2. The Jews had for a great while had three sects of philosophy peculiar to themselves; the sect of the Essenes, and the sect of the Sadducees, and the third sort of opinions was that of those called Pharisees . . . 3. Now, for the Pharisees, they live meanly, and despise delicacies in diet; and they follow the conduct of reason; and what that prescribes to them as good for them they do; and they think they ought earnestly to strive to observe reason's dictates for practice. They also pay a respect to such as are in years; nor are they so bold as to contradict them in any thing which they have introduced; . . . They also believe that souls have an immortal rigor in them, and that under the earth there will be rewards or punishments, according as they have lived virtuously or viciously in this life . . . 4. But the doctrine of the Sadducees is this: That souls die with the bodies; nor do they regard the observation of any thing besides what the law enjoins them; for they think it an instance of virtue to dispute with those teachers of philosophy whom they frequent: but this doctrine is received but by a few, yet by those still of the greatest dignity.
". . . while the Sadducees are able to persuade none but the rich, and have not the populace obsequious to them, but the Pharisees have the multitude on their side."
The Rivalry
During the Jewish holiday Sukkot, Alexander Jannaeus (King Yanai), while officiating as the High Priest at the Temple in Jerusalem, demonstrated his displeasure against the Pharisees by refusing to perform the water libation ceremony properly: instead of pouring it on the altar, he poured it on his feet. The crowd responded with shock at his mockery and showed their displeasure by pelting him with etrogim (citrons). They made the situation worse by insulting him. They called him a descendant of a captive woman and unsuitable to hold office and to sacrifice. Outraged, he killed six thousand people. Alexander also had wooden barriers built around the altar and the temple preventing people from going near him. Only the priests were permitted to enter. This incident during the Feast of Tabernacles was a major factor leading up to the Judean Civil War.
מַתְנִי׳ מְסָרוּהוּ זִקְנֵי בֵית דִּין לְזִקְנֵי כְהוּנָּה וְהֶעֱלוּהוּ בֵּית אַבְטִינָס, וְהִשְׁבִּיעוּהוּ, וְנִפְטְרוּ וְהָלְכוּ לָהֶם. וְאָמְרוּ לוֹ: אִישִׁי כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל! אָנוּ שְׁלוּחֵי בֵּית דִּין, וְאַתָּה שְׁלוּחֵנוּ וּשְׁלִיחַ בֵּית דִּין. מַשְׁבִּיעִין אָנוּ עָלֶיךָ בְּמִי שֶׁשִּׁכֵּן שְׁמוֹ בַּבַּיִת הַזֶּה שֶׁלֹּא תְּשַׁנֶּה דָּבָר מִכׇּל מַה שֶּׁאָמַרְנוּ לָךְ. הוּא פּוֹרֵשׁ וּבוֹכֶה, וְהֵן פּוֹרְשִׁין וּבוֹכִין.
MISHNA:The Elders of the court who read the order of the service of the day before the High Priest passed him to the Elders of the priesthood, and they took him up to the House of Avtinas. And they administered him an oath and took leave of him and went on their way. When they administered this oath they said to him: My Master, High Priest. We are agents of the court, and you are our agent and the agent of the court. We administer an oath to you in the name of Him who housed His name in this House, that you will not change even one matter from all that we have said to you with regard to the burning of the incense or any other service that you will perform when alone. After this oath, he would leave them and cry, and they would leave him and cry in sorrow that the oath was necessary.
והשביעוהו - שלא יהא צדוקי לתקן מבחוץ ולהכניס בפנים כדאמרינן בגמרא (לקמן יומא דף יט:):
אוֹמְרִים צְדוֹקִים, קוֹבְלִין אָנוּ עֲלֵיכֶם, פְּרוּשִׁים, שֶׁאַתֶּם אוֹמְרִים, כִּתְבֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ מְטַמְּאִין אֶת הַיָּדַיִם, וְסִפְרֵי הוֹמֵרִיס אֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא אֶת הַיָּדַיִם. אָמַר רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי, וְכִי אֵין לָנוּ עַל הַפְּרוּשִׁים אֶלָּא זוֹ בִלְבָד. הֲרֵי הֵם אוֹמְרִים, עַצְמוֹת חֲמוֹר טְהוֹרִים וְעַצְמוֹת יוֹחָנָן כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל טְמֵאִים. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, לְפִי חִבָּתָן הִיא טֻמְאָתָן, שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם עַצְמוֹת אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ תַּרְוָדוֹת. אָמַר לָהֶם, אַף כִּתְבֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ לְפִי חִבָּתָן הִיא טֻמְאָתָן, וְסִפְרֵי הוֹמֵרִיס, שֶׁאֵינָן חֲבִיבִין, אֵינָן מְטַמְּאִין אֶת הַיָּדָיִם:
The Sadducees say: we complain against you, Pharisees, because you say that the Holy Scriptures defile the hands, but the books of Homer do not defile the hands.
Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai said: Have we nothing against the Pharisees but this?
[The Saducees also say] Behold they (the Pharisees) say that the bones of a donkey are clean, yet the bones of Yohanan the high priest are unclean.
