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Tefillah, the Language of Jerusalem

אִיתְּמַר, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר: תְּפִלּוֹת אָבוֹת תִּקְּנוּם. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר: תְּפִלּוֹת כְּנֶגֶד תְּמִידִין תִּקְּנוּם... אֶלָּא תְּפִלּוֹת אָבוֹת תִּקְּנוּם, וְאַסְמְכִינְהוּ רַבָּנַן אַקׇּרְבָּנוֹת.

It was stated: Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said: The practice of prayers being three times a day was instituted by the Patriarchs. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said the prayers were instituted three times a day based on the daily offerings sacrificed in the Holy Temple... Rather, even according to Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, the prayers were instituted by the Patriarchs and the Sages based them on the laws of the offerings.

(א) מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְהִתְפַּלֵּל בְּכָל יוֹם... וְאֵין מִנְיַן הַתְּפִלּוֹת מִן הַתּוֹרָה. וְאֵין מִשְׁנֶה הַתְּפִלָּה הַזֹּאת מִן הַתּוֹרָה. וְאֵין לַתְּפִלָּה זְמַן קָבוּעַ מִן הַתּוֹרָה:

(ג) ...וְכֵן מִנְיַן הַתְּפִלּוֹת כָּל אֶחָד כְּפִי יְכָלְתּוֹ. יֵשׁ מִתְפַּלֵּל פַּעַם אַחַת בְּיוֹם. וְיֵשׁ מִתְפַּלְּלִין פְּעָמִים הַרְבֵּה. וְהַכּל יִהְיוּ מִתְפַּלְּלִין נֹכַח הַמִּקְדָּשׁ בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁיִּהְיֶה. וְכֵן הָיָה הַדָּבָר תָּמִיד מִמּשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ וְעַד עֶזְרָא:

(ד) כֵּיוָן שֶׁגָּלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּימֵי נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר הָרָשָׁע נִתְעָרְבוּ בְּפָרַס וְיָוָן וּשְׁאָר הָאֻמּוֹת וְנוֹלְדוּ לָהֶם בָּנִים בְּאַרְצוֹת הַגּוֹיִם וְאוֹתָן הַבָּנִים נִתְבַּלְבְּלוּ שְׂפָתָם וְהָיְתָה שְׂפַת כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מְעֹרֶבֶת מִלְּשׁוֹנוֹת הַרְבֵּה... שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (נחמיה יג כד) ״וּבְנֵיהֶם חֲצִי מְדַבֵּר אַשְׁדּוֹדִית״ וְגוֹ׳‎ (נחמיה יג כד) ״וְאֵינָם מַכִּירִים לְדַבֵּר יְהוּדִית וְכִלְשׁוֹן עַם וְעַם״. וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה כְּשֶׁהָיָה אֶחָד מֵהֶן מִתְפַּלֵּל תִּקְצַר לְשׁוֹנוֹ לִשְׁאל חֲפָצָיו אוֹ לְהַגִּיד שֶׁבַח הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ עַד שֶׁיֵּעָרְבוּ עִמָּהּ לְשׁוֹנוֹת אֲחֵרוֹת. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁרָאָה עֶזְרָא וּבֵית דִּינוֹ כָּךְ עָמְדוּ וְתִקְּנוּ לָהֶם שְׁמוֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה בְּרָכוֹת עַל הַסֵּדֶר... כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיוּ עֲרוּכוֹת בְּפִי הַכּל וְיִלְמְדוּ אוֹתָן וְתִהְיֶה תְּפִלַּת אֵלּוּ הָעִלְּגִים תְּפִלָּה שְׁלֵמָה כִּתְפִלַּת בַּעֲלֵי הַלָּשׁוֹן הַצֶּחָה...

(ה) וְכֵן תִּקְּנוּ שֶׁיְּהֵא מִנְיַן הַתְּפִלּוֹת כְּמִנְיַן הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת...

(1) It is a positive Torah commandment to pray every day... The number of prayers is not prescribed in the Torah, nor does it prescribe a specific formula for prayer. Also, according to Torah law, there are no fixed times for prayers.

(3) ...Similarly, the number of prayers was dependent on each person's ability. Some would pray once daily; others, several times. Everyone would pray facing the Holy Temple, wherever he might be. This was the ongoing practice from [the time of] Moshe Rabbenu until Ezra.

