The Power of Names

(ז) וַיִּ֩יצֶר֩ ה' אֱלֹקים אֶת־הָֽאָדָ֗ם עָפָר֙ מִן־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה וַיִּפַּ֥ח בְּאַפָּ֖יו נִשְׁמַ֣ת חַיִּ֑ים וַֽיְהִ֥י הָֽאָדָ֖ם לְנֶ֥פֶשׁ חַיָּֽה׃ (ח) וַיִּטַּ֞ע ה' אֱלֹקים גַּן־בְּעֵ֖דֶן מִקֶּ֑דֶם וַיָּ֣שֶׂם שָׁ֔ם אֶת־הָֽאָדָ֖ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָצָֽר׃

Genesis 2:7-8

(7) God formed the Human from the soil’s humus, blowing into his nostrils the breath of life: the Human became a living being. (8) God planted a garden in Eden, in the east, and placed there the Human who had been fashioned.

The Maharal of Prauge was wondering why man was the ONLY one to be named after the ground – after all, weren’t the animals created from the ground as well?
His answer was that both man (‘Adam’ in Hebrew) and the land or ground (both are called ‘Adamah’ in Hebrew) were created in a basic, pure status requiring cultivation in order to flourish and to reach their full potential.

שמואל א א׳:כ׳

(כ) וַֽיְהִי֙ לִתְקֻפ֣וֹת הַיָּמִ֔ים וַתַּ֥הַר חַנָּ֖ה וַתֵּ֣לֶד בֵּ֑ן וַתִּקְרָ֤א אֶת־שְׁמוֹ֙ שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י מֵיְהֹוָ֖ה שְׁאִלְתִּֽיו׃

I Samuel 1:20

(20) Hannah conceived, and at the turn of the year bore a son. She named him Samuel, meaning, “I asked the LORD for him.”

ברכות ז׳ ב:ה׳

וְאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי: מִיּוֹם שֶׁבָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת עוֹלָמוֹ לֹא הָיָה אָדָם שֶׁהוֹדָה לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, עַד שֶׁבָּאתָה לֵאָה וְהוֹדַתּוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הַפַּעַם אוֹדֶה אֶת ה׳״.

Berakhot 7b:5

And Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: From the day the Holy One, Blessed be He, created the world, no one thanked the Holy One, Blessed be He, until Leah came and thanked Him, as it is stated: “And she became pregnant and gave birth to a son, and she said, ‘This time I will give thanks to God,’ and thus he was called Judah” (Genesis 29:35).

ברכות ז׳ ב:ט׳

רוּת, מַאי ״רוּת״? אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: שֶׁזָּכְתָה וְיָצָא מִמֶּנָּה דָּוִד שֶׁרִיוָּהוּ לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּשִׁירוֹת וְתִשְׁבָּחוֹת.

Berakhot 7b:9

What is the meaning of the name Ruth? Rabbi Yoḥanan said: That she had the privilege that David, who inundated the Holy One, Blessed be He, with songs and praises, would descend from her. The name Ruth [Rut] is etymologically similar in Hebrew to the word inundate [riva].

מדרש תנחומא, האזינו ז׳:א׳

(א) זְכֹר יְמוֹת עוֹלָם בִּינוּ שְׁנוֹת דּוֹר וָדוֹר. לְעוֹלָם יִבְדֹּק אָדָם בַּשֵּׁמוֹת לִקְרֹא לִבְנוֹ, הָרָאוּי לִהְיוֹת צַדִּיק. כִּי לִפְעָמִים הַשֵּׁם גּוֹרֵם טוֹב אוֹ גּוֹרֵם רָע, כְּמוֹ שֶׁמָּצִינוּ בַּמְּרַגְּלִים, שַׁמּוּעַ בֶּן זַכּוּר (במדבר יג, ד), עַל שֶׁלֹּא שָׁמַע בְּדִבְרֵי הַמָּקוֹם, וּכְאִלּוּ שָׁאַל בִּזְכוּרוֹ. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר, כִּי חַטַּאת קֶסֶם מֶרִי (ש״‎א טו, כ). שָׁפַט בֶּן חוֹרִי (במדבר יג, ה), עַל שֶׁלֹּא שָׁפַט אֶת יִצְרוֹ, וְנַעֲשָׂה חