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Cage Matches and Chanukah Matches- Explanations of Yaakov's Fight

(כה) וַיִּוָּתֵ֥ר יַעֲקֹ֖ב לְבַדּ֑וֹ וַיֵּאָבֵ֥ק אִישׁ֙ עִמּ֔וֹ עַ֖ד עֲל֥וֹת הַשָּֽׁחַר׃ (כו) וַיַּ֗רְא כִּ֣י לֹ֤א יָכֹל֙ ל֔וֹ וַיִּגַּ֖ע בְּכַף־יְרֵכ֑וֹ וַתֵּ֙קַע֙ כַּף־יֶ֣רֶךְ יַעֲקֹ֔ב בְּהֵאָֽבְק֖וֹ עִמּֽוֹ׃ (כז) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר שַׁלְּחֵ֔נִי כִּ֥י עָלָ֖ה הַשָּׁ֑חַר וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ לֹ֣א אֲשַֽׁלֵּחֲךָ֔ כִּ֖י אִם־בֵּרַכְתָּֽנִי׃ (כח) וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖יו מַה־שְּׁמֶ֑ךָ וַיֹּ֖אמֶר יַעֲקֹֽב׃ (כט) וַיֹּ֗אמֶר לֹ֤א יַעֲקֹב֙ יֵאָמֵ֥ר עוֹד֙ שִׁמְךָ֔ כִּ֖י אִם־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל כִּֽי־שָׂרִ֧יתָ עִם־אֱלֹהִ֛ים וְעִם־אֲנָשִׁ֖ים וַתּוּכָֽל׃ (ל) וַיִּשְׁאַ֣ל יַעֲקֹ֗ב וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ הַגִּֽידָה־נָּ֣א שְׁמֶ֔ךָ וַיֹּ֕אמֶר לָ֥מָּה זֶּ֖ה תִּשְׁאַ֣ל לִשְׁמִ֑י וַיְבָ֥רֶךְ אֹת֖וֹ שָֽׁם׃ (לא) וַיִּקְרָ֧א יַעֲקֹ֛ב שֵׁ֥ם הַמָּק֖וֹם פְּנִיאֵ֑ל כִּֽי־רָאִ֤יתִי אֱלֹהִים֙ פָּנִ֣ים אֶל־פָּנִ֔ים וַתִּנָּצֵ֖ל נַפְשִֽׁי׃ (לב) וַיִּֽזְרַֽח־ל֣וֹ הַשֶּׁ֔מֶשׁ כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר עָבַ֖ר אֶת־פְּנוּאֵ֑ל וְה֥וּא צֹלֵ֖עַ עַל־יְרֵכֽוֹ׃ עַל⁠־כֵּ֡ן לֹֽא⁠־יֹאכְל֨וּ בְנֵֽי⁠־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל אֶת⁠־גִּ֣יד הַנָּשֶׁ֗ה אֲשֶׁר֙ עַל⁠־כַּ֣ף הַיָּרֵ֔ךְ עַ֖ד הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה כִּ֤י נָגַע֙ בְּכַף⁠־יֶ֣רֶךְ יַעֲקֹ֔ב בְּגִ֖יד הַנָּשֶֽׁה

(25) Jacob was left alone. And a figure*figure Or “[divine] agent.” The expectation of divine intervention (see 28.15; 32.10–13) via a nearby agent (see 32.2–3) evokes this extended sense. Cf. 18.2; see further the Dictionary under ’ish; Agent. wrestled with him until the break of dawn. (26) When he saw that he had not prevailed against him, he wrenched Jacob’s hip at its socket, so that the socket of his hip was strained as he wrestled with him. (27) Then he said, “Let me go, for dawn is breaking.” But he answered, “I will not let you go, unless you bless me.” (28) Said the other, “What is your name?” He replied, “Jacob.” (29) Said he, “Your name shall no longer be Jacob, but Israel, for you have striven*striven Heb. saritha, connected with first part of “Israel.” with beings divine and human,*beings divine and human Or “God (Elohim, connected with second part of ‘Israel’) and human beings.” and have prevailed.” (30) Jacob asked, “Pray tell me your name.” But he said, “You must not ask my name!” And he took leave of him there. (31) So Jacob named the place Peniel,*Peniel Understood as “face of God.” meaning, “I have seen a divine being face to face, yet my life has been preserved.” (32) The sun rose upon him as he passed Penuel, limping on his hip.

(א) ויותר יעקב לבדו - כלומר: שהעביר כל אשר לו שלא היה עוד לעבור אלא הוא לבדו ורצה לעבור אחריהם, כדי לברוח דרך אחרת שלא יפגשנו עשו נתכווין.

(1) ויותר יעקב לבדו, after he had transferred all his belongings to the other side of the river, so that the only one still to be brought across was he himself. The reason that he wanted to cross only after everyone else had already crossed was that he intended to flee in a different direction so as to avoid a face to face encounter with Esau.

(ב) ויאבק - מלאך עמו שלא יוכל לברוח ויראה קיום דברו של הקב"ה שלא יזיקהו עשו.

(2) ויאבק, an angel engaged him in a physical fight, his purpose being to prevent Yaakov from fleeing. Only in this way could G’d’s promise to Yaakov that Esau would not harm him be fulfilled.
(א) כי לא יכול לו - המלאך ורצה לעבור ולברוח בעל כרחו.
(1) כי לא יכול לו, the angel did not succeed in preventing Yaakov from crossing and fleeing.
(א) כי עלה השחר - וכיון שהאיר היום מעתה יש לילך לדרכך.

(1) כי עלה השחר, seeing that it is daylight already it is time for you to be on your way. (to the meeting with Esau).

(ב) כי אם ברכתני - שתשלחני מאתך בשלום, שלא אהיה ניזוק כמה שנתאבקתי עמך, כי עתה עלה השחר אז ידע יעקב שהוא מלאך.
(2) כי אם ברכתני, as a sign that you have parted from me in peace, that I will not suffer harm or damage through having been in a struggle with you.. Now that it had become daylight Yaakov realised for the first time that his adversary had been an angel.
(א) והוא צולע על יריכו - עתה כשהיה השמש ראוהו צולע על יריכו. כמו: ויהי בבוקר והנה היא לאה, כי עד עכשיו לא נודע שהיא לאה.
(1) והוא צולע על ירכו, now that the sun was shining he realised that he was walking with a limp, a belated discovery, just as when he discovered that he had spent a night in bed with Leah thinking that she was Rachel (29,25).
(א) כי לא יכול לו. המלאך:
(1) THAT HE PREVAILED NOT AGAINST HIM. The angel against Jacob.

(ב) כראות פני אלהים. מלאך. ורבי המפרשים אומרים כי בא המלאך ליעקב לחזק את לבו שלא יירא מאחיו כי הנה המלאך לא יכול לו אף כי בן אדם. ואין מלת שרית עם אלהים כמו וישר אבימלך על ישראל כי אין עם כמו על. רק פירושו שר תחשב עם המלאכים ועם אנשי שרים.

(1) NAY, I PRAY THEE. I pray my lord not to so speak.11Al na (nay, I pray thee) is short for al na yomar adoni ken (I pray my lord not to so speak) (Weiser). I have previously noted Rabbi Samuel Ha-Nagid’s interpretation of the term al (nay).12Cf. I.E.’s comments on Gen. 19:18. (2) AS ONE SEETH THE FACE OF GOD. The face of an angel. Many of the commentators explain that the angel with whom Jacob wrestled came to encourage him not to lose heart and fear Esau. For if an angel could not overcome him, certainly no human could. The word sarita (thou hast striven), in thou hast striven (sarita) with (im) God (Gen. 32:29),13It does not mean prince over. It means thou has become a prince. I.E. does not interpret sarita to mean strove. Since Jacob alluded to the angel in his comments to Esau, I.E. now goes back and concludes his comments on that incident which is reported in the previous chapter. does not mean the same as va-yaser14Although both roots are related. Cf. D.B.G., Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Hebrew Language, Oxford, 1968. (was prince) in And Abimelech was prince (va-yasar) over (al) Israel (Jud. 9:22), because im (with) is not the same as al (over). Our phrase (Gen. 32:29) means that you are considered a prince among the angels, and also among human princes.15I.E. interprets sarita as, you have become a sar, a prince; im Elohim, among angels; ve-im anashim, and among human princes. Some ask, what does Scripture mean by And the sun rose upon him (Gen. 32:32) when the sun rises all over the world at the same time?16The Hebrew implies it shone upon him but not upon other places. Cf. Bereshit Rabbah 78:8, “Did the sun rise only for him?” This is a nonsensical question because the sun rises at different times in different places. For example, there is a difference of one and a third hours in sunrise and also twelve degrees in latitude between Jerusalem and the place where I wrote this commentary, namely the city of Lucca.17A northern Italian city and capital of a Lombard duchy. Its Jewish community was among the most important in northern Italy, and it was one of the three northern Italian communities mentioned by Benjamin of Tudela (c. 1165). See Introduction. This thing is certain and beyond doubt. The meaning of tzole’a (and he limped) (Gen. 32:32) is, he walked on one side.18I.E. explains tzela as a side (see his comments on Gen. 2:21). Tzole’a is a denominative. A healthy person walks straight, a sick person leans on one side (Cherez). The meaning of al ken (therefore) (Gen. 32:33) is, in commemoration of this thing.19In commemoration of Jacob’s victory over the angel, or of God’s saving Jacob from being overcome by the angel (Krinsky).

(א) ויותר יעקב. שָׁכַח פַּכִּים קְטַנִּים וְחָזַר עֲלֵיהֶם (חולין צ"א):

(1) ויותר יעקב AND JACOB WAS LEFT ALONE — He had forgotten some small jars and he returned for them (Chullin 91a).
(בראשית לב, כה) ויותר יעקב לבדו אמר רבי אלעזר שנשתייר על פכין קטנים מכאן לצדיקים שחביב עליהם ממונם יותר מגופם וכל כך למה לפי שאין פושטין ידיהן בגזל
The Gemara returns to the verse of Jacob wrestling with the angel. The verse states: “And Jacob was left alone; and a man wrestled with him until the breaking of the day” (Genesis 32:25). Rabbi Elazar says: The reason Jacob remained alone was that he remained to collect some small pitchers that had been left behind. From here it is derived that the possessions of the righteous are dearer to them than their bodies. And why do they care so much about their possessions? It is because they do not stretch out their hands to partake of stolen property.
(ב) ויאבק איש. מְנַחֵם פֵּי' וַיִּתְעַפֵּר אִישׁ, לְשׁוֹן אָבָק, שֶׁהָיוּ מַעֲלִים עָפָר בְּרַגְלֵיהֶם עַ"י נִעְנוּעָם. וְלִי נִרְאֶה שֶׁהוּא לְשׁוֹן וַיִּתְקַשֵּׁר, וְלָשׁוֹן אֲרַמִּי הוּא, בָּתַר דַּאֲבִיקוּ בֵיהּ, וַאֲבֵיק לֵיהּ מֵיבַק – לְשׁוֹן עֲנִיבָה, שֶׁכֵּן דֶּרֶךְ שְׁנַיִם שֶׁמִּתְעַצְּמִים לְהַפִּיל אִישׁ אֶת רֵעֵהוּ, שֶׁחוֹבְקוֹ וְאוֹבְקוֹ בִּזְרוֹעוֹתָיו. וּפֵרְשׁוּ רַזִ"לִ שֶׁהוּא שָׂרוֹ שֶׁל עֵשָׂו (בראשית רבה):

(2) ויאבק איש AND A MAN WRESTLED — Menachem (ben Seruk) explains: “a man covered himself with dust”, taking the verb as connected in sense with אבק “dust”. It would mean that they were raising the dust with their feet through their movements. I, however, am of opinion that is means “he fastened himself on”, and that it is an Aramaic word, as (Sanhedrin 63b) “after they have joined (אביקו) it", and (Menachot 42a) “and he twined (the “Fringes”) with loops”. It denotes “intertwining”, for such is the manner of two people who make strong efforts to throw each other — one clasps the other and twines himself round him with his arms. Our Rabbis of blessed memory explained that he was Esau’s guardian angel (Genesis Rabbah 77:3).

וְאֵין לְךָ כׇּל אוּמָּה וְאוּמָּהּ שֶׁלּוֹקָה, שֶׁאֵין אֱלֹהֶיהָ לוֹקֶה עִמָּהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וּבְכׇל אֱלֹהֵי מִצְרַיִם אֶעֱשֶׂה שְׁפָטִים״. וּבִזְמַן שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל עוֹשִׂין רְצוֹנוֹ שֶׁל מָקוֹם אֵין מִתְיָרְאִין מִכׇּל אֵלּוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כֹּה אָמַר ה׳ אֶל דֶּרֶךְ הַגּוֹיִם אַל תִּלְמָדוּ וּמֵאוֹתוֹת הַשָּׁמַיִם אַל תֵּחָתּוּ כִּי יֵחַתּוּ הַגּוֹיִם מֵהֵמָּה״ — גּוֹיִם יֵחַתּוּ, וְאֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל יֵחַתּוּ.
The Sages said: There is no nation that is afflicted whose god is not afflicted with it, as it is stated: “And against all the gods of Egypt I will mete out judgment; I am God” (Exodus 12:12). The Gemara adds: When the Jewish people perform God’s will, they need not fear any of these omens, as it is stated: “Thus says the Lord: Learn not the way of the nations, and be not dismayed at the signs of Heaven; for the nations are dismayed at them” (Jeremiah 10:2). The nations will be dismayed, but the Jewish people will not be dismayed, provided they do not follow the ways of the nations.
אלהיה - שרה המליץ בעדה כגון סמאל שהיה שר של עשו:
(ב) ותקע. נִתְקַעְקְעָה מִמְּקוֹם מַחְבַּרְתָּהּ, וְדוֹמֶה לוֹ פֶּן תֵּקַע נַפְשִׁי מִמֵּךְ (ירמיהו ו'), לְשׁוֹן הֲסָרָה. וּבְמִשְׁנָה לְקַעְקֵעַ בֵּיצָתָן – לְשָׁרֵשׁ שָׁרְשֵׁיהֶן:
(2) ותקע AND WAS STRAINED — It was violently torn from its joint. Similar in meaning is (Jeremiah 6:8) “Lest My soul be alienated (תקע) from thee” — i.e. removed from thee; and in the Mishna, לקעקע בצתם, which means to remove violently (לשרש) their roots.
(א) כי עלה השחר. וְצָרִיךְ אֲנִי לוֹמַר שִׁירָה בַּיּוֹם (חולין צ"א):
(1) כי עלה השחר FOR THE DAY BREAKETH, and I have to sing God’s praise at day (Chullin 91b; Genesis Rabbah 78:1).

(ב) ברכתני. הוֹדֵה לִי עַל הַבְּרָכוֹת שֶׁבֵּרְכַנִי אָבִי, שֶׁעֵשָׂו מְעַרְעֵר עֲלֵיהֶן:

(2) ברכתני [EXCEPT] THOU BLESS ME — admit my right to the blessings which my father gave me and to which Esau lays claim.
(א) למה זה תשאל. אֵין לָנוּ שֵׁם קָבוּעַ, מִשְׁתַּנִּים שְׁמוֹתֵנוּ, הַכֹּל לְפִי מִצְוַת עֲבוֹדַת הַשְּׁלִיחוּת שֶׁאָנוּ מִשְׁתַּלְּחִים (בראשית רבה):
(1) למה זה תשאל WHEREFORE IS IT THAT THOU DOST ASK [AFTER MY NAME]? — We have no fixed names; our names change, all depending upon the service we are commanded to carry out as the errand with which we are charged (Genesis Rabbah 78:4).

בְבַיִת שֵׁנִי כְּשֶׁמַּלְכֵי יָוָן גָּזְרוּ גְּזֵרוֹת עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבִטְּלוּ דָּתָם וְלֹא הֵנִיחוּ אוֹתָם לַעֲסֹק בְּתוֹרָה וּבְמִצְוֹת. וּפָשְׁטוּ יָדָם בְּמָמוֹנָם וּבִבְנוֹתֵיהֶם וְנִכְנְסוּ לַהֵיכָל וּפָרְצוּ בּוֹ פְּרָצוֹת וְטִמְּאוּ הַטָּהֳרוֹת.

In [the era of] the Second Temple, the Greek kingdom issued decrees against the Jewish people, [attempting to] nullify their faith and refusing to allow them to observe the Torah and its commandments. They extended their hands against their property and their daughters; they entered the Sanctuary, wrought havoc within, and made the sacraments impure.
The Jews suffered great difficulties from them, for they oppressed them greatly until the God of our ancestors had mercy upon them, delivered them from their hand, and saved them. The sons of the Hasmoneans, the High Priests, overcame [them], slew them, and saved the Jews from their hand.
They appointed a king from the priests, and sovereignty returned to Israel for more than 200 years, until the destruction of the Second Temple.
(א) על כן לא יאכלו בני ישראל. ע"כ לזכרון הנס שניצל יעקב מן המלאך שלא נגע אלא בכף יריכו ולא הרגו משל לאדם שהוא חש בראשו תמיד או בלבו ומקבל עליו שלא לאכול עוד מן הראש או מן הלב כדי שיהיה לו רפואה. ד"א ע"כ שעשו בני ישראל שלא כהוגן שהניחוהו ללכת יחידי ולא עשו לו לויה והוזק על ידם בגיד הנשה לכך אסר להם הקב"ה גיד הנשה כדי שיהיו זהירין במצות לויה משם ואילך ולכך הוזהר יעקב ללות את יוסף בנו כששלחו אל אחיו:

(1) על כן לא יאכלו בני ישראל, “therefore the Children of Israel to this day do not eat the thigh muscle, etc.” the words על כן here mean: ”as a permanent reminder of” the miracle that had saved their founding father in his contest with the angel who had only been able to inflict a minor injury on him, instead of killing him as he had intended. The undertaking is similar to a person who after suffering for long periods from headaches or and pains in the region of his heart, vows not to eat the head or the heart of an animal forthwith, as a sign of gratitude for having been healed. An alternate interpretation. The words על כן, mean: “as a result of this,” i.e. as a result of having narrowly escaped death as a result of having remained exposed to danger alone during the night, the Israelites learned that this is not the correct way to behave at night and alone. Abstaining from eating the thigh muscle is the visible reminder of the fact that this lesson had been internalised by the people as an inadmissible way to behave. Yaakov’s wives and children accepted part of the responsibility for their leader’s injury by having allowed him to cross the river alone at night and thus having exposed him to danger. This is why G–d forbade them (his descendants the Jewish people) to eat this part of the animal. They should be meticulous in observing the commandment to give people safe conduct. This is why already Yaakov was commanded to give Joseph safe conduct on his fateful mission. (Genesis 37,14) [where he accompanied him part of the way where he might be exposed to danger by the Canaanites. Ed.]

(לג) עַל־כֵּ֡ן לֹֽא־יֹאכְל֨וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל אֶת־גִּ֣יד הַנָּשֶׁ֗ה אֲשֶׁר֙ עַל־כַּ֣ף הַיָּרֵ֔ךְ עַ֖ד הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה כִּ֤י נָגַע֙ בְּכַף־יֶ֣רֶךְ יַעֲקֹ֔ב בְּגִ֖יד הַנָּשֶֽׁה׃

(33) That is why the children of Israel to this day do not eat the thigh muscle that is on the socket of the hip, since Jacob’s hip socket was wrenched at the thigh muscle.
(א) על כן לא יאכלו - לזיכרון גבורתו של יעקב ונס שעשה לו הקב"ה שלא מת.

(1) על כן לא יאכלו, as a reminder of the heroism displayed by Yaakov, as well as a reminder of the miracle that G’d performed for him as a result of which he did not die.

(ב) וְעַל הַנִּסִּים וְעַל הַפֻּרְקָן וְעַל הַגְּבוּרוֹת וְעַל הַתְּשׁוּעוֹת וְעַל הַמִּלְחָמוֹת שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם בִּזְּמַן הַזֶּה:

ספר חדושי אגדות חלק ראשון עמוד ד - מסכת שבת

כשנכנסו יונים להיכל... וי"ל שעיקר מה שקבעו ימי חנוכה בשביל מה שנצחו את היונים, רק שלא היה נראה שהי' נצחון ע"י נס הש"י שעשה זה ולא מכחם וגבורתם, ולפיכך נעשה הנס ע"י נרות המנורה שידעו שהכל היה בנס המלחמה ג"כ

הנה בפסח מצרים לא היה חימוצו נוהג אלא יום אחד כן כתבו דיו"ט לא נהיג. ולדעתי הא דאמר להם עתה דבר שלדורות הוא להורות שלימות מצוותיו יתברך כי כל העמים בדתותיהן הנימוסיות יעשו יום הנצחון יום מפלת אויביהם לחג חג הנצחון לא כן בישראל המה לא ישמחו על מפלת אויביהם ולא יחוגו בשמחה ע"ז וכמו שאמר בנפול אויבך אל תשמח כו' ... ולכך על נס חנוכה אין היום מורה רק על הדלקת שמן זית וחינוך בית ד' וטהרתו והשגחת אלקים על עמו בית ישראל בזמן שלא היה נביא וחוזה בישראל ולכן נעשה ההדלקה על ענין בלתי מפורסם ההדלקה שמונה ימים בהיכל משום שהמנהיגים והשרי צבאות היו הכהנים הגדולים החשמונאים והיה חוששת ההשגחה שמא יאמרו כחם ועוצם ידם ובתחבולות מלחמה נצחו הראתה להן ההשגחה אות ומופת בהיכל אשר אינו ידוע רק לכהנים.