Save "Hilchot Shabbat IIIntroduction to "Sh'vut" & "Muktzeh"R' MZ Dubov"
Hilchot Shabbat II Introduction to "Sh'vut" & "Muktzeh" R' MZ Dubov

(כד) דַּבֵּ֛ר אֶל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹ֑ר בַּחֹ֨דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֜י בְּאֶחָ֣ד לַחֹ֗דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֤ה לָכֶם֙ שַׁבָּת֔וֹן זִכְר֥וֹן תְּרוּעָ֖ה מִקְרָא־קֹֽדֶשׁ׃

(24) Speak to the Children of Israel, saying: In the seventh month, on the first of the month, it will be for you a "Shabbaton", a sacred occasion commemorated with broken horn-blasting.

יהיה לכם שבתון שיהיה יום שביתה לנוח בו. ואמרו רבותינו (שבת כד) שבתון עשה הוא...

ונראה שהמדרש הזה לומר שנצטוינו מן התורה להיות לנו מנוחה בי"ט אפילו מדברים שאינן מלאכה. לא שיטרח כל היום למדוד התבואות ולשקול הפירות והמתכות ולמלא החביות יין ולפנות הכלים וגם האבנים מבית לבית וממקום למקום. ואם היתה עיר מוקפת חומה ודלתות נעולות בלילה יהיו עומסים על החמורים ואף יין וענבים ותאנים וכל משא יביאו בי"ט ויהיה השוק מלא לכל מקח וממכר ותהיה החנות פתוחה והחנוני מקיף והשלחנים על שלחנם והזהובים לפניהם ויהיו הפועלים משכימין למלאכתן ומשכירין עצמם כחול לדברים אלו וכיוצא בהן והותרו הימים הטובים האלו ואפילו השבת עצמה שבכל זה אין בהם משום מלאכה. לכך אמרה תורה "שבתון" שיהיה יום שביתה ומנוחה לא יום טורח וזהו פירוש טוב ויפה...

It will be for you a "Shabbaton" -

This means it is to be a day of cessation, to rest on it. And our Sages (Shabbat 24) have said: “The word "Shabbaton" is really a positive Torah commandment..."

[The Ramban now quotes a Medrash Mechilta in Parshas Bo 9 which he finds to be difficult at face value. He goes on to analyze it.]


It appears to me that this Medrash intends to state that we are commanded by the law of the Torah to have rest on a festival day even from activities that are not m’lachah. We are not to be engaged the whole day in burdensome tasks: measuring crops of the field, weighing fruits and gifts, filling the barrels with wine and clearing away the vessels, and moving stones from house to house and from place to place. And if a city was encompassed by a wall and its gates are locked at night, they would be loading heaps onto donkeys, and also wine, grapes, and figs and all types of burdens they would bring on a festival; and the marketplace would be full for all business transactions, the shops standing open and the shopkeepers giving credit, the money-changers sitting before their tables with the golden coins before them, and the workers would rise early to go to their work and hire themselves out for such works just as on weekdays, and so on. And since all these matters do not entail m’lachah, they would be permissible from the Torah on a festival day and even on the Sabbath itself! Therefore the Torah said "Shabbathon," meaning that it should be a day of cessation and ease, not a day of burden, and this is a good and beautiful interpretation.

The Ramban ends off by saying that based on this Torah principle, the Navi tells us:

אִם־תָּשִׁ֤יב מִשַּׁבָּת֙ רַגְלֶ֔ךָ עֲשׂ֥וֹת חֲפָצֶ֖ךָ בְּי֣וֹם קׇדְשִׁ֑י וְקָרָ֨אתָ לַשַּׁבָּ֜ת עֹ֗נֶג לִקְד֤וֹשׁ ה' מְכֻבָּ֔ד וְכִבַּדְתּוֹ֙ מֵעֲשׂ֣וֹת דְּרָכֶ֔יךָ מִמְּצ֥וֹא חֶפְצְךָ֖ וְדַבֵּ֥ר דָּבָֽר׃

If you restrain your foot because it is Shabbos; refrain from pursuing your personal affairs on My holy day, and you call Shabbos "a delight", HaShem’s holy day “honored”; and you honor it by not going in your own ways, and attending to your own desires and discussing the mundane...

We'll soon return to this famous passuk from the Navi that shapes so much of our Shabbos experience. First, let's see another explicit example of the idea that there's a Torah mitzvah to cease from mundane behavior on Shabbos. It's referred to as שבתון or as we'll see now, more commonly תשבת.

שֵׁ֤שֶׁת יָמִים֙ תַּעֲשֶׂ֣ה מַעֲשֶׂ֔יךָ וּבַיּ֥וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֖י תִּשְׁבֹּ֑ת לְמַ֣עַן יָנ֗וּחַ שֽׁוֹרְךָ֙ וַחֲמֹרֶ֔ךָ וְיִנָּפֵ֥שׁ בֶּן־אֲמָתְךָ֖ וְהַגֵּֽר׃

Six days you shall do your work, but on the seventh day you shall cease, in order that your ox and your donkey may rest, and that your home-born servant and the gentile may be refreshed.

תשבות. אפילו מדברים שאינם מלאכה, אבל הם טורח כדרך חול, כאמרו וכבדתו מעשות דרכיך, ממצא חפצך ודבר דבר:

תשבות - you must even refrain from doing things that are not considered m'lachah. Instead, they are mundanely burdensome. As the Sages instructed us based on Isaiah 58:13...and you honor it by not going in your own ways, and attending to your own desires and discussing the mundane...

And now, a quick refresher on the authority granted to the Prophets & Sages to develop the Torah law throughout the generations for the benefit of all who wish to uphold it:

(ל) וּשְׁמַרְתֶּ֣ם אֶת־מִשְׁמַרְתִּ֗י לְבִלְתִּ֨י עֲשׂ֜וֹת מֵחֻקּ֤וֹת הַתּֽוֹעֵבֹת֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר נַעֲשׂ֣וּ לִפְנֵיכֶ֔ם וְלֹ֥א תִֽטַּמְּא֖וּ בָּהֶ֑ם אֲנִ֖י ה' אֱלֹקֵיכֶֽם׃ {פ}

(30) You shall guard my guarding to prevent you from engaging in any of the abhorrent practices that were carried out before you, and you shall not defile yourselves through them: I am HaShem your God.

ושמרתם את משמרתי. לְהַזְהִיר בֵּית דִּין עַל כָּךְ (שם):

ושמרתם את משמרתי — To caution the Beis Din regarding this (Sifra, Acharei Mot, Chapter 13 22).

(א) משֶׁה קִבֵּל תּוֹרָה מִסִּינַי, וּמְסָרָהּ לִיהוֹשֻׁעַ, וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ לִזְקֵנִים, וּזְקֵנִים לִנְבִיאִים, וּנְבִיאִים מְסָרוּהָ לְאַנְשֵׁי כְנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה. הֵם אָמְרוּ שְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים: הֱווּ מְתוּנִים בַּדִּין, וְהַעֲמִידוּ תַלְמִידִים הַרְבֵּה, וַעֲשׂוּ סְיָג לַתּוֹרָה:

(1) Moses received the Torah from Sinai and transmitted it to Joshua, Joshua to the Elders, and the Elders to the Prophets, and the Prophets transmitted it to the Men of the Great Assembly. They said three things: Be deliberate in justice, develop many students, and make a fence for the Torah.

(ו) ועשו סיג לתורה. כלומר עשו משמרת למשמרתו כדי שלא יבא לידי איסור של תורה וכו':

Make a fence for the Torah - That's what it means in the verse Leviticus 18:30, "Make a guarding for my guarding" in order not to come to transgressing a Torah prohibition.

ועשו סייג לתורה. ר"ל הגזירות והתקנות אשר ירחיקו האדם מן העבירות כמו שאמר יתברך ושמרתם משמרתי ונאמר בפירושו עשו משמרת למשמרתי:

and make a fence for the Torah - they mean to say the decrees and ordinances that distance a person from transgressions. As The Blessed One stated (Leviticus 18:30) and it was explained (Moed Katan 5a)

נֶּאֱמַר בַּתּוֹרָה (שמות כב יב) (שמות לד כא) "תִּשְׁבֹּת" אֲפִלּוּ מִדְּבָרִים שֶׁאֵינָן מְלָאכָה חַיָּב לִשְׁבֹּת מֵהֶן. וּדְבָרִים הַרְבֵּה הֵן שֶׁאָסְרוּ חֲכָמִים מִשּׁוּם שְׁבוּת. מֵהֶן דְּבָרִים אֲסוּרִים מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן דּוֹמִים לִמְלָאכוֹת וּמֵהֶן דְּבָרִים אֲסוּרִים גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יָבוֹא מֵהֶן אִסּוּר סְקִילָה.

The Torah [Exodus 23:12] states: "[On the seventh day,] you shall cease." Even that which is not m'lachah, one is obligated to cease from those activities too. The Sages forbade many activities as sh'vut. Some activities are forbidden because they resemble m'lachos, while other activities are forbidden lest they lead one to commit a m'lacha for which the punishment could be death by stoning.

אָסְרוּ חֲכָמִים לְטַלְטֵל מִקְצָת דְּבָרִים בְּשַׁבָּת כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחל. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה נָגְעוּ בְּאִסּוּר זֶה. אָמְרוּ וּמָה אִם הִזְהִירוּ נְבִיאִים וְצִוּוּ שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה הִלּוּכְךָ בְּשַׁבָּת כְּהִלּוּכְךָ בְּחל וְלֹא שִׂיחַת הַשַּׁבָּת כְּשִׂיחַת החֹל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נח יג) "וְדַבֵּר דָּבָר" קַל וָחֹמֶר שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה טִלְטוּל בְּשַׁבָּת כְּטִלְטוּל בְּחל כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה כְּיוֹם חֹל בְּעֵינָיו וְיָבוֹא לְהַגְבִּיהַּ וּלְתַקֵּן כֵּלִים מִפִּנָּה לְפִנָּה אוֹ מִבַּיִת לְבַיִת אוֹ לְהַצְנִיעַ אֲבָנִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא בָּטֵל וְיוֹשֵׁב בְּבֵיתוֹ וִיבַקֵּשׁ דָּבָר שֶׁיִּתְעַסֵּק בּוֹ וְנִמְצָא שֶׁלֹּא שָׁבַת וּבִטֵּל הַטַּעַם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּתוֹרָה (שמות כג יב) "לְמַעַן יָנוּחַ":

The Sages forbade the moving of certain objects on the Sabbath in the same manner as [one moves them] during the week. Why was this prohibition instituted? [Our Sages] said: If the prophets warned that the manner in which a person walks on Shabbos should not resemble the manner in which one walks during the week, and similarly, one's conversation on Shabbos should not resemble one's conversation during the week, as it is written, (Isaiah 58:13), surely the manner in which one interacts with physical objects on Shabbos should not resemble the manner in which one interacts with physical objects during the week. This was done so that no one should regard Shabbos as an ordinary weekday and move and repair things, [carrying them] from room to room, or from house to house, or set aside stones and the like. [These restrictions are necessary] since a person is idle and sitting at home, [it is likely that] they will seek something with which to occupy themselves. Thus, they will not have ceased [mundane activity] and will have negated the motivating principle for the Torah's commandment (Exodus 23:12), "in order that you rest."

וְעוֹד כְּשֶׁיְּבַקֵּר וִיטַלְטֵל כֵּלִים שֶׁמְּלַאכְתָּן לְאִסּוּר אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיִּתְעַסֵּק בָּהֶן מְעַט וְיָבֹא לִידֵי מְלָאכָה. וְעוֹד מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמִּקְצָת הָעָם אֵינָם בַּעֲלֵי אֻמָּנֻיּוֹת אֶלָּא בְּטֵלִין כָּל יְמֵיהֶן כְּגוֹן הַטַּיָּלִין וְיוֹשְׁבֵי קְרָנוֹת שֶׁכָּל יְמֵיהֶן הֵן שׁוֹבְתִים מִמְּלָאכָה וְאִם יִהְיֶה מֻתָּר לְהַלֵּךְ וּלְדַבֵּר וּלְטַלְטֵל כִּשְׁאָר הַיָּמִים נִמְצָא שֶׁלֹּא שָׁבַת שְׁבִיתָה הַנִּכֶּרֶת. לְפִיכָךְ שְׁבִיתָה מִדְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ הִיא שְׁבִיתָה הַשָּׁוָה בְּכָל אָדָם. וּמִפְּנֵי דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ נָגְעוּ בְּאִסּוּר הַטִּלְטוּל. וְאָסְרוּ שֶׁלֹּא יְטַלְטֵל אָדָם בְּשַׁבָּת אֶלָּא כֵּלִים הַצָּרִיךְ לָהֶם כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר:

Furthermore, when one inspects and interacts with articles that are used for a forbidden activity, it is possible that one will become engrossed with them and subsequently perform a m'lachah.
Furthermore, there are some people who are not craftsmen [they don't work regularly] and are always idle - e.g., tourists and those that sit on stoops and street corners. These individuals never perform labor. Were they to be allowed to walk, talk, and carry as they do during the week, the result would be that their cessation of activity [on Shabbos] would not be discernible. For this reason, [our Sages instituted] refraining from such activities, for the cessation of such activities is universally applicable.
These are the reasons for the restrictions against moving [certain objects]. On Shabbos, the Sages forbade interacting with certain objects with the exception of articles that one requires, as will be explained.

בסימן זה והבאים אחריו עד סוף סי' שי"ב נתבארו דיני המוקצה... ואחר שהצעתי לפניך כל זה אבוא לבאר דברי רבינו ואז תבין יראת ה' ודעת קדושים תמצא:

In this Siman until the end of Siman 312, I've brought [sources for and explanations of] the laws of mukzteh... And after I've laid this all out before you, let's journey together to expound upon the words of our Rebbe [the Tur] and then, we'll understand awe of HaShem and become enlightened with the deep knowledge of holy ones.