּמַחְשַׁבְתֵּנוּ וְלֹא יִשָּׁכַח מִפִּי זַרְעֵנוּ? דַּע, כִּי לֹא מֵחָכְמָה תִּתְפְּשֵׂנִי עַל זֶה, וּמַחְשֶׁבֶת הַנַּעַר יַשִּׁיאֲךָ לְדַבֵּר כֵּן. וְעַתָּה בְּנִי, אִם בִּינָה שִׁמְעָה זֹּאת, וְהַטֵּה אָזְנְךָ וּשְׁמַע (משלי כב יז), אֲלַמֶּדְךָ לְהוֹעִיל בַּתּוֹרָה וּבְמִצְוֹת. דַּע, כִּי הָאָדָם נִפְעָל כְּפִי פְּעֻלּוֹתָיו, וְלִבּוֹ וְכָל מַחְשְׁבֹתָיו תָּמִיד אַחַר מַעֲשָׂיו שֶׁהוּא עוֹסֵק בָּהֶם אִם טוֹב וְאִם רָע, וַאֲפִלּוּ רָשָׁע גָּמוּר בִּלְבָבוֹ וְכָל יֵצֶר מַחְשְׁבֹת לִבּוֹ רַק רַע כָּל הַיּוֹם, אִם יַעֲרֶה רוּחוֹ וְיָשִׂים הִשְׁתַּדְּלוּתוֹ וְעִסְקוֹ בְּהַתְמָדָה בַּתּוֹרָה וּבַמִּצְוֹת, וַאֲפִלּוּ שֶׁלֹּא לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, מִיָּד יִנָּטֶה אֶל הַטּוֹב, וּמִתּוֹךְ שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁמָהּ בָּא לִשְׁמָהּ, וּבְכֹחַ מַעֲשָׂיו יָמִית הַיֵּצֶר הָרַע, כִּי אַחֲרֵי הַפְּעֻלּוֹת נִמְשָׁכִים הַלְּבָבוֹת. וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם יִהְיֶה אָדָם צַדִּיק גָּמוּר וּלְבָבוֹ יָשָׁר וְתָמִים, חָפֵץ בַּתּוֹרָה וּבַמִּצְוֹת, אִם יַעֲסֹק תָּמִיד בִּדְבָרִים שֶׁל דֹּפִי, כְּאִלּוּ תֹּאמַר דֶּרֶךְ מָשָׁל שֶׁהִכְרִיחוֹ הַמֶּלֶךְ וּמִנָּהוּ בְּאֻמָּנוּת רָעָה, בֶּאֱמֶת אִם כָּל עִסְקוֹ תָּמִיד כָּל הַיּוֹם בְּאוֹתוֹ אֻמָּנוּת, יָשׁוּב לִזְמַן מִן הַזְּמַנִּים מִצִּדְקַת לִבּוֹ לִהְיוֹת רָשָׁע גָּמוּר, כִּי יָדוּעַ הַדָּבָר וֶאֱמֶת שֶׁכָּל הָאָדָם נִפְעָל כְּפִי פְּעֻלּוֹתָיו, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ. וְעַל כֵּן אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים זַ"ל (מכות כג, ב) רָצָה הקב"ה לְזַכּוֹת אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לְפִיכָךְ הִרְבָּה לָהֶם תּוֹרָה וּמִצְוֹת, כְּדֵי לְהַתְפִּיס בָּהֶן כָּל מַחְשְׁבוֹתֵינוּ וְלִהְיוֹת בָּהֶן כָּל עֲסָקֵינוּ לְהֵטִיב לָנוּ בְּאַחֲרִיתֵנוּ. כִּי מִתּוֹךְ הַפְּעֻלּוֹת הַטּוֹבוֹת אֲנַחְנוּ נִפְעָלִים לִהְיוֹת טוֹבִים וְזוֹכִים לְחַיֵּי עַד. וְרָמְזוּ ז"ל עַל זֶה (מנחות מג, ב), בְּאָמְרָם כָּל מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ מְזוּזָה בְּפִתְחוֹ וְצִיצִית בְּבִגְדוֹ וּתְפִלִּין בְּרֹאשׁוֹ, מֻבְטָח לוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יֶחֱטָא, לְפִי שֶׁאֵלּוּ מִצְוֹת תְּמִידִיּוֹת, וְנִפְעָל בָּהֶן תָּמִיד.

