But both with those who are standing here with us this day before the LORD our God and with those who are not with us here this day.
...דורות הבאים וגרים העתידין להתגייר מנין ת"ל (דברים כט, יד) ואת אשר איננו
...From where do I derive that the subsequent generations, and the converts who will convert in the future, were also included? The verse states: “And also with he who is not here with us this day” (Deuteronomy 29:14).
(טז) וַתֹּ֤אמֶר רוּת֙ אַל־תִּפְגְּעִי־בִ֔י לְעׇזְבֵ֖ךְ לָשׁ֣וּב מֵאַחֲרָ֑יִךְ כִּ֠י אֶל־אֲשֶׁ֨ר תֵּלְכִ֜י אֵלֵ֗ךְ וּבַאֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּלִ֙ינִי֙ אָלִ֔ין עַמֵּ֣ךְ עַמִּ֔י וֵאלֹהַ֖יִךְ אֱלֹהָֽי׃
(16) But Ruth replied, “Do not urge me to leave you, to turn back and not follow you. For wherever you go, I will go; wherever you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God.
(טז) שֹׁבְנָה בְנֹתַי לֵכְנָה (רות א, יב), רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא, בְּשָׁלשׁ מְקוֹמוֹת כְּתִיב כָּאן (רות א, ח): שֹׁבְנָה, (רות א, יא): שֹׁבְנָה, (רות א, יב): שֹׁבְנָה, כְּנֶגֶד שָׁלשׁ פְּעָמִים שֶׁדּוֹחִין אֶת הַגֵּר, וְאִם הִטְרִיחַ יוֹתֵר מִכָּאן מְקַבְּלִין אוֹתוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק (איוב לא, לב): בַּחוּץ לֹא יָלִין גֵּר, לְעוֹלָם יְהֵא אָדָם דּוֹחֶה בִּשְׂמֹאל וּמְקָרֵב בִּימִין. כִּי זָקַנְתִּי מִהְיוֹת לְאִישׁ וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן לִמְדָךְ הַתּוֹרָה דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ שֶׁאֵין תַּשְׁמִישׁ בַּיּוֹם אֶלָּא בַּלַּיְלָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (אסתר ב, יד): בָּעֶרֶב הִא בָאָה וּבַבֹּקֶר הִיא שָׁבָה, וּכְתִיב: גַּם הָיִיתִי הַלַּיְלָה לְאִישׁ.
(16) “Turn back, my daughters, go, as I am too old to be with a husband. If I were to say: I have hope, even were I to be with a husband tonight, and also were I to bear sons” (Ruth 1:12).
“Turn back, my daughters, go” – Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said in the name of Rabbi Yudan bar Rabbi Ḥanina: In three places it is written here: “Turn back” (Ruth 1:8), “Turn back” (Ruth 1:11), “Turn back” (Ruth 1:12), corresponding to the three times that one rejects a convert. If he insists beyond that, one accepts him. Rabbi Yitzḥak said: “A stranger shall not stay the night outside” (Job 31:32). A person shall always reject with the left and accept with the right.113Rejection should be performed weakly, while the subsequent acceptance should be undertaken powerfully. “As I am too old to be with a husband […were I to be with a husband tonight]” – Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The Torah teaches you proper conduct, that one engages in marital relations at night and not by day. That is what is written: “In the evening she would come and in the morning she would return” (Esther 2:14), and it is written: “Were I to be with a husband tonight.”
(ד) כִּי־כֹ֣ה ׀ אָמַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֗ה לַסָּֽרִיסִים֙ אֲשֶׁ֤ר יִשְׁמְרוּ֙ אֶת־שַׁבְּתוֹתַ֔י וּבָחֲר֖וּ בַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר חָפָ֑צְתִּי וּמַחֲזִיקִ֖ים בִּבְרִיתִֽי׃ (ה) וְנָתַתִּ֨י לָהֶ֜ם בְּבֵיתִ֤י וּבְחֽוֹמֹתַי֙ יָ֣ד וָשֵׁ֔ם ט֖וֹב מִבָּנִ֣ים וּמִבָּנ֑וֹת שֵׁ֤ם עוֹלָם֙ אֶתֶּן־ל֔וֹ אֲשֶׁ֖ר לֹ֥א יִכָּרֵֽת׃ {ס} (ו) וּבְנֵ֣י הַנֵּכָ֗ר הַנִּלְוִ֤ים עַל־יְהֹוָה֙ לְשָׁ֣רְת֔וֹ וּֽלְאַהֲבָה֙ אֶת־שֵׁ֣ם יְהֹוָ֔ה לִֽהְי֥וֹת ל֖וֹ לַעֲבָדִ֑ים כׇּל־שֹׁמֵ֤ר שַׁבָּת֙ מֵֽחַלְּל֔וֹ וּמַחֲזִיקִ֖ים בִּבְרִיתִֽי׃ (ז) וַהֲבִיאוֹתִ֞ים אֶל־הַ֣ר קׇדְשִׁ֗י וְשִׂמַּחְתִּים֙ בְּבֵ֣ית תְּפִלָּתִ֔י עוֹלֹתֵיהֶ֧ם וְזִבְחֵיהֶ֛ם לְרָצ֖וֹן עַֽל־מִזְבְּחִ֑י כִּ֣י בֵיתִ֔י בֵּית־תְּפִלָּ֥ה יִקָּרֵ֖א לְכׇל־הָעַמִּֽים׃
Observe what is right and do what is just;
For soon My salvation shall come,
And my deliverance be revealed. (2) Happy is the mortal who does this,
The one who holds fast to it:
Who keeps the sabbath and does not profane it,
And holds back from doing any evil. (3) Let not the foreigner say,
Who is joined to GOD,
“ GOD will keep me apart from this covenanted people”;
And let not the eunuch say,
“I am a withered tree.” (4) For thus said GOD:
“As for the eunuchs who keep My sabbaths,
Who have chosen what I desire
And hold fast to My covenant— (5) I will give them, in My House
And within My walls,
A monument and a name
Better than sons or daughters.
I will give them an everlasting name
That shall not perish. (6) As for the foreigners
Who are joined to GOD,
To render service,
And to love GOD’s name,
To be devoted servants—
All who keep the sabbath and do not profane it,
And who hold fast to My covenant— (7) I will bring them to My sacred mount
And let them rejoice in My house of prayer.
Their burnt offerings and sacrifices
Shall be welcome on My altar;
For My House shall be called
A house of prayer for all peoples.”
Thus said GOD of Hosts: In those days, ten people from nations of every tongue will take hold—they will take hold of every Jew by a corner of their cloak and say, “Let us go with you, for we have heard that God is with you.”
(יד) וְאֶת הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ בְחָרָן (בראשית יב, ה), אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בַּר זִמְרָא אִם מִתְכַּנְסִין כָּל בָּאֵי הָעוֹלָם לִבְרֹא אֲפִלּוּ יַתּוּשׁ אֶחָד אֵינָן יְכוֹלִין לִזְרֹק בּוֹ נְשָׁמָה, וְאַתְּ אָמַר וְאֶת הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ, אֶלָּא אֵלּוּ הַגֵּרִים שֶׁגִּיְּרוּ, וְאִם כֵּן שֶׁגִּיְּרוּ לָמָּה אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ, אֶלָּא לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא מְקָרֵב אֶת הָעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים וּמְגַיְּרוֹ כְּאִלּוּ בְּרָאוֹ. וְיֹאמַר אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה, לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ, אָמַר רַב הוּנָא אַבְרָהָם הָיָה מְגַיֵּר אֶת הָאֲנָשִׁים וְשָׂרָה מְגַיֶּרֶת אֶת הַנָּשִׁים.
(14) “Abram took Sarai his wife, and Lot, son of his brother, and all their property that they had acquired, and the people that they had made in Ḥaran; they departed to go to the land of Canaan and they came to the land of Canaan” (Genesis 12:5).
“And the people that they had made in Ḥaran” – Rabbi Elazar bar Zimra said: If all the inhabitants of the world were to assemble, to create even a single gnat, they would be unable to inject a soul into it, and yet you say: “The people that they had made?” The explanation is that this refers to the proselytes that they converted. If so, [it should have said] “that they converted”; why “that they made”? It is to teach you that anyone who draws an idol worshipper near and converts him, it is as though he has created him. Let it, then, say: “that he made”? Rav Huna said: Abraham converted the men and Sarah converted the women.
For you are strangers and sojourners with Me (25:23).
כי גרים ותושבים אתם עמדי
This should be understood in accord with what I heard from a certain sage about the verse “I am a stranger in the land; do not hide Your commandments from me (Ps. 119:19).” This is the way of the world. One who is a ger (“stranger,” but here meaning a convert to Judaism) has no one to whom to feel close, revealing all the secrets of the events of his/her life and what is in their heart. A ger does not exactly have a friend either among the Jews or the gentiles. But when two gerim meet, they tell one another everything.
We know that the blessed Holy One is like a ger, a stranger, in this world. He has no one on whom to shine His glorious presence, since “there are so few [ready to receive it]”. This is what David meant by praying “I am a stranger in the land.” “I, too, he was saying, do not want to be a regular dweller in this world. I am here like a stranger, a fellow-ger. Therefore, “do not hide Your commandments from me.” Let us be like one ger to another, telling each other all that is in our hearts.
This is the meaning of our verse as well. “You are gerim and temporary residents, along with Me.” I, too, am a stranger in this world. That means that I will not hide My commandments from you.
(א) שלא להונות הגר בדברים - שנמנענו מלהונות הגר אפילו בדברים, והוא אחד מן האמות שנתגיר ונכנס בדתנו, שאסור לו לבזותו אפילו בדברים, שנאמר (שמות כא ב) וגר לא תונה. ואף על פי שאנו מזהרים בזה בישראל וזה כיון שנכנס בדתינו הרי הוא כישראל, הוסיף הכתוב לנו אזהרה בו, וגם נכפלה האזהרה עליו דכתיב (ויקרא יט לג) ''לא תונו'' פעם אחרת, לפי שענין ההונאה אליו קרובה יותר מבישראל
(ב) משרשי המצוה, מלבד מה שכתבנו, כדי לכף את יצרנו לעולם לבל נעשה כל אשר נמצא בכחינו לעשות לרעה, על כן הזהירתנו בזה האיש שהוא בינינו בלי עוזר וסומך ויש כח ביד כל אחד ואחד ממנו עם אוהביו עליו לבל נעביר עליו את הדרך כלל אפילו בדברים כאלו הוא כאחד ממנו, ומתוך גדרים כאלו נקנה נפש יקרה ומסלסלת ומעטרת המדות הראויה לקבלת הטוב, וישלם בנו חפץ השם יתברך שחפץ להטיב.
(1) To not oppress the convert with words: That we have been prevented from oppressing converts, even with words - and that is one who converted and entered our religion - such that is forbidden to disgrace him even with words, as it is stated (Exodus 22:20), "and you shall not oppress a convert." And even though we are warned about this with Jews and since the one that entered our religion is like any other Jew, Scripture added a warning to us and also redoubled the prohibition for him, as it is written (Leviticus 19:33), "do not oppress" another time; because the issue of oppression is more relevant to a convert than it is to another Jew, as another Jew has redeemers who will redress his insult...
(2) Aside from what we have already written, it is from the roots of the commandment that it is in order to permanently train our negative inclination not to do whatever evil is in our power to do. Therefore we are warned regarding this person who is among us without a full support system, and over whom each and every one of us - with his friends - can exert some power; that we not exclude him from the general sensitivity that we show to everyone among us. And through boundaries such as these we will acquire a soul of higher worth - raised-up and crowned with positive characteristics and worthy of receiving good. And we will fulfill in ourselves the desire of God, may He be blessed, who desires to give benefit.
Thus says Moses, the son of Rabbi Maimon, one of the exiles from Jerusalem, who lived in Spain:
I received the question of the master Obadiah, the wise and learned proselyte, may the Lord reward him for his work, may a perfect recompense be bestowed upon him by the Lord of Israel, under whose wings he has sought cover.
