10 Hovot HaLevavot: Materialism, Bitahon (trust), Emuna (faith) and Menuhat HaNefesh (tranquility)

(לג) וּמִתּוֹעֶלֶת הַבִּטָּחוֹן בַּהּ׳ בְּעִנְיַן הַתּוֹרָה:

(לד) כִּי הַבּוֹטֵחַ בַּה׳ אִם הוּא בַּעַל מָמוֹן יְמַהֵר לְהוֹצִיא חוֹבוֹת הָאֱלֹקִים וְחוֹבוֹת בְּנֵי אָדָם מִמָּמוֹנוֹ בְּנֶפֶשׁ חֲפֵצָה וְרוּחַ נְדִיבָה. וְאִם אֵינֶנּוּ בַּעַל מָמוֹן יִרְאֶה כִּי חֶסְרוֹן הַמָּמוֹן טוֹבָה מִטּוֹבוֹת הַמָּקוֹם עָלָיו מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּסְתַּלְּקוּ מֵעָלָיו הַחוֹבוֹת שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב בָּהֶם לֵאלֹקִים וְלִבְנֵי אָדָם בַּעֲבוּרוֹ וּמִעוּט טִרְדַּת לִבּוֹ בִּשְׁמִירָתוֹ וְהַנְהָגָתוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר עַל אֶחָד מִן הַחֲסִידִים שֶׁהָיָה אוֹמֵר הַמָּקוֹם יַצִּילֵנִי מִפִּזּוּר הַנֶּפֶשׁ. אָמְרוּ לוֹ מָה הוּא פִּזּוּר הַנֶּפֶשׁ? אָמַר שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לִי מָמוֹן בְּרֹאשׁ כָּל נָהָר וּבְרֹאשׁ כָּל קִרְיָה, וְהוּא מָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ זַ״ל (משנה אבות ב ז) מַרְבֶּה נְכָסִים מַרְבֶּה דְאָגָה, וְאָמְרוּ (משנה אבות ד א) אֵיזֶהוּ עָשִׁיר הַשָּׂמֵחַ בְּחֶלְקוֹ.

(לה) וְהַבּוֹטֵחַ בַּה׳ יַשִּׂיג תּוֹעֶלֶת הַמָּמוֹן רְצוֹנִי לוֹמַר פַּרְנָסָתוֹ וְתִמָּנַע מִמֶּנּוּ טִרְדַּת הַמַּחְשָׁבָה שֶׁל בַּעַל הַמָּמוֹן וְהַתְמָדַת דַּאֲגָתוֹ לוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר הֶחָכָם מְתוּקָה שְׁנַת הָעֹבֵד אִם מְעַט וְאִם הַרְבֵּה יֹאכֵל וְהַשָּׂבָע לֶעָשִׁיר אֵינֶנּוּ מַנִּיחַ לוֹ לִישׁוֹן (קהלת ה יא).

(לו) וּמֵהֶן כִּי הַבּוֹטֵחַ בַּה׳ לֹא יִמְנָעֶנּוּ רֹב הַמָּמוֹן מִבְּטֹחַ בַּה׳ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינֶנּוּ סוֹמֵךְ עַל הַמָּמוֹן וְהוּא בְּעֵינָיו כְּפִקָּדוֹן צֻוָּה לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בּוֹ עַל פָּנִים מְיֻחָדִים וּבְעִנְיָנִים מְיֻחָדִים לִזְמַן קָצוּב. וְאִם יַתְמִיד קִיּוּמוֹ אֶצְלוֹ לֹא יִבְעַט בַּעֲבוּרוֹ וְלֹא יַזְכִּיר טוֹבָתוֹ לְמִי שֶׁצִּוָּה לָתֵת לוֹ מִמֶּנּוּ וְלֹא יְבַקֵּשׁ עָלָיו גְּמוּל הוֹדָאָה וְשֶׁבַח אֲבָל הוּא מוֹדֶה לְבוֹרְאוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ אֲשֶׁר שָׂמָהוּ סִבָּה לַטּוֹבוֹת.

(לז) וְאִם יֹאבַד הַמָּמוֹן מִמֶּנּוּ לֹא יִדְאַג וְלֹא יֶאֱבַל לְחֶסְרוֹנוֹ אַךְ הוּא מוֹדֶה לֵאלֹקָיו בְּקַחְתּוֹ פִּקְדוֹנוֹ מֵאִתּוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר הוֹדָה בִּנְתִינָתוֹ לוֹ וְיִשְׂמַח בְּחֶלְקוֹ וְאֵינֶנּוּ מְבַקֵּשׁ הֶזֵּק זוּלָתוֹ וְלֹא יַחְמֹד אָדָם בְּמָמוֹנוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר הֶחָכָם (משלי יג כה) צַדִּיק אֹכֵל לְשֹׂבַע נַפְשׁוֹ.

(לח) אַךְ תּוֹעֲלוֹת הַבִּטָּחוֹן בָּעוֹלָם:

(לט) מֵהֶן מְנוּחַת הַלֵּב מִן הַדְּאָגוֹת הָעוֹלָמִיּוֹת.

(מ) וְהַשַּׁלְוָה מִנִּדְנוּד הַנֶּפֶשׁ וְצַעֲרָהּ לְחֶסְרוֹן תַּאֲווֹתֶיהָ הַגּוּפִיּוֹת.

(מא) וְהוּא בְּהַשְׁקֵט וּבְבִטְחָה וּבְשַׁלְוָה בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (ירמיה יז ז) בָּרוּךְ הַגֶּבֶר אֲשֶׁר יִבְטַח בַּה׳ וְהָיָה ה׳ מִבְטַחוֹ, וְאָמַר (ירמיה יז ח) וְהָיָה כְּעֵץ שָׁתוּל עַל מַיִם וְעַל יוּבַל יְשַׁלַּח שָׁרָשָׁיו וְגוֹ׳.

(מב) וּמֵהֶן מְנוּחַת הַנֶּפֶשׁ מִלֶּכֶת בַּדְּרָכִים הָרְחוֹקִים אֲשֶׁר הִיא מְכַלָּה הַגּוּפוֹת וּמְמַהֶרֶת הַשְׁלָמַת יְמֵי הַחַיִּים כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קב כד) עִנָּה בַדֶּרֶךְ כֹּחִי קִצַּר יָמָי.

(מג) וְנֶאֱמַר עַל אֶחָד מִן הַפְּרוּשִׁים כִּי הָלַךְ אֶל אֶרֶץ רְחוֹקָה לְבַקֵּשׁ הַטֶּרֶף בִּתְחִלַּת פְּרִישׁוּתוֹ וּפָגַע אָדָם אֶחָד מֵעוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים בָּעִיר אֲשֶׁר הָלַךְ אֵלֶיהָ. אָמַר לוֹ הַפָּרוּשׁ כַּמָּה אַתֶּם בְּתַכְלִית הָעִוָּרוֹן וּמִעוּט הַהֲבָנָה בַּעֲבוֹדַתְכֶם לַכּוֹכָבִים. אָמַר לוֹ הָאַמְגּוּשִׁי וּמָה אַתָּה עוֹבֵד? אָמַר לוֹ הַפָּרוּשׁ אֲנִי עוֹבֵד הַבּוֹרֵא הַיָּכוֹל, הַמְּכַלְכֵּל הָאֶחָד, הַמַּטְרִיף, אֲשֶׁר אֵין כָּמוֹהוּ. אָמַר לוֹ הָאַמְגּוּשִׁי פָּעָלְךָ סוֹתֵר אֶת דְּבָרֶיךָ. אָמַר לוֹ הַפָּרוּשׁ וְהֵיאַךְ? אָמַר לוֹ אִלּוּ הָיָה מָה שֶׁאָמַרְתָּ אֱמֶת, הָיָה מַטְרִיפְךָ בְּעִירְךָ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁהִטְרִיפְךָ הֵנָּה, וְלֹא הָיִיתָ טוֹרֵחַ לָבוֹא אֶל אֶרֶץ רְחוֹקָה כָּזֹאת. וְנִפְסְקָה טַעֲנַת הַפָּרוּשׁ וְשָׁב לְאַרְצוֹ וְקִבֵּל הַפְּרִישׁוּת מִן הָעֵת הַהִיא וְלֹא יָצָא מֵעִירוֹ אַחַר כָּךְ.

(מד) וּמֵהֶן מְנוּחַת הַנֶּפֶשׁ וְהַגּוּף מִן הַמַּעֲשִׂים הַקָּשִׁים וְהַמְּלָאכוֹת הַמְּיַגְּעוֹת אֶת הַגּוּפוֹת וַעֲזֹב עֲבוֹדַת הַמְּלָכִים וְחֻקֵּיהֶם וַחֲמַס אַנְשֵׁיהֶם.

(מה) וְהַבּוֹטֵחַ בַּה׳ הוּא תּוֹבֵעַ מִסִּבּוֹת הַטֶּרֶף מָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ יוֹתֵר מְנוּחָה לְגוּפוֹ וְשֵׁם טוֹב לוֹ וּפְנַאי לְלִבּוֹ וּמָה שֶׁהוּא מֵפִיק יוֹתֵר לְחוֹבוֹת תּוֹרָתוֹ עִם יֶתֶר אֱמוּנָתוֹ כִּי הַסִּבָּה לֹא תּוֹסִיף לוֹ בְּחֻקּוֹ וְלֹא תְּחַסְּרֵהוּ מִמֶּנּוּ מְאוּמָה אֶלָּא בִּגְזֵרַת הָאֱלֹקִים יִתְבָּרַךְ כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עה ז-ח) לֹא מִמּוֹצָא וּמִמַּעֲרָב וְלֹא מִמִּדְבַּר הָרִים כִּי אֱלֹקִים שֹׁפֵט זֶה יַשְׁפִּיל וְזֶה יָרִים, וְאָמַר (תהלים כג ב) בִּנְאוֹת דֶּשֶׁא יַרְבִּיצֵנִי עַל מֵי מְנֻחוֹת יְנַהֲלֵנִי.

(מו) וּמֵהֶן מִעוּט צַעַר נַפְשׁוֹ בְּמִסְחָרוֹ וְאִם תִּתְעַכֵּב אֶצְלוֹ פְּרַקְמַטְיָא אוֹ אִם לֹא יוּכַל לִגְבּוֹת חוֹבוֹ אוֹ אִם יִפְגָּעֵהוּ חֹלִי בְּגוּפוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא יוֹדֵעַ כִּי הַבּוֹרֵא יִתְבָּרַךְ מְתַקֵּן עִנְיָנוֹ יוֹתֵר מִמֶּנּוּ וּבוֹחֵר לוֹ טוֹב יוֹתֵר מִמָּה שֶׁהוּא בּוֹחֵר לְעַצְמוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים סב ו) אַךְ לֵאלֹקִים דּוֹמִּי נַפְשִׁי כִּי מִמֶּנּוּ תִּקְוָתִי.

(33) Among the benefits of trusting in G-d regarding religious matters:

(34) One who trusts in G-d, if he has wealth, will be quick to fulfill his monetary obligations to G-d and to men with a willing and generous spirit. If he does not have wealth, he will consider that lack of wealth to be among the favors of G-d to him, because he is exempt from the monetary obligations to G-d and men which wealth brings, and he is spared from the mental distraction of protecting and managing it, as one of the pious used to say: "may G-d save me from dispersion of the mind". They would ask him "what is dispersion of the mind?" He would answer: "to own property at the head of every river and the center of every town." And this is what our sages referred to in saying: "the more possessions, the more worry" (Avos 2:7), and they said: "who is wealthy? He who is content with what he has" (Avos 4:1).

(35) One who trusts in G-d will receive the benefits of money, namely, his material needs, but without the mental distraction and constant worry of the wealthy, as the wise man said "The sleep of the laborer is sweet, whether he eats little or much, but the satiety of the rich does not allow him to sleep" (Koheles 5:11).

(36) Another benefit, one who trusts in G-d will not diminish his trust on account of having much wealth because he does not rely on the money. He regards it as a deposit which he is ordered to use in specific ways, for specific matters and for a limited time. And if he stays wealthy for a long time, he will not become arrogant due to his wealth. He will not remind the poor person of his charity gifts since he was commanded to give to him, and he will not seek his gratitude and praises. Rather, he will thank his Creator who appointed him as a means for doing good to the poor person.

(37) If his wealth is lost, he will not worry nor mourn his loss. Rather, he will thank his Creator for taking back His deposit, just like he thanked G-d when it was given to him. He will be happy with his portion, and will not seek to damage others . He will not covet other people's wealth as the wise man said "A righteous man eats to sate his appetite, [but the stomach of the wicked shall feel want]." (Mishlei 13:25).

(38) Benefits of trust in G-d for worldly matters:

(39) * Peace of mind from the worries of this world.

(40) * Peace from the frenzy and drive to pursue the lusts of this world.

(41) * feeling calm, secure, at peace in this world, as written "blessed be the man who trusts in G-d, and G-d shall be his refuge" (Yirmiyahu 17:7), and "For he shall be like a tree planted by the water, that sends out its roots by the stream. [It does not fear when heat comes; its leaves stay green. It has no worries in a year of drought and never fails to bear fruit]" (Yirmiyahu 17:8).