They said to him: according to the affection for them, so is their impurity, so that nobody should make spoons out of the bones of his father or mother. He said to them: so also are the Holy Scriptures according to the affection for them, so is their uncleanness. The books of Homer which are not precious do not defile the hands.
אוֹמְרִים צְדוֹקִין, קוֹבְלִין אָנוּ עֲלֵיכֶם, פְּרוּשִׁים, שֶׁאַתֶּם אוֹמְרִים, שׁוֹרִי וַחֲמוֹרִי שֶׁהִזִּיקוּ, חַיָּבִין. וְעַבְדִּי וַאֲמָתִי שֶׁהִזִּיקוּ, פְּטוּרִין. מָה אִם שׁוֹרִי וַחֲמוֹרִי, שֶׁאֵינִי חַיָּב בָּהֶם מִצְוֹת, הֲרֵי אֲנִי חַיָּב בְּנִזְקָן. עַבְדִּי וַאֲמָתִי, שֶׁאֲנִי חַיָּב בָּהֶן מִצְוֹת, אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁאֱהֵא חַיָּב בְּנִזְקָן. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם, לֹא. אִם אֲמַרְתֶּם בְּשׁוֹרִי וַחֲמוֹרִי, שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶם דַּעַת, תֹּאמְרוּ בְּעַבְדִּי וּבַאֲמָתִי, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶם דָּעַת. שֶׁאִם אַקְנִיטֵם, יֵלֵךְ וְיַדְלִיק גְּדִישׁוֹ שֶׁל אַחֵר וֶאֱהֵא חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם:
The Sadducees say: we complain against you, Pharisees, that you say, my ox or donkey which has done injury is liable, yet my male or female slave who has done injury is not liable. Now if in the case of my ox or my donkey for which I am not responsible if they do not fulfill religious duties, yet I am responsible for their damages, in the case of my male or female slave for whom I am responsible to see that they fulfill mitzvot, how much more so that I should be responsible for their damages? They said to them: No, if you argue about my ox or my donkey which have no understanding, can you deduce from there anything concerning a male or female slave who do have understanding? So that if I were to anger either of them and they would go and burn another person's stack, should I be liable to make restitution?
אוֹמְרִים צְדוֹקִין, קוֹבְלִין אָנוּ עֲלֵיכֶם, פְּרוּשִׁים, שֶׁאַתֶּם מְטַהֲרִים אֶת הַנִּצּוֹק. אוֹמְרִים הַפְּרוּשִׁים, קוֹבְלִין אָנוּ עֲלֵיכֶם, צְדוֹקִים, שֶׁאַתֶּם מְטַהֲרִים אֶת אַמַּת הַמַּיִם הַבָּאָה מִבֵּית הַקְּבָרוֹת
The Sadducees say: we complain against you, Pharisees, that you declare an uninterrupted flow of a liquid to be clean. The Pharisees say: we complain against you, Sadducees, that you declare a stream of water (which is a Mikvah) which flows from a burial-ground to be clean!
אמת המים הבאה מן הקברות. מודו בה צדוקים דטהורה, דכתיב (ויקרא י״א:ל״ו) מקוה מים יהיה טהור:
Arguments against the Pharisees in the New Testament
In the New Testament, Matthew 23:18-19, we see this same style of argument against the Pharisees
תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה מֻנַּחַת בְּעֶצֶם אָפְיָהּ שֶׁל הָאֻמָּה, שֶׁמָּצְאָה אֶת בִּרְכָתָהּ עַל יְדֵי הַגִּלּוּי הַשָּׁמַיְמִי שֶׁל תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב. בְּהִתְגַּלּוּתָהּ נְמוּכָה הִיא תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה מִתּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב. כִּי הֲרֵי הַגּוֹרֵם הָרָאשִׁי לִמְצֹא אֶת נְתִיבָתָהּ הִיא הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב, הַיַּחַשׂ הָעֶלְיוֹן שֶׁל הָאֻמָּה עִם הָאֱלֹהוּת הָעֶלְיוֹנָה, עִם הַמְגַמָּה שֶׁל הַמְגַמּוֹת, עִם הַנֵּצַח וְהַהוֹד שֶׁבָּעוֹלָמִים וּמִלְמַעְלָה שֶׁל כָּל כְּלָלוּתָם. אֲבָל בַּצּוּרָה הַפְּנִימִית הֲלֹא הַתּוֹרָה נִתְּנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל בִּשְׁבִיל סְגֻלָּתָם הַפְּנִימִית הָעֶלְיוֹנָה, הֲרֵי גָּרְמָה סְגֻלָּה אֱלֹהִית גְּנוּזָה זוֹ לְהוֹפָעַת תּוֹרָה מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם עֲלֵיהֶם, וְנִמְצֵאת עֶלְיוֹנָה תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה בְּשָׁרְשָׁהּ מִשֹּׁרֶשׁ תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב, "חֲבִיבִין דִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים יוֹתֵר מִדִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה".