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ומתוק האור - שיעור א׳
פתיחה

מַתְנִי׳ אוֹר לְאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר בּוֹדְקִין אֶת הֶחָמֵץ לְאוֹר הַנֵּר.

MISHNA: On the evening [or] of the fourteenth of the month of Nisan, one searches for leavened bread in his home by candlelight. Any place into which one does not typically take leavened bread does not require a search, as it is unlikely that there is any leavened bread there. And with regard to what the Sages of previous generations meant when they said that one must search two rows of wine barrels in a cellar, i.e., a place into which one typically takes some leavened bread, the early tanna’im are in dispute. Beit Shammai say that this is referring to searching the first two rows across the entire cellar, and Beit Hillel say: There is no need to search that extensively, as it is sufficient to search the two external rows, which are the upper ones. This dispute will be explained and illustrated in the Gemara.

גְּמָ׳ מַאי ״אוֹר״? רַב הוּנָא אָמַר: נַגְהֵי, וְרַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר: לֵילֵי. קָא סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ דְּמַאן דְּאָמַר נַגְהֵי — נַגְהֵי מַמָּשׁ, וּמַאן דְּאָמַר לֵילֵי — לֵילֵי מַמָּשׁ.
GEMARA: The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of the term or, translated as: The evening of? The Gemara provides two answers. Rav Huna said: It means light, and Rav Yehuda said: In this context, it means evening. At first glance, it could enter your mind to suggest that the one who said light means that one searches for leaven by the actual light of day, on the morning of the fourteenth of Nisan, and the one who said evening is referring to the actual evening of the fourteenth.
וְתַנָּא דִּידַן מַאי טַעְמָא לָא קָתָנֵי ״לֵילֵי״? לִישָּׁנָא מְעַלְּיָא הוּא דְּנָקֵט. וְכִדְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי. דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: לְעוֹלָם אַל יוֹצִיא אָדָם דָּבָר מְגוּנֶּה מִפִּיו, שֶׁהֲרֵי עִקֵּם הַכָּתוּב שְׁמוֹנֶה אוֹתִיּוֹת, וְלֹא הוֹצִיא דָּבָר מְגוּנֶּה מִפִּיו. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״מִן הַבְּהֵמָה הַטְּהוֹרָה וּמִן הַבְּהֵמָה אֲשֶׁר אֵינֶנָּה טְהֹרָה״.
The Gemara asks: And the tanna of our mishna, what is the reason that he didn’t explicitly teach: The night of the fourteenth, as it was taught in the school of Shmuel? The Gemara answers: He employed a euphemism. Since the tanna of our mishna did not want to mention darkness, he preferred the term or to refer to the night of the fourteenth. And this is in accordance with a statement of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi. As Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: A person should never express a crude matter, as the formulation of a verse was distorted by the addition of eight letters rather than have it express a crude matter, as it is stated: “From the pure animals and from the animals that are not pure [asher einena tehora]” (Genesis 7:8). To avoid using the Hebrew term for impure [teme’a], which is four letters: Tet, mem, alef, heh, the verse replaced the term with the euphemism meaning “that are not pure,” which is spelled with twelve letters: Alef, shin, reish; alef, yod, nun, nun, heh; tet, heh, reish, heh.