You ask me if you, too, are allowed to say in the blessings and prayers you offer alone or in the congregation: “Our God” and “God of our fathers,” “You who have sanctified us through Your commandments,” “You who have separated us,” “You who have chosen us,” “You who have inherited us,” “You who have brought us out of the land of Egypt,” “You who have worked miracles to our fathers,” and more of this kind.
Yes, you may say all this in the prescribed order and not change it in the least. In the same way as every Jew by birth says his blessing and prayer, you, too, shall bless and pray alike, whether you are alone or pray in the congregation. The reason for this is, that Abraham our Father taught the people, opened their minds, and revealed to them the true faith and the unity of God; he rejected the idols and abolished their adoration; he brought many children under the wings of the Divine Presence; he gave them counsel and advice, and ordered his sons and the members of his household after him to keep the ways of the Lord forever, as it is written, “For I have known him to the end that he may command his children and his household after him, that they may keep the way of the Lord, to do righteousness and justice” (Gen. 18:19). Ever since then whoever adopts Judaism and confesses the unity of the Divine Name, as it is prescribed in the Torah, is counted among the disciples of Abraham our Father, peace be with him. These men are Abraham’s household, and he it is who converted them to righteousness.
In the same way as he converted his contemporaries through his words and teaching, he converts future generations through the testament he left to his children and household after him. Thus Abraham our Father, peace be with him, is the father of his pious posterity who keep his ways, and the father of his disciples and of all proselytes who adopt Judaism.
Therefore you shall pray, “Our God” and “God of our fathers,” because Abraham, peace be with him, is your father. And you shall pray, “You who have taken for his own our fathers,” for the land has been given to Abraham, as it is said, “Arise, walk through the land in the length of it and in the breadth of it; for I will give to you” (Gen. 13:17). As to the words, “You who have brought us out of the land of Egypt” or “You who have done miracles to our fathers” – these you may change, if you will, and say, “You who have brought Israel out of the land of Egypt ” and “You who have done miracles to Israel.” If, however, you do not change them, it is no transgression, because since you have come under the wings of the Divine Presence and confessed the Lord, no difference exists between you and us, and all miracles done to us have been done as it were to us and to you. Thus is it said in the Book of Isaiah, “Neither let the son of the stranger, that has joined himself to the Lord, speak, saying, ‘The Lord has utterly separated me from His people'” (Is. 56:3). There is no difference whatever between you and us. You shall certainly say the blessing, “Who has chosen us,” “Who has given us,” “Who have taken us for Your own” and “Who has separated us”: for the Creator, may He be extolled, has indeed chosen you and separated you from the nations and given you the Torah. For the Torah has been given to us and to the proselytes, as it is said, “One ordinance shall be both for you of the congregation, and also for the stranger that sojourns with you, an ordinance for ever in your generations; as you are, so shall the stranger be before the Lord” (Num. 15:15). Know that our fathers, when they came out of Egypt, were mostly idolaters; they had mingled with the pagans in Egypt and imitated their way of life, until the Holy One, may He be blessed, sent Moses our Teacher, the master of all prophets, who separated us from the nations and brought us under the wings of the Divine Presence, us and all proselytes, and gave to all of us one Law.
Do not consider your origin as inferior. While we are the descendants of Abraham, Issac, and Jacob, you derive from Him through whose word the world was created. As is said by Isaiah: “One shall say, I am the Lord’s, and another shall call himself by the name of Jacob” (Is. 44:5).
We were a few rising
Hesitant at first
Moving forward.
Then we were a stream
Flowing toward Torah.
We looked at each other
Surprised overwhelmed;
We recognized ourselves
In the faces we saw.
We were Jews
By Choice.
The stream became a river.
We moved together
Up aisles of friends, teachers, lovers.
Up we flowed onto the bimah.
We were smiling weeping;
We knew each other
Though we had never met.
We stood amazed
Before the light
Of Torah.
We looked around;
The river became a sea.
We were numerous
As the crowd at Sinai.
We are Jews
By choice.