What is Tu BiShvat? What does the name mean?
Tu BiShvat means "The 15th day of [the month of] Sh'vat."
Tu is a way to pronounce the letters ט (tet) and ו (vav) -- the ו (vav) is turned into an וּ (oo) vowel.
ט (tet) has the numerical value of nine, and ו (vav) has the numerical value of six. 9+6=15.
Why isn't it written as 10+5? Because יה (yud-hey) is part of the 4-letter name of God and isn't written or spoken casually. We don't call it Yah BiShvat.
Sh'vat is the 11th month of the Jewish year -- counting from Nisan. Why is Nisan the first month, not Tishrey when Rosh HaShanah falls? What is so special about Nisan? Read on...
(א) וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהֹוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְאֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם לֵאמֹֽר׃ (ב) הַחֹ֧דֶשׁ הַזֶּ֛ה לָכֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָכֶ֔ם לְחׇדְשֵׁ֖י הַשָּׁנָֽה׃
(1) The Eternal said to Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt: (2) This month shall mark for you the beginning of the months; it shall be the first of the months of the year for you.
What do you think is the significance of counting Jewish time starting with the Exodus?
Where do we learn about Tu BiShvat? In the Mishnah (compiled c. 200), at the beginning of tractate Rosh HaShanah:
(א) אַרְבָּעָה רָאשֵׁי שָׁנִים הֵם.
בְּאֶחָד בְּנִיסָן רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לַמְּלָכִים וְלָרְגָלִים.
בְּאֶחָד בֶּאֱלוּל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לְמַעְשַׂר בְּהֵמָה. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמְרִים, בְּאֶחָד בְּתִשְׁרֵי.
בְּאֶחָד בְּתִשְׁרֵי רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לַשָּׁנִים וְלַשְּׁמִטִּין וְלַיּוֹבְלוֹת, לַנְּטִיעָה וְלַיְרָקוֹת.
בְּאֶחָד בִּשְׁבָט, רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לָאִילָן, כְּדִבְרֵי בֵית שַׁמַּאי. בֵּית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר בּוֹ:
(1) There are four new years:
The first of Nisan is the new year for kings and for festivals.
The first of Elul is the new year for the tithe of beasts. Rabbi Elazar and Rabbi Shimon say: the first of Tishri.
The first of Tishri is the new year for years, for shmitah and jubilee years, for planting and for [the tithe of] vegetables.
The first of Shevat is the new year for trees, according to the words of Beit Shammai. Beit Hillel says: on the fifteenth of that month.
Why do trees need a new year? Because there is a mitzvah whose fulfillment requires knowing how old a fruit tree is. Note that the Rabbis of the Talmud decided that "When you enter the land" meant that this mitzvah only applies to trees that are in the land of Israel:
(כג) וְכִי־תָבֹ֣אוּ אֶל־הָאָ֗רֶץ וּנְטַעְתֶּם֙ כׇּל־עֵ֣ץ מַאֲכָ֔ל וַעֲרַלְתֶּ֥ם עׇרְלָת֖וֹ אֶת־פִּרְי֑וֹ שָׁלֹ֣שׁ שָׁנִ֗ים יִהְיֶ֥ה לָכֶ֛ם עֲרֵלִ֖ים לֹ֥א יֵאָכֵֽל׃ (כד) וּבַשָּׁנָה֙ הָרְבִיעִ֔ת יִהְיֶ֖ה כׇּל־פִּרְי֑וֹ קֹ֥דֶשׁ הִלּוּלִ֖ים לַיהֹוָֽה׃ (כה) וּבַשָּׁנָ֣ה הַחֲמִישִׁ֗ת תֹּֽאכְלוּ֙ אֶת־פִּרְי֔וֹ לְהוֹסִ֥יף לָכֶ֖ם תְּבוּאָת֑וֹ אֲנִ֖י יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃
(23) When you enter the land and plant any tree for food, you shall regard its fruit as forbidden. Three years it shall be orlah (forbidden, from a root meaning “to be uncircumcised”) for you, not to be eaten. (24) In the fourth year all its fruit shall be holy, [set aside for] rejoicing before the Eternal; (25) and only in the fifth year may you use its fruit, so that its yield to you may be increased: I am the Eternal your God.
But what if you have many fruit trees -- how do you keep track of their ages? Tu BiShvat makes it easier by assigning all trees the same "birthday." The Talmud (compiled c. 400-500) elaborates on why the birthday of the trees is set in the month of Sh'vat:
באחד בשבט ר"ה לאילן: מ"ט אמר רבי אלעזר א"ר אושעיא הואיל ויצאו רוב גשמי שנה ועדיין רוב תקופה מבחוץ
§ The mishnah taught: On the first of Shevat is the new year for trees, according to the statement of Beit Shammai. The Gemara asks: What is the reason that the new year for trees was set on this date? Rabbi Elazar said that Rabbi Oshaya said: Since by that time most of the year’s rains have already fallen, and most of the winter season is yet to come.
What is the significance of the trees' new year occurring after the winter rains are over but well before Spring? Think about when trees are usually planted and not planted, when they bud and when they set fruit.
Trees and tikkun olam
Tikkun Olam SOURCE #1
The Jewish Holidays, Rabbi Michael Strassfeld
The Kabbalists [Jewish mystics] carried this relationship of Tu BiShvat and Rosh HaShanah a step further. For them, trees were a symbol of humans, as it says, "for man is like the tree of the field." (Deut. 20:19) In line with their general concern for Tikkun Olam---spiritually repairing the world---the Kabbalists regarded eating a variety of fruits on Tu BiShvat as a way of improving our spiritual selves. More specifically, they believed that eating fruit was a way of expiating the first sin---eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden. Similarly, trees were symbolic of THE tree--the Tree of Life, which carries divine goodness and blessing into the world. To encourage this flow and to effect Tikkun Olam, the Kabbalists of Tz'fat (Safed, 16th century) created a Tu B'shvat seder loosely modeled after the Passover Seder.
Tikkun Olam SOURCE #2
(יט) כִּֽי־תָצ֣וּר אֶל־עִיר֩ יָמִ֨ים רַבִּ֜ים לְֽהִלָּחֵ֧ם עָלֶ֣יהָ לְתׇפְשָׂ֗הּ לֹֽא־תַשְׁחִ֤ית אֶת־עֵצָהּ֙ לִנְדֹּ֤חַ עָלָיו֙ גַּרְזֶ֔ן כִּ֚י מִמֶּ֣נּוּ תֹאכֵ֔ל וְאֹת֖וֹ לֹ֣א תִכְרֹ֑ת כִּ֤י הָֽאָדָם֙ עֵ֣ץ הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה לָבֹ֥א מִפָּנֶ֖יךָ בַּמָּצֽוֹר׃ (כ) רַ֞ק עֵ֣ץ אֲשֶׁר־תֵּדַ֗ע כִּֽי־לֹא־עֵ֤ץ מַאֲכָל֙ ה֔וּא אֹת֥וֹ תַשְׁחִ֖ית וְכָרָ֑תָּ וּבָנִ֣יתָ מָצ֗וֹר עַל־הָעִיר֙ אֲשֶׁר־הִ֨וא עֹשָׂ֧ה עִמְּךָ֛ מִלְחָמָ֖ה עַ֥ד רִדְתָּֽהּ׃ {פ}
(19) When in your war against a city you have to besiege it a long time in order to capture it, you must not destroy its trees, wielding the ax against them. You may eat of them, but you must not cut them down. Are trees of the field human to withdraw before you into the besieged city? (20) Only trees that you know do not yield food may be destroyed; you may cut them down for constructing siegeworks against the city that is waging war on you, until it has been reduced.
Rambam (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, also known as Maimonides) wrote the Mishneh Torah, a comprehensive Jewish law code, in the 12th century. It contained detailed instructions and information about all 613 mitzvot, based on how Jewish tradition had developed to that time. He elaborated on the passage from Deuteronomy that states that fruit trees can't be cut down to construct siegeworks:
Tikkun Olam SOURCE #3
(ח) אֵין קוֹצְצִין אִילָנֵי מַאֲכָל שֶׁחוּץ לַמְּדִינָה וְאֵין מוֹנְעִין מֵהֶם אַמַּת הַמַּיִם כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּיבְשׁוּ. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ, יט) "לֹא תַשְׁחִית אֶת עֵצָהּ". וְכָל הַקּוֹצֵץ לוֹקֶה.
וְלֹא בְּמָצוֹר בִּלְבַד אֶלָּא בְּכָל מָקוֹם כָּל הַקּוֹצֵץ אִילַן מַאֲכָל דֶּרֶךְ הַשְׁחָתָה לוֹקֶה.
אֲבָל קוֹצְצִין אוֹתוֹ אִם הָיָה מַזִּיק אִילָנוֹת אֲחֵרִים. אוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמַּזִּיק בִּשְׂדֵה אֲחֵרִים. אוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁדָּמָיו יְקָרִים. לֹא אָסְרָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא דֶּרֶךְ הַשְׁחָתָה:
(8) We should not cut down fruit trees outside a city nor prevent an irrigation ditch from bringing water to them so that they dry up, as Deuteronomy 20:19 states: 'Do not destroy its trees.' Anyone who cuts down such a tree should be lashed.
This does not apply only in a siege, but in all situations. Anyone who cuts down a fruit tree with a destructive intent, should be lashed.
Nevertheless, a fruit tree may be cut down if it causes damage to other trees or to fields belonging to others, or if a high price could be received for its wood. The Torah only prohibited cutting down a tree with a destructive intent.
Tikkun Olam SOURCE #4
(י) וְלֹא הָאִילָנוֹת בִּלְבַד. אֶלָּא כָּל הַמְשַׁבֵּר כֵּלִים. וְקוֹרֵעַ בְּגָדִים. וְהוֹרֵס בִּנְיָן. וְסוֹתֵם מַעְיָן. וּמְאַבֵּד מַאֲכָלוֹת דֶּרֶךְ הַשְׁחָתָה. עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַשְׁחִית. וְאֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה אֶלָּא מַכַּת מַרְדּוּת מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם:
(10) This prohibition does not apply to trees alone. Rather, anyone who breaks utensils, tears garments, destroys buildings, stops up a spring, or ruins food with a destructive intent transgresses the command 'Do not destroy' (bal tash-kheet). However, he is not lashed [due to transgressing the Torah], but instead he receives stripes for rebellious conduct as instituted by the Sages.
Back to the Talmud for two of the most famous Jewish teachings about trees:
Tikkun Olam SOURCE #5
יומא חד הוה אזל באורחא חזייה לההוא גברא דהוה נטע חרובא אמר ליה האי עד כמה שנין טעין אמר ליה עד שבעין שנין אמר ליה פשיטא לך דחיית שבעין שנין אמר ליה האי [גברא] עלמא בחרובא אשכחתיה כי היכי דשתלי לי אבהתי שתלי נמי לבראי
One day, he was walking along the road when he saw a certain man planting a carob tree. Ḥoni said to him: This tree, after how many years will it bear fruit? The man said to him: It will not produce fruit until seventy years have passed. Ḥoni said to him: Is it obvious to you that you will live seventy years, that you expect to benefit from this tree? He said to him: That man himself found a world full of carob trees. Just as my ancestors planted for me, I too am planting for my descendants.
Tikkun Olam SOURCE #6
Avot d’Rabbi Natan 31b
Shimon bar Yokhai said, "If you are holding a sapling in your hand, and someone says that the Messiah has drawn near, first plant the sapling, and then go and greet the Messiah.”
What do you learn from these final two teachings?