וְזֶה בְּחִינַת (פסחים ב') אוֹר לְאַרְבָּעָה עָשָֹר בּוֹדְקִין אֶת הֶחָמֵץ לְאוֹר הַנֵּר וְקָרֵי הַתַּנָּא לאורתא אוֹר לִישָׁנָא מַעַלְיָא וְכוּ' כִּי עִקַּר בְּדִיקַת הֶחָמֵץ וּבִעוּרוֹ הוּא בְּחִינַת בִּעוּר בְּחִינַת הַטֶּבַע מֵהָעוֹלָם, שֶׁהוּא בְּחִינַת חָמֵץ כַּנַּ"ל וּכְשֶׁנִּתְבַּטֵּל הַטֶּבַע וְנִתְגַּלֶּה הַהַשְׁגָּחָה זֶה בְּחִינַת בִּטּוּל הַחֹשֶׁךְ וְהַלַּיְלָה כַּנַּ"ל, שֶׁהֵם בְּחִינַת תֹּקֶף הַגָּלֻיּוֹת הַנִּמְשָׁךְ מִבְּחִינַת חָכְמַת הַטֶּבַע כַּנַּ"ל, כִּי כִּשֶׁנִּתְגַּלֶּה הַשְׁגָּחָתוֹ יִתְבָּרַךְ בָּעוֹלָם אֲזַי אֵין שׁוּם חֹשֶׁךְ כְּלָל, כִּי עִקַּר הָאוֹר הוּא הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ, כִּבְיָכוֹל, כַּנַּ"ל וַאֲזַי לַיְלָה כַּיּוֹם יָאִיר כו', כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (תהילים קל״ט:י״ב), "גַּם חֹשֶׁךְ לֹא יחשיך ממך ולילה כַּיּוֹם יָאִיר כַּחֲשֵׁכָה כָּאוֹרָה" כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לֶעָתִיד, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב (זכריה י״ד:ז׳), "וְהָיָה לְעֵת עֶרֶב יִהְיֶה אוֹר" כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָנוּ מְבַקְּשִׁים (בהגדה של פסח), "תָּאִיר כְּאוֹר יוֹם חֶשְׁכַּת לַיְלָה" כִּי עִקַּר הַחֹשֶׁךְ שֶׁל לַיְלָה הוּא מִבְּחִינַת חָכְמַת הַטֶּבַע שֶׁהֵם הֵם עִקַּר הַחֹשֶׁךְ וֶאֱמוּנַת הַהַשְׁגָּחָה זֶה עִקַּר הָאוֹר וְכַנַּ"ל, וְעַל-כֵּן הַלַּיְלָה שֶׁל בְּדִיקַת הֶחָמֵץ בִּטּוּל הַטֶּבַע, קָרָא הַתַּנָּא אוֹר לִישָׁנָא מְעַלְיָא ע"ש בִּטּוּל הַטֶּבַע שֶׁהוּא בְּחִינַת הֶחָמֵץ שֶׁבּוֹדְקִין בְּאוֹתוֹ הַלַּיְלָה, שֶׁעַל-יְדֵי זֶה הַלַּיְלָה בִּבְחִינַת אוֹר, בְּחִינַת (תהילים קל״ט:י״ב) לַיְלָה כַּיּוֹם יָאִיר וְכוּ' כַּנַּ"ל וְעַל-כֵּן קָרָא הַתַּנָּא אוֹתוֹ הַלַּיְלָה אוֹר:

This corresponds to (Pesachim 2a) "On the evening [אוֹר] of the fourteenth of the month of Nisan, one searches for leavened bread in his home by candlelight", and the Tanna read אוֹר as evening, employing a euphemism, etc. The essence of the search for Chametz and its burning is the aspect of elimination, the aspect of the nature from the world, which corresponds to Chametz, as explained above. When nature is nullified and providence is revealed, this is the aspect of nullification of the darkness and the night, as explained above. They are the aspect of the power of the exile which is drawn from the aspect of knowledge of natural science, as explained above. For when His Blessed Divine Providence is revealed in the world, then there is no darkness there at all. The essence of light is Hashem Yisbarach, so to speak, as explained above. Then, night is illuminated like the day, etc. As it is written (Psalms 139:12) "Even darkness will not obscure [anything] from You, and the night will light up like day", as it will be in the future, as it is written (Zechariah 14:7) "and it shall come to pass that at eventide it shall be light", as we request (Passover Haggadah ) "illuminate like the light of the day, the darkness of the night". The essence of the darkness of night is from the knowledge of natural science, which is the essence of darkness, while faith in divine providence is the essence of light, as explained above. Therefore, the night of searching for Chametz nullifies nature, as the Tanna was using a euphemism regarding the nullification of nature, which is the aspect of Chametz which was searched for on that night. By this, night corresponds to day, the aspect of (Psalms 139:12) "and the night will light up like day", etc., as explained above. And therefore the Tanna called that night 'light', אוֹר.
למעשה יש לשים לב, שהאור מתחיל לצמוח כבר מהלילה.
קרליבך מבקש מאיתנו לשים לב למצווה נוספת שמתחילה ללוות אותנו בימי ניסן, ברכת האילנות.
למעשה, אנו מברכים על האילנות המלבלבים באביב. אבל איפה היו כל הפרחים והעלים האלו קודם?
הם היו שם גם בחורף, רק מכוסים וקבורים.
באביב, הם התגלו.
זה גם התהליך של ״אור לארבעה עשר״, לגלות את האור שצומח כבר בלילה.
(אפשר אולי לראות את זה, בכך שגם בלילה, כדור הארץ כבר נע לכיוון האור).
נקודה נוספת שקרליבך לומד גם מרבי נחמן וגם מהרב קוק, היא שעלינו להוציא את החמץ מהבית שלנו, קודם כל. ועל ידי כך החמץ יצא מהבתים של כולם. כל אחד יעשה את החלק שלו.
למה בודקים חמץ?

מַתְנִי׳ אוֹר לְאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר בּוֹדְקִין אֶת הֶחָמֵץ לְאוֹר הַנֵּר.

MISHNA: On the evening [or] of the fourteenth of the month of Nisan, one searches for leavened bread in his home by candlelight. Any place into which one does not typically take leavened bread does not require a search, as it is unlikely that there is any leavened bread there. And with regard to what the Sages of previous generations meant when they said that one must search two rows of wine barrels in a cellar, i.e., a place into which one typically takes some leavened bread, the early tanna’im are in dispute. Beit Shammai say that this is referring to searching the first two rows across the entire cellar, and Beit Hillel say: There is no need to search that extensively, as it is sufficient to search the two external rows, which are the upper ones. This dispute will be explained and illustrated in the Gemara. GEMARA: The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of the term or, translated as: The evening of? The Gemara provides two answers. Rav Huna said: It means light, and Rav Yehuda said: In this context, it means evening. At first glance, it could enter your mind to suggest that the one who said light means that one searches for leaven by the actual light of day, on the morning of the fourteenth of Nisan, and the one who said evening is referring to the actual evening of the fourteenth. To clarify the meaning of the word or, the Gemara analyzes biblical verses and rabbinic statements. The Gemara raises an objection from a verse: “As soon as the morning was or, the men were sent away, they and their donkeys” (Genesis 44:3). Apparently, or is day. The Gemara rejects this contention. Is it written: The light was morning? “The morning was light” is written. In this context, or is a verb not a noun, as the one who said: The morning lightened. And this is in accordance with that which Rav Yehuda said that Rav said, as Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: A person should always enter an unfamiliar city with “it is good” (Genesis 1:4), i.e., before sunset, while it is light, as the Torah uses the expression “it is good” with regard to light upon its creation. This goodness is manifest in the sense of security one feels when it is light. And likewise, when one leaves a city he should leave with “it is good,” meaning after sunrise the next morning. The Gemara raises an objection from another verse: “And as the light [or] of the morning, when the sun rises, a morning without clouds; when through clear shining after rain the tender grass springs out of the earth” (II Samuel 23:4). Apparently, or is day. The Gemara rejects this proof as well: Is it written that the light was morning? “As the light of the morning” is written, and this is what the verse is saying: And as brightly as the morning light of this world shines at its peak, so will be the rising of the sun for the righteous in the World-to-Come, as in those days the light of the sun will be seven times stronger than at present (see Isaiah 30:26). The Gemara raises an objection: “And God called the or Day, and the darkness He called Night” (Genesis 1:5). Apparently, or is day. The Gemara rejects this proof as well. This is what the verse is saying: God called the advancing light Day. As stated previously, the word or can also be a verb; in this context, God called the beginning of that which eventually brightens, Day. The Gemara challenges this explanation: However, if that is so, the continuation of the verse, “and the darkness He called Night,” should be understood to mean: He called the advancing darkness Night, even before it is actually dark. However, this cannot be the correct interpretation of the verse, as we maintain it is day until the emergence of the stars. Since the stars emerge only after the sky begins to darken, the advancing evening cannot be defined as part of the night. The Gemara rejects the previous explanation. Rather, this is what the verse is saying: God called the light to come and commanded it to perform the mitzva of the day, and God called the darkness and commanded it to perform the mitzva of the night. Called, in this context, does not connote the giving of a name. It means that He instructed the day and night to carry out their characteristic functions. The Gemara raises an objection: “Praise Him, sun and moon; praise Him, all the stars of or (Psalms 148:3). Apparently, or is the evening, as the stars of light appear at night. The Gemara rejects this contention. This is what the verse is saying: Praise Him, all the stars that radiate, as in this context or is not a noun but rather a verb that describes the activity of the stars. The Gemara challenges this explanation: However, if that is so, does the verse mean that it is the stars that radiate that are required to praise God, whereas those that do not radiate light are not required to praise Him? But isn’t it written in the previous verse: “Praise Him, all His legions,” indicating that all stars should praise God? Rather, this phrase, the stars of light, comes to teach us that the light of stars is also considered light. The Gemara asks: What is the practical difference that emerges from the fact that the light of the stars is classified as light? The Gemara answers: It is significant with regard to one who vows that he will derive no benefit from light. It is necessary to define precisely what is included in the term light. As we learned in a mishna: For one who vows that he will derive no benefit from light, it is prohibited to benefit even from the light of the stars. The Gemara raises an objection: “A murderer rises with the or to kill the poor and needy; and in the night he is as a thief” (Job 24:14). From the fact that the end of the verse states: “And in the night he is as a thief,” apparently the word or at the beginning of the verse is a reference to day, as the verse contrasts between night and or. The Gemara rejects this contention. There, this is what the verse is saying: If the matter is as clear to you as light, that the thief has come into the house prepared to take a life, he is a murderer; and the owner of the house may save himself by taking the life of the intruder. In that case, one may protect himself from a thief who breaks into his house, even by killing the intruder if necessary. And if the matter is as unclear to you as the night, he should be nothing more than a thief in your eyes and not a murderer; and therefore one may not save himself by taking the life of the thief. This verse is not referring to actual day and night; rather, it uses these terms as metaphors for certainty and uncertainty. The Gemara raises an objection to the opinion that or means evening: “Let the stars of the twilight be dark; let it look for or but have none; neither let it see the eyelids of the morning” (Job 3:9). From the fact that the verse states: “Let it look for or but have none,” apparently or is day. The Gemara rejects this contention. Actually, it is possible that or, in this context, means light in general, not specifically day. There, Job is cursing his fortune. He said: Let it be His will that this man, referring to himself, will seek light and not find it. The Gemara raises an objection: “And I say, yet the darkness shall envelop me, and the or about me shall be night” (Psalms 139:11). Apparently, or is day. The Gemara rejects this proof. This is what David is saying there: I said after I sinned that darkness shall envelop me in the World-to-Come, which is like day. Now that I know that I have been forgiven, even this world, which is like darkness, is light for me. That being the case, it cannot be derived from here that the word or describes the day. The Gemara raises an objection from a mishna. Rabbi Yehuda says: One searches on or of the fourteenth of Nisan, on the fourteenth in the morning, and at the time of the removal of leavened bread. The Gemara infers from Rabbi Yehuda’s teaching: From the fact that Rabbi Yehuda says that one searches on or of the fourteenth and on the fourteenth in the morning, apparently or is the evening. In the order of Rabbi Yehuda’s list, or of the fourteenth precedes the morning of the fourteenth. Therefore, or must be referring to the evening. The Gemara concludes: Indeed, learn from it that this is the case. The Gemara raises an objection from a different source: From when on the fourteenth of Nisan is it prohibited to perform labor, for those who are accustomed not to work on Passover eve? Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov says: From the time of or. Rabbi Yehuda says: From sunrise. Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov said to Rabbi Yehuda: And where have we found precedent for a day, in part of which the performance of labor is prohibited, and in another part of which the performance of labor is permitted? If, as you claim, the prohibition against performing labor takes effect only from sunrise, whereas the fourteenth of Nisan begins with the emergence of stars the previous evening, it is permitted to perform labor during the first part of the fourteenth, while during the second part of the same day labor is prohibited. He said to him: The fourteenth day itself can prove to be a precedent, as in part of it, from the beginning until the sixth hour of the day, the eating of leavened bread is permitted, and during another part of it the eating of leavened bread is prohibited. With regard to the matter under discussion, the Gemara infers: From the fact that Rabbi Yehuda says that it is prohibited to perform labor from sunrise, apparently the word or that Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov is saying, is referring to the evening. This is an additional proof that or means night. The Gemara rejects this contention: No, this is not a proof. What is meant by or? It means dawn. The dispute of the tanna’im is not whether the prohibition of labor begins at night or in the morning. Rather, they disagree as to whether labor is prohibited from dawn or only from sunrise. The Gemara challenges this assumption: If so, consider that which Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov said to Rabbi Yehuda: Where have we found precedent for a day, in part of which the performance of labor is prohibited, and in another part of which the performance of labor is permitted? Let him say to himself: Isn’t there the night, during which even Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov himself permits performance of labor at night? He certainly would not raise a difficulty against the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, which is equally difficult according to his own opinion. The Gemara rejects this contention. This is what Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov is saying: Granted, according to my opinion, I find situations in which the Sages distinguished between the day and the preceding night, as we learned in a mishna with regard to a lenient communal fast: Until when may one eat and drink before the fast? It is permitted to eat and drink until dawn; this is the statement of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov. Rabbi Shimon says: One may eat until the call of the rooster, which precedes dawn. In that case, the Sages distinguished between day and night. However, according to your opinion, where do we find a halakha with regard to which the Sages divided the day itself? Rabbi Yehuda said to Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov: The day of the fourteenth itself can prove my opinion, as during part of it, the eating of leavened bread is permitted, and during part of it the eating of leavened bread is prohibited. The Gemara comments: Rabbi Yehuda has spoken well to Rabbi Eliezer; how can Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov counter this contention? The Gemara answers that this is what Rabbi Eliezer is saying to him in response: I said to you the prohibition of labor, which is by rabbinic law, and you said to me the prohibition of leavened bread, which is by Torah law. With regard to a Torah prohibition, it is possible that until this point, God prohibited doing so, and until that point, God permitted doing so, as the halakha is determined by a Torah decree. On the other hand, rabbinic prohibitions are enacted within clearly defined categories; in this case, an entire day. The Gemara asks: And what is the response of the other Sage, Rabbi Yehuda, to this contention? The Gemara answers: Rabbi Yehuda notes that the hours when the prohibition of leaven is in effect on the morning of the fourteenth are determined by rabbinic law. Despite the fact it is prohibited by Torah law to eat leaven from midday, the distinction within the morning hours between the time when one may consume leaven and the time when one may derive benefit from leaven but not consume it is determined by the Sages. Apparently, the Sages institute ordinances that apply to part of a day. The Gemara asks: And how can the other Sage, Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov, respond to this claim? The Gemara answers: Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov would say that in this case the Sages established a preventive measure for a Torah law, and decrees of this type are at times in effect for only part of the day. By contrast, when the Sages instituted independent ordinances, they invariably did so for the entire day. In any case, this source does not conclusively prove that or means evening. The Gemara raises an objection: The court messengers kindle torches on the mountaintops as a signal that the court has sanctified and established a new month only for a month that appeared at its proper time, on the thirtieth day of the previous month, to sanctify it on that day. And when do the messengers kindle these torches? They light them on or of its additional day, at the end of the thirtieth day from the beginning of the previous month, leading into the evening of the thirty-first day. The thirtieth day is called the additional day because it is sometimes appended to the previous month, which would otherwise consist of twenty-nine days. Apparently, or is the evening, as the court messengers would certainly not light the bonfires by day. The Gemara concludes: Indeed, learn from it that this is the case. The Gemara raises an objection: If a priest was standing all night and sacrificing the limbs of offerings on the altar, in the ora he is required to sanctify his hands and feet again, by washing them in water from the basin; this is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. Since a new day has begun, the priest must wash his hands and feet from the basin, a prerequisite for each day’s service. With regard to the issue under discussion, apparently or means day. The Gemara rejects this contention: This is not a conclusive proof, as ora is different, and indeed it is referring to the day. However, the word or may yet refer to the evening. Mar Zutra raises an objection
בודקין - שלא יעבור עליו בבל יראה ובבל ימצא:

