(ו) עֲשָׂרָה דְבָרִים נִבְרְאוּ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן, פִּי הָאָרֶץ, וּפִי הַבְּאֵר, וּפִי הָאָתוֹן, וְהַקֶּשֶׁת, וְהַמָּן, וְהַמַּטֶּה, וְהַשָּׁמִיר, וְהַכְּתָב, וְהַמִּכְתָּב, וְהַלּוּחוֹת. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים, אַף הַמַּזִּיקִין, וּקְבוּרָתוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה, וְאֵילוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים, אַף צְבָת בִּצְבָת עֲשׂוּיָה:
(6) Ten things were created on the eve of the Sabbath at twilight, and these are they: [1] the mouth of the earth, [2] the mouth of the well, [3] the mouth of the donkey, [4] the rainbow, [5] the manna, [6] the staff [of Moses], [7] the shamir, [8] the letters, [9] the writing, [10] and the tablets. And some say: also the demons, the grave of Moses, and the ram of Abraham, our father. And some say: and also tongs, made with tongs.
Now let's look at how Jews view the sun and the moon? For this we should start with creation.
The Sages taught that on account of four matters the sun is eclipsed: On account of a president of the court who dies and is not eulogized appropriately, and the eclipse is a type of eulogy by Heaven; on account of a betrothed young woman who screamed in the city that she was being raped and there was no one to rescue her; on account of sexual immorality; and on account of two brothers whose blood was spilled as one.
(12) On that occasion, when GOD routed the Amorites before the Israelites, Joshua addressed GOD; he said in the presence of the Israelites:
“Stand still, O sun, at Gibeon,
O moon, in the Valley of Aijalon!” (13) And the sun stood still
And the moon halted,
While a nation wreaked judgment on its foes
—as is written in the Book of Jashar (a collection of war songs). Thus the sun halted in midheaven, and did not press on to set, for a whole day; (14) for GOD fought for Israel. Neither before nor since has there ever been such a day, when GOD acted on words spoken by someone else. (15) Then Joshua together with all Israel returned to the camp at Gilgal.
—declares the Sovereign GOD —
I will make the sun set at noon,
I will darken the earth on a sunny day.
(8) Hezekiah asked Isaiah, “What is the sign that GOD will heal me and that I shall go up to the House of GOD on the third day?” (9) Isaiah replied, “This is the sign for you from GOD that GOD will do the thing that was promised: Shall the shadow advance ten steps or recede ten steps?” (10) Hezekiah said, “It is easy for the shadow to lengthen ten steps, but not for the shadow to recede ten steps.” (11) So the prophet Isaiah called to GOD, and the shadow that had descended on the dial of Ahaz was made to recede ten steps.
If a stairway had been engulfed in darkness and then restored to daylight, the shadow would have appeared to retreat. A shadow wave, produced by an eclipse, may also have given the appearance of a shadow retreating.
- BiblicalArchaelogy.org
בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה’ אֳלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם עוֹשֶׂה מַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית
Baruch ata Adonai, Eloheinu melech ha-olam, oseh ma’aseh v’reishit.
Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the Universe, Author of Creation.
We might argue that the above list — lightning, mountains, oceans, etc. — is not meant to be exhaustive but rather demonstrative and that, in our day, we should add solar eclipse to it.
Alternatively, one can also say this blessing for remarkable natural phenomenon:
בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יהוה אֱלהֵינוּ מֶלֶך הָעוֹלָם שֶׁכֹּחוֹ וּגְבוּרָתוֹ מָלֵא עוֹלָם
Baruch ata Adonai, Eloheinu melech ha-olam, shekocho ooh g’vuratoh mahlay olam.
Blessed are You, LORD, our God, King of the Universe, whose strength and glory fills the universe.
Rabbi Natan Margalit is the founder and president of Organic Torah and the Interim Dean of Faculty for the Aleph Ordination Program.
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/blessing-solar-eclipse/