(4) When Israel was exiled in the time of the wicked Nebuchadnezzar, they became interspersed in Persia and Greece and other nations. Children were born to them in these foreign countries and those children's language was confused.
The speech of each and every one was a concoction of many tongues... as [Nehemiah 13:24] states: "And their children spoke half in Ashdodit and did not know how to speak the Jewish language. Rather, [they would speak] according to the language of various other peoples." Consequently, when someone would pray, he would be limited in his ability to request his needs or to praise the Holy One, blessed be He, in Hebrew, unless other languages were mixed in with it. When Ezra and his court saw this, they established eighteen blessings in sequence...
Thus, the prayers could be set in the mouths of everyone. They could learn them quickly and the prayers of those unable to express themselves would be as complete as the prayers of the most eloquent...

(5) They also decreed that the number of prayers correspond to the number of sacrifices...

Questions:
1) Why does Rambam entirely ignore the fact about the Avot praying in set times of day?
2) What in the world does the matching the prayer to Korbanot have to do with the loss of Hebrew fluency?

דעה צלולה, הרב אורי שרקי, עמ' 155-156

נאמר בתהלים (קכב' ג') ירושלים הבנויה כעיר שחברה לה יחדו. אומרים חז"ל (ירושלים חגיגה ב' ו') עיר שעושה כל ישראל חברים. "חברים" זה מושג הלכתי... שהחברה היהודית מחולקת לשני סוגי אנשים, חברים ועמי ארצות. עם הארץ הוא מי שאינו מקפיד על כל דיני טהרה ודיני תרומות ומעשרות ולכן אסור לחבר לאכול אצלו, אלא בתנאים מסוימים... ההלכה אומרת שבזמן שישראל היו עולים לרגל, "כל ישראל חברים". כלומר מותר לחבר לאכול אצל כולם. לכאורה מה השתנה?... אלא זה בא לומר שכל ישראל הם תמיד חברים, אבל הדבר מתגלה רק ברגל. כל ימות השנה מי שאינו חבר מופיע כעם הארץ, אבל ברגל מופיעה התכונה החברית שבקרבו ואז אפשר לאכול אצלו. אם כן, יש לירושלים סגולה של חשיפת החירות הפנימית, וממילא חשיפת הפנימיות של הזהות היהודית.

De'ah Tz'lula, Rav Uri Shurki, p. 155-156

It is written in Tehillim "Jerusalem, when it will be built, it is like a city where everyone is connected (חברה) to her". Our Sages explain this to mean that "it is a city that makes every Jew a "Chaver" (חבר)". The concept of "Chaver" is halachic. The demographic is divided into two groups, Chaverim and Am Ha'aretz. Am Ha'aretz is one who is typically not careful about the laws of Tum'ah as well as the tithing of crops. Therefore, a Chaver - one who is careful - may not eat with him, except in specific circumstances. The Halacha dictates that when Yisrael would go to Jerusalem on the holidays, everyone is a Chaver, and therefore even a regular Chaver may now eat together with every Jew.

But what changed? It must be that deep down, every Jew is truly a Chaver, only that it doesn't manifest during the year. The rest of the year, the intent on being a Chaver is covered over by an outward expression of laxity. However, on the holiday this deep identity emerges, and it becomes possible to eat together.

If so, Jerusalem must have a special capacity to uncover the inner Cheirut. And invariably expose the inner identity of the Jewish soul.

Jerusalem: The Eye of the Universe; Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan, p. 73
When a Jew says, "Next year in Jerusalem", it is more than just a prayer that he my visit the Holy City, or even that he should settle there. It is a prayer for the entire future of the Jewish people, and for the world in general. So closely is Jerusalem tied with the ultimate future and coming of the Messiah, that saying "Next year in Jerusalem" is nothing less than a prayer for the inception of the Messianic age.

(ב) רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר יִקָּווּ לִי הַמַּיִם, מַה שֶּׁאֲנִי עָתִיד לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּם, מָשָׁל לְשַׂר שֶׁבָּנָה פָּלָטִין וְהוֹשִׁיב בָּהּ דָּיוֹרִים אִלְמִים, וְהָיוּ מַשְׁכִּימִים וְשׁוֹאֲלִים בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ שֶׁל שַׂר בִּרְמִיזָה וּבְאֶצְבַּע וּבִמְנָוְלִים, אָמַר הַשַֹּׂר מָה הֵם אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵם אִלְמִים מַשְׁכִּימִים וְשׁוֹאֲלִים בִּשְׁלוֹמִי בִּרְמִיזָה וּבְאֶצְבַּע, אִלּוּ הָיוּ פִּקְחִים עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. הוֹשִׁיב הַשַֹּׂר בְּתוֹכָהּ דָּיוֹרִים פִּקְחִים, עָמְדוּ וְהֶחֱזִיקוּ בַּפָּלָטִין, אָמְרוּ אֵין פָּלָטִין זוֹ שֶׁל שַׂר, שֶׁלָּנוּ הִיא, אָמַר הַשַֹּׂר תַּחֲזֹר הַפָּלָטִין לִכְמוֹת שֶׁהָיְתָה. כָּךְ מִתְּחִלָּה לֹא הָיָה קִלּוּסוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹלֶה אֶלָּא מִן הַמַּיִם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים צג, ד): מִקֹּלוֹת מַיִם רַבִּים וגו', מָה הֵן אוֹמְרִים (תהלים צג, ד): אַדִּיר בַּמָּרוֹם ה', אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מָה אֵלּוּ שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם לֹא אֲמִירָה וְלֹא דִּבּוּר הֲרֵי הֵן מְקַלְּסִין אוֹתִי, לִכְשֶׁנִּבְרָא אָדָם עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה, עָמַד דּוֹר אֱנוֹשׁ וּמָרַד בּוֹ, דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל וּמָרַד בּוֹ, דּוֹר הַפְלָגָה וּמָרַד בּוֹ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יִפָּנוּ אֵלּוּ וְיָבוֹאוּ אוֹתָן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית ו, ז): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶמְחֶה אֶת הָאָדָם אֲשֶׁר בָּרָאתִי...

(2) Rabbi Abba son of Kahana in the name of Rabbi Levi said: "Let the water below the sky be gathered"; intimating what will eventually be done with these waters. It is comparable to a prince who built a palace and inhabited it with those who could not speak. They would get up each morning and ask about the prince's health with sign language. The prince said: "How these people rise and asked about my health with sign language; if they were people who had their faculties, how much more they would!" The prince brought in those who could speak, and they stood and overthrew the palace, and they said: "The palace does not belong to the prince but to us!" The prince said: "Return the palace to the way it was". Thus from the beginning, the praise of the Holy One, blessed be He, arose only from the waters... The Holy One, blessed be He said: "How these who have no ability to speak or articulate, see how they praise me! How much more if man were created!" And a generation of Enosh arose and rebelled against him, the generation of the flood and rebelled against him, the generation of the dispersal and rebelled against him. The Holy One, blessed be He said: "Remove these and return those". See! It is written: "Hashem said, “I will blot out from the earth the men which I created".

(ד) במדרש בפסוק וידבר אלקים אל נח צא מן התיבה הוציאה ממסגר נפשי כו'. דהנה מתחלת בראשית עד עתה לא מצינו דיבור. שהדיבור הי' בגלות כמ"ש בזוה"ק ביציאת מצרים שהי' הדיבור בגלות עד דכתיב וידבר אלקים עשרת הדברות כן בזמן אדם ונח ע"י החטא לא הי' נגלה הדיבור ולכן לא התפלל נח על דורו כי כח הדיבור הי' סגור עד שבא אברהם ושרי צלותין כמ"ש בזוה"ק...

The Midrash to the verse "And Elokim spoke with Noach, Go out of the Ark", "Release me from this jail...". We need to understand that from the moment of creation until this point we do not find the "Dibbur". This is because Dibbur was in exile, as is mentioned in the Zohar regarding the exodus... so too during the age of Adam and Noach, sin caused it to be that Dibbur could not be expressed. This is why Noach did not pray for his generation, since the power of Dibbur was locked up. This went on until Avraham and Sarah began praying, as is explained in the Zohar...

The depth of this concept is far beyond tonight's class. It deals with the connection between Mabul-Bavel [which derive from the same hebrew word], the Tower of Bavel, the contentious post-deluvian quest for language and how this all has to do with Jerusalem - where water comes from within versus a flood that surrounds the ark from without, and how Tehom is the watery depth of chaos that takes our breath and leaves us speechless. Hopefully we can have more Shiurim to delve into these profound and exciting topics.
For us, what we realize is that Prayer lifts humanity up so that it can speak. And that ability to speak begins with Noach leaving the Ark and paving the way for Avraham and Sarah to begin defining the power of speech through prayer.