(ג) לָכֵן אַתָּה רְאֵה גַּם רְאֵה, מָה מְלַאכְתְּךָ וְעִסְקְךָ, כִּי אַחֲרֵיהֶם תִּמָּשֵׁךְ וְאַתָּה לֹא תִּמְשְׁכֵם. וְאַל יַבְטִיחֲךָ יִצְרְךָ לוֹמַר, אַחֲרֵי הֱיוֹת לִבִּי שָׁלֵם וְתָמִים בֶּאֱמוּנַת אֱלֹקִים, מָה הֶפְסֵד יֵשׁ כִּי אֶתְעַנֵּג לִפְעָמִים בְּתַעֲנוּגֵי אֲנָשִׁים, בַּשְּׁוָקִים וּבָרְחוֹבוֹת, לְהִתְלוֹצֵץ עִם הַלֵּצִים, וּלְדַבֵּר צָחוֹת, וְכַיּוֹצֵא בְּאֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁאֵין מְבִיאִין עֲלֵיהֶן אֲשָׁמוֹת וְחַטָּאוֹת, הֲלֹא גַּם לִי לֵבָב כְּמוֹ הֵם, קָטָנִּי עָבָה מִמָּתְנֵיהֶם, וּמַדּוּעַ יִמְשְׁכוּנִי הֵם אַחֲרֵיהֶם? אַל בְּנִי, הִשָּׁמֵר מִפְּנֵיהֶם, פֶּן תִּלָּכֵד בְּרִשְׁתָּם. רַבִּים שָׁתוּ מִתּוֹךְ כָּךְ כּוֹס תַּרְעֵלָתָם, וְאַתָּה אֶת נַפְשְׁךָ תַּצִּיל. וְאַחַר דַּעְתְּךָ זֶה, אַל יִקְשֶׁה עָלֶיךָ מֵעַתָּה רִבּוּי הַמִּצְוֹת בְּעִנְיַן זְכִירַת נִסֵּי מִצְרַיִם, שֶׁהֵם עַמּוּד גָּדוֹל בְּתוֹרָתֵנוּ, כִּי בִּרְבוֹת עִסְקֵנוּ בָּהֶם, נִתְפַּעֵל אֶל הַדָּבָר, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ.

(ד) דִּינֵי הַמִּצְוָה. כְּגוֹן שׁוֹבֵר עֶצֶם מִמֶּנּוּ אֲפִילּוּ אַחַר זְמַן אֲכִילָתוֹ, וְדִין אִם יֵשׁ כַּזַּיִת בָּשָׂר עָלָיו מַה דִּינוֹ, וְדִין הַסְּחוּסִים וְגִידִים הָרַכִּים שֶׁסּוֹפָם לְהִתְקַשּׁוֹת, וְיֶתֶר פְּרָטֶיהָ, מְבֹאָרִים בִּפְסָחִים (פד, א).

(ה) וְנוֹהֶגֶת בִּזְכָרִים וּבִנְקֵבוֹת בִּזְמַן הַבַּיִת. וְהָעוֹבֵר עָלֶיהָ וְשׁוֹבֵר עֶצֶם בְּפֶסַח טָהוֹר, לוֹקֶה.

(1) To not break a bone from the Pesach sacrifice: To not break any from all of the bones of the Pesach sacrifice, as it is stated (Exodus 12:46), “and a bone of it, you shall not break.”

(2) From the roots of the commandment is to remember the miracles of Egypt, as we have written in the other [related commandments]. And this is also a trunk from the root mentioned: For it is not honorable for the sons of kings and the advisers of the land to drag the bones and break them like dogs. Except for the impoverished among the people and the starving, it is not a proper thing to do this. And therefore, as we began to become the chosen of all nations, “a kingdom of priests and a holy nation” — and in each and every year at that time — it is fitting for us to do acts that show within us the great stature which we achieved at that time. And in the act and reenactment that we do, this thing is placed in our souls for eternity. My son, do not think to pounce upon my words and say, “Why would God, may He be blessed, command us to do all of these commandments to commemorate that miracle; would we not remember it with one commemoration, [such that] it not be forgotten from the mouth of our offspring?” You must know that it is not from wisdom that you would [question] me about this, and it is your youthful thoughts that lead you to this. And now, my son, “If you have understanding,” “incline your ear and hear,” and I will teach you to benefit from Torah and the commandments: You must know, that a man is acted upon according to his actions; and his heart and all his thoughts always follow after the actions that he does — whether good or bad. And even he who in his heart is a complete sinner and all the desires of his heart are only for evil; if his spirit shall be enlightened and he will put his efforts and actions to persist in Torah and commandments — even if not for the sake of Heaven — he shall immediately incline towards the good. And from that which is not for its own sake comes that which is for its own sake [as opposed to being for personal gain]; for the hearts are drawn after the actions. And even if a man is perfectly righteous and his heart is straight and innocent, desiring of Torah and the commandments; if he shall constantly deal with improper things, you could compare it to someone who was forced by the king to work a wicked craft — if he constantly works in that wicked craft — eventually, from his righteousness, he shall have become completely evil. For it is known and true that every man is acted upon according to his actions, as we have said. And the Sages, may their memory be blessed, said about this (Makkot 23b), “God wanted to grant merits to Israel, therefore he gave them many laws and commandments,” to occupy all of our thoughts and all our deeds, to benefit us at our end [i.e. in the world to come]. Because from the good actions we are acted upon to be good and merit eternal life. And the Sages hinted at this (Menachot 43b) with their statement that anyone who has a mezuzah on his door, tsitsit on his garment and tefillin on his head is promised that he shall not sin — for these are constant commandments, and [so] he is constantly acted upon by them.

(3) Therefore, surely observe what [you choose] to be your craft and your dealings, since you will be pulled by them and you will not pull them. And do not let your [evil] impulse assure you by saying, “Since my heart is complete and pure in the faith of God, what loss is there if I periodically enjoy the pleasures of men in the markets and the plazas — to joke with the jokers and to speak finely, and similarly, [to perform] those things for which one needs not bring up guilt-offerings and sin-offerings — do I not have a heart like them, ‘my small finger is thicker than their loins,’ and how would they pull me in behind them?” Do not [say this], my son. Guard yourself from them, lest you be trapped in their snare. Many have drunk the cup of poison due to this, but you should save your soul. And once you know this, the multitude of commandments about the matter of remembering the miracles of Egypt will no longer be a challenge to you — as they are a great pillar in our Torah. Since by greatly engaging in them, we will be acted upon by the matter, as we have said.

(4) The laws of the commandment — for example, the breaking of one of its bones even after the time of its eating; the law if there is a kazayit of meat upon it, what is its law; the law of cartilages and soft tendons that would ultimately harden; and the rest of its details — are elucidated in Pesachim.

(5) And [it] is practiced by males and females at the time of the [Temple]. And one who transgresses it and breaks a bone of a pure Pesach sacrifice is lashed.

הַכֹּל צָפוּי, וְהָרְשׁוּת נְתוּנָה, וּבְטוֹב הָעוֹלָם נִדּוֹן. וְהַכֹּל לְפִי רֹב הַמַּעֲשֶׂה:
Everything is foreseen yet freedom of choice is granted, And the world is judged with goodness; And everything is in accordance with the preponderance of works.

ואחר כך אמר שהמעלות לא יגיעו לאדם לפי רוב גודל המעשה אבל לפי רוב מספר המעשים והוא שהמעלות אמנם יגיעו בכפול המעשים הטובים פעמים רבות ועם זה יגיע קנין חזק לא כשיעשה אדם פעל אחד גדול מפעולות הטובות כי בזה לבדו לא יגיע לו קנין חזק והמשל בו כשיתן האדם למי שראוי אלף זהובים בבת אחת לאיש א' ולאיש אחר לא נתן כלום לא יעלה בידו מדת הנדיבות בזה המעשה האחד הגדול כמו שמגיע למי שהתנדב אלף זהובים באלף פעמים ונתן כל זהוב מהם על צד הנדיבות מפני שזה כפל מעשה הנדיבות אלף פעמים והגיע לו קנין חזק וזה פעם אחת לבד התעוררה נפשו התעוררות גדולה לפעל טוב ואח"כ פסקה ממנו וכן בתורה אין שכר מי שפדה אסור במאה דינרים או עשה צדקה לעני במאה דינרים שהוא די מחסורו כמו שפדה עשרה איסרים או השלים חסרון עשרה עניים כל אחד בעשרה דינרים ואל זה ההקש וזה ענין אמרו לפי רוב המעשה אבל לא לפי גודל המעשה:

... And afterwards he said that the virtues do not come to a man according to the quantity of the greatness of the deed, but rather according to the great number of good deeds. And this is that indeed the virtues arrive by repetition of the good deeds many times. And with this does a strong acquisition come - not when a man does one great deed from the good deeds; as from this alone, a strong acquisition will not come to him. And the parable with this is that when a man gives a thousand gold coins at one time to one man to whom it is fitting and he does not give anything to another man; the trait of generosity will not come into his hand with this great act, as [much as] it will come to one who donates a thousand gold pieces a thousand times and gives each one of them out of generosity. [This is] because this one repeated the act of generosity a thousand times and a strong acquisition of it came to him [in this way]. But [the other] only aroused his soul with a great arousal towards a good act, and afterwards it ceased from him. And so [too] with Torah, the reward of the one who redeems one captive with a hundred dinar or [gives] charity to a poor person with a hundred dinar which is enough for what he lacks is not like the one who redeems ten captives or fills the lack of ten poor people - each one with ten dinar. And in this comparison and this matter is that which he said, " in accordance to the majority of the deed" - and not in accordance to the greatness of the deed.