(42) Among them, peace of mind from the need to travel to faraway journeys, which weakens the body, and hastens aging, as written "my strength has weakened from the journey, my life shortened" (Tehilim 102:24).

(43) It is said about a novice ascetic who travelled to a distant land in search of a livelihood. He met one of the idolaters of the city where he arrived and said to him: "how completely blind and ignorant you are to worship idols!". The idolater asked him: "And what do you worship?". The ascetic answered "I worship the Creator, the Omnipotent, the Sustainer of all, the One, the Provider of all, which there is none like Him". The idolater countered "your actions contradict your words!" The ascetic asked "How so?", the idolater said "if what you say were true, He would have provided a livelihood for you in your own city, just like He provided for you here, and it would not have been necessary for you to trouble yourself to travel to a faraway land like this." The ascetic, unable to answer, returned to his city and reassumed his asceticism from that time on, and never again left his city.

(44) Another benefit, peace of mind and body, due to sparing oneself from pursuing grueling jobs, and wearying occupations, avoiding work of kings - mingling in their culture and dealing with their corrupt servants.

(45) But one who trusts G-d, selects among the different occupations one which is easy on his body, allows him to earn a good reputation, does not consume his mind, and is best suited for fulfilling his torah obligations and the principles of his faith, because the choice of occupation will neither increase nor decrease the income he will earn unless G-d decreed so, as it says "For it is not from the east or from the west, neither from the desert does elevation come. But G-d judges; He lowers this one and elevates that one." (Tehilim 75:7), and "He causes me to lie down in green pastures; He leads me beside still waters" (Tehilim 23:2).

(46) Another benefit, minimal aggravation in one's business dealings. If one's merchandise does not sell, or if he is unable to collect his debts, or if he is struck by illness, because he knows that the Creator is in charge of his life and knows best what is good for him, as written "Only to G-d should you hope, my soul, for my hope is from Him" (Tehilim 62:6).

TIMELINE OF MUSSAR HISTORY
Sa’adia Gaon – 933 – Sefer Deot v’Emunot (The Book of Beliefs and Opinions)
R’ Bahya ibn Paquda – 1080 – Chovot Ha’Levavot (Duties of the Heart)
R’ Shlomo ibn Gabirol – 1045 – Tikkun Middot Ha’Nefesh (Improvement of the Traits of the Soul)
R’ Moshe ben Maimon (Rambam) – 1168 – Shmoneh Perakim (Eight Chapters)
Avraham ben HaRambam – 1230 – Ha’Maspik l’Ovdei HaShem (Guide to Serving God)
Rabenu Yonah Gerondi – 1250 – Shaarei Teshuvah (Gates of Repentance)
Yechiel ben Yekutiel – 1298 – Ma’alot ha-Middot (Book of Higher Virtues)
anonymous – 1540 – Orchot Tzaddikim (Ways of the Righteous)
R’ Moshe Cordovero – 1588 – Tomer Devorah (Palm Tree of Deborah)
R’ Tzvi Hirsch Kaidanover – 1705 – Kav HaYashar (The Just Measure)
R’ Moshe Chaim Luzzatto – 1740 – Messilat Yesharim (Path of the Just)
R’ Yosef Zundel – 1786-1865
R’ Menahem Mendel Leffin – 1811 – Cheshbon Ha’Nefesh (Accounting of the Soul)
R’ Eliezer Papo – 1824 – Pele Yoetz
***R’ Yisrael Salanter – 1890 – Ohr Yisrael
R. Simcha Zissel Ziv – 1824-1898 – Chochmah u’Mussar (Wisdom and Mussar)
R’ Nosson Zvi Finkel – 1849-1927 – Ohr Ha’Tzafon (The Hidden Light)
R’ Yosef Yozel Hurwitz – 1848 – 1919 Madregas ha’Adam (The Levels of Man)
R’ Yerucham Levovitz 1875 – 1936 ​​​​​​​ Da’as, Chochmah u’Mussar (Knowledge, Wisdom and Mussar)
R’ Eliyahu Dessler – 1959-83 – Michtav mi’Eliyahu (Strive for Truth!)
R’ Shlomo Wolbe – 1968 – Alei Shur
R’ Elya Lopian – 1975 – Lev Eliyahu (Elijah’s Heart)
Contemporary Mussar:
Alan Morinis -- Every Day, Holy Day, Everyday Holiness, With Heart in Mind
Ira Stone -- A Responsible Life
David Jaffe-- Changing the World From the Inside Out
​​​​​​​