מתני' אור לארבעה עשר בודקין את החמץ - פ"ה שלא לעבור עליו בבל יראה ובל ימצא.

וקשה לר"י, כיון דצריך ביטול כדאמר בגמ' (דף ו:) הבודק צריך שיבטל ומדאורייתא בביטול בעלמא סגי, אמאי הצריכו חכמים בדיקה כלל?

ונראה לר"י: דאע"ג דסגי בביטול בעלמא החמירו חכמים לבדוק חמץ ולבערו שלא יבא לאכלו.

וכן משמע לקמן (פסחים דף י:) דבעי רבא ככר בשמי קורה וכו' או דלמא זימנין דנפל ואתי למיכליה.

והטעם שהחמירו כאן טפי מבשאר איסורי הנאה שלא הצריכו לבערם משום דחמץ מותר כל השנה ולא נאסר רק בפסח ולא בדילי מיניה...

Mishna - "On the night of the 14th, we search for hametz". Rashi explains the reason is so that one does not transgress the Torah prohibitions of seeing and finding hametz. This leads to a difficulty to the position of Rav Yitzchak the Elder - Since he requires "Bitul" (Annulment) as it mentions in the Talmud (Pesachim 6B) - "One who searches for hametz needs to annul." From the Torah, annulment is acceptable to avoid the Biblical transgression. Why did the Hachamim require searching at all? It seems to the opinion of Rav Yitzchak the Elder that even though annulment is sufficient, the Rabbis were stringent to require the searching of hametz and to destroy it so that no person should come to eat hametz on Passover. Another reason - The Torah was stringent on the finding or seeing hametz in your possession, therefore, the Hachamim were stringent on requiring the individual to search and destroy even if he annuled his possession of hametz because one may come to eat hametz.
ראשית יש להגדיר את המונחים.
בתורה מופיעות שלוש מצוות הקשורות לאיסור חמץ בפסח
שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֔ים שְׂאֹ֕ר לֹ֥א יִמָּצֵ֖א בְּבָתֵּיכֶ֑ם כִּ֣י ׀ כָּל־אֹכֵ֣ל מַחְמֶ֗צֶת וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַהִוא֙ מֵעֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בַּגֵּ֖ר וּבְאֶזְרַ֥ח הָאָֽרֶץ׃
No leaven shall be found in your houses for seven days. For whoever eats what is leavened, that person—whether a stranger or a citizen of the country—shall be cut off from the community of Israel.
מַצּוֹת֙ יֵֽאָכֵ֔ל אֵ֖ת שִׁבְעַ֣ת הַיָּמִ֑ים וְלֹֽא־יֵרָאֶ֨ה לְךָ֜ חָמֵ֗ץ וְלֹֽא־יֵרָאֶ֥ה לְךָ֛ שְׂאֹ֖ר בְּכָל־גְּבֻלֶֽךָ׃
Throughout the seven days unleavened bread shall be eaten; no leavened bread shall be found with you, and no leaven shall be found in all your territory.
חז״ל מקשרים את שני הלוואים לאיסור אחד:
אסור לאדם שיהיה ברשותו חמץ שאסור בהנאה בפסח
שִׁבְעַ֤ת יָמִים֙ מַצּ֣וֹת תֹּאכֵ֔לוּ אַ֚ךְ בַּיּ֣וֹם הָרִאשׁ֔וֹן תַּשְׁבִּ֥יתוּ שְּׂאֹ֖ר מִבָּתֵּיכֶ֑ם כִּ֣י ׀ כָּל־אֹכֵ֣ל חָמֵ֗ץ וְנִכְרְתָ֞ה הַנֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַהִוא֙ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל מִיּ֥וֹם הָרִאשֹׁ֖ן עַד־י֥וֹם הַשְּׁבִעִֽי׃
Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread; on the very first day you shall remove leaven from your houses, for whoever eats leavened bread from the first day to the seventh day, that person shall be cut off from Israel.
מהו גדר המצווה של תשביתו?

כֵּיוָן דִּבְדִיקַת חָמֵץ מִדְּרַבָּנַן הוּא, דְּמִדְּאוֹרָיְיתָא בְּבִיטּוּל בְּעָלְמָא סַגִּי לֵיהּ

The Gemara rejects this conclusion: No, actually I can say to you that on the fourteenth its presumptive status is that it has been searched, and with what case are we dealing here? This halakha is referring to a situation where our presumption is that the owner did not search the house, and these women, slaves, or minors say: We searched it. Lest you say that the Sages do not believe them, as they are unfit to testify, the baraita therefore teaches us that since the search for leavened bread is an ordinance by rabbinic law, as by Torah law mere nullification of one’s ownership before the prohibition of the leaven takes effect is sufficient, the Sages believe them with regard to an ordinance instituted by rabbinic law.
בביטול בעלמא - דכתיב תשביתו ולא כתיב תבערו והשבתה דלב היא השבתה:

מדאורייתא בביטול בעלמא סגי - פי' בקונטרס מדכתיב תשביתו ולא כתיב תבערו אלמא השבתה בלב היא.

וקשה לר"י, דהאי השבתה - הבערה היא ולא ביטול!

דתניא בשמעתין רע"א אין צריך הרי הוא אומר תשביתו ומצינו להבערה שהיא אב מלאכה

ועוד דתשביתו אמרינן לקמן מאך חלק שהוא משש שעות ולמעלה ואחר איסורא לא מהני ביטול

ואומר ר"י: דמדאורייתא בביטול בעלמא סגי מטעם דמאחר שביטלו הוי הפקר ויצא מרשותו ומותר.

מדקאמרינן אבל אתה רואה של אחרים ושל גבוה והא דאמרינן בנדרים (דף מה.) הפקר בפני שלשה מדאורייתא אין צריך:

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה מִן הַתּוֹרָה לְהַשְׁבִּית הֶחָמֵץ קֹדֶם זְמַן אִסּוּר אֲכִילָתוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יב טו) "בַּיּוֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן תַּשְׁבִּיתוּ שְּׂאֹר מִבָּתֵּיכֶם". וּמִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁבָּרִאשׁוֹן זֶה הוּא יוֹם אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר. רְאָיָה לְדָבָר זֶה מַה שֶּׁכָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה (שמות לד כה) "לֹא תִשְׁחַט עַל חָמֵץ דַּם זִבְחִי" כְּלוֹמַר לֹא תִּשְׁחַט הַפֶּסַח וַעֲדַיִן הֶחָמֵץ קַיָּם. וּשְׁחִיטַת הַפֶּסַח הוּא יוֹם אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר אַחַר חֲצוֹת:
It is a positive commandment from the Torah to destroy chametz before the time it becomes forbidden to be eaten, as [Exodus 12:15] states: "On the first day, destroy leaven from your homes." On the basis of the oral tradition, it is derived that "the first day" refers to the day of the fourteenth.
Proof of this matter is the verse from the Torah [Exodus 34:25]: "Do not slaughter the blood of My sacrifice with chametz," i.e., Do not slaughter the Pesach sacrifice while chametz exists [in your possession]. The slaughter of the Pesach sacrifice was on the fourteenth after midday.
וּמַה הִיא הַשְׁבָּתָה זוֹ הָאֲמוּרָה בַּתּוֹרָה הִיא שֶׁיְּבַטֵּל הֶחָמֵץ בְּלִבּוֹ וְיַחֲשֹׁב אוֹתוֹ כְּעָפָר וְיָשִׂים בְּלִבּוֹ שֶׁאֵין בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ חָמֵץ כְּלָל. וְשֶׁכָּל חָמֵץ שֶׁבִּרְשׁוּתוֹ הֲרֵי הוּא כְּעָפָר וּכְדָבָר שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ צֹרֶךְ כְּלָל:
What is the destruction to which the Torah refers? to nullify chametz within his heart and to consider it as dust, and to resolve within his heart that he possesses no chametz at all: all the chametz in his possession being as dust and as a thing of no value whatsoever.
היא שצונו לבער חמץ מבתינו ביום ארבעה עשר מניסן וזו היא מצות השבתת שאור. והוא אמרו יתברך אך ביום הראשון תשביתו שאור מבתיכם. והנה התבארו דיני מצוה זו בפרק ראשון מפסחים. (בא אל פרעה, זמנים הלכות חמץ ומצה פ"ב):
That is that He commanded us to destroy chametz from our homes on the fourteenth day of Nissan. And this is the commandment of disposal of leaven. And that is His, may He be blessed, saying, "on the very first day you shall dispose of the leaven from your homes" (Exodus 12:15). And behold the laws of this commandment have already been explained in the first chapter of Pesachim (See Parashat Bo; Mishneh Torah, Leavened and Unleavened Bread 2.)
רבי ניסים בן ראובן (ר"ן) היה רב, פרשן תלמוד והוגה דעות ספרדי, וכן סמכות הלכתית חשובה לבני דורו. פירושיו לתלמוד ולהלכות הרי"ף מהווים עד היום יסודות מרכזיים בתכנית הלימודים של הישיבה. היה אחראי להקמת הישיבה ובית הדין בברצלונה. כמו קודמו, רשב"א, שמו של הר"ן הגיע לקהילות יהודיות הרבה מעבר לספרד, שהפנו אליו שאלות ורצו את הנהגתו. לא הייתה לו נטייה לקבלה, אבל הוא כן נטה לגישה פילוסופית בחיבורו על מוסר "דרשות הר"ן".

בודקין את החמץ.

פרש"י ז"ל כדי שלא יעבור בבל יראה ובל ימצא והקשו בתוספות דהא קיימא לן דמדאורייתא בביטול בעלמא סגי כדאיתא בגמרא וסוף סוף לא סגי בלא ביטול כדאמרי' בגמרא (דף ו:) הבודק צריך שיבטל וכיון שכן הוא היכי אתיא בדיקה כדי שלא יעבור עליו בבל יראה ובל ימצא הא לא פטר נפשיה בלא ביטול ובביטול לחודיה סגי

וי"ל דמדאורייתא בחד מינייהו סגי כלומר או בבדיקה או בביטול.

דבדיקה לחודה נמי מהניא כדאמרינן עלה בגמרא (ז:) לאור הנר מנא לן ופשטינא ליה מקראי אלמא דבדיקה נמי מדאורייתא היא וכל שבדק מן התורה אינו צריך לבטל הלכך שפיר איכא למימר דבדיקה אתי כדי שלא יעבור עליו בבל יראה שמה שהצריכו חכמים בטול אחר הבדיקה אינו אלא מדבריהם שמא ימצא גלוסקא יפיפיה ודעתיה עלויה כדאיתא בגמרא (ו:):

רבי יחיאל מיכל אפשטיין, הנודע גם כ"ערוך השולחן" בעקבות חיבורו הגדול הנושא את אותו השם, היה פוסק ורבה של נאווארודוק, שם שימש כרב ופוסק במשך 34 שנה. נשא לאישה את אחותו של הרב נפתלי צבי יהודה ברלין (הנצי"ב). נודע במעשי הצדקה שלו, ובמיוחד בתמיכתו בקרן הצדקה של רבי מאיר בעל הנס, שעזרה לכלכל את יהודי ארץ ישראל.
כתב הרמב"ם ריש פרק שני: מצות עשה מן התורה להשבית החמץ קודם זמן איסור אכילתו, שנאמר: "אך ביום הראשון תשביתו שאור מבתיכם". ומפי השמועה למדו ש"ראשון" זה הוא יום ארבעה עשר. ראיה לדבר זה מה שכתוב בתורה: "לא תשחט על חמץ דם זבחי", כלומר: לא תשחט הפסח, ועדיין חמץ קיים. ושחיטת הפסח הוא יום ארבעה עשר אחר חצות. עד כאן לשונו. וקבלו חכמינו ז"ל דאך חלוק, כלומר שמחלק היום: דעד חצות – מותר בחמץ מן התורה, ולאחר חצות – אסור. וממילא דכיון דההשבתה צריך להיות קודם זמן איסורו – צריך להיות ההשבתה קודם חצות. ומדרבנן יש עוד הרחקה, כאשר יתבאר בסייעתא דשמיא.
תשביתו זמן המצווה מעשה המצווה
תוספות מחצות י״ד ביטול בפועל
רש״י עד חצות ביטול בלב
מהלך יפה של הרב י״צ רימון:
אכן מדין תורה, היה די בביטול בלב. אלא שחכמים הבינו שביטול בלב לא יספיק כדי לטעת באנשים את התחושה, שיש להתרחק מהחמץ.
רק בדיקת החמץ, שכוללת מאמץ פיזי, שכוללת הפיכה של כל הבית וניקוי יסודי שלו, היא זאת שהופכת את החמץ למוקצה מחמת מיאוס בפסח.
באופן הזה, חז״ל הבטיחו שגם אם ימצא אדם ״גלוסקא נאה״ במועד, הוא לא יעלה בדעתו להחשיבה.
הלכה: אוֹר לְאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר כול׳. כָּתוּב וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם֘ אֶת־הַמַּצּוֹת֒ כִּ֗י בְּעֶ֨צֶם֙ הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה הוֹצֵ֥אתִי אֶת־צִבְאֽוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם. בָּֽרִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּאַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַחוֹדֶשׁ בָּעֶ֔רֶב תֹּֽאכְל֖וּ מַצּוֹת וגו׳. מָה אֲנָן קַייָמִין. אִם לַאֲכִילַת מַצָּה. כְּבָר כָּתוּב שִׁבְעַ֤ת יָמִים֙ מַצּ֣וֹת תֹּאכֵ֔לוּ. וְאִם לוֹמַר שֶׁמַּתְחִיל בְּאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר. וְהָֽכְתִיב עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָֽאֶחָ֧ד וְעֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַח֖וֹדֶשׁ. אֶלָּא אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְייָן לַאֲכִילַת מַצָּה תְּנֵיהוּ עִנְייָן לְבִיעוּר חָמֵץ.
HALAKHAH: “At nightfall of the fourteenth,” etc. It is written: You shall guard the mazzot, because on this same day I took out your multitudes fromthe Land of Egypt. On the first, on the fourteenth of the month, in the evening, you shall eat mazzot, etc. Where do we hold? If for eating mazzah, is it not already written, seven days you shall eat mazzot? Or if to say that one starts on the Fourteenth, is it not written, until the twenty-first of the month? But if it is not needed as a reference to the eating of mazzah, take it as a reference to the elimination of leavened matter.
מהלך של הרב שרלו:
לבדיקת החמץ יש עיקר מן התורה.
שהתורה לא רק מצווה עלינו להיכנס לפסח נקיים מחמץ, אלא התורה עצמה רצתה שנבדוק ונחפש.
אז מה מחפשים?
הרב קוק מסביר שהחירות היא לחשוף את צלם האלוקים שבתוכנו.
הרבה דברים מסתירים את צלם האלוקים שלנו, אולי זה האגו, אולי התאוות, אולי שכבות של חינוך קלוקל וסביבה מחשיכה.
רגע לפני שאנחנו יוצאים לחירות, עלינו לפעול להסיר את כל השכבות האלו, לחפש בחורים ובסדקין את כל מה שמפריע לנו לזהור, ולבער אותו.
ומה עם מה שאי אפשר להסיר? אולי יש דברים שלא מצאנו? אולי יש דברים שאנחנו חייבים להשאיר ואי אפשר פשוט להעלים?
אותם אפשר לבטל בלב, החידוש של התורה הוא שאפשר לקבל החלטה - לשנות את מה שאפשר, ולקבל את מה שאי אפשר לשנות - אבל ללמוד להתמודד מולו בצורה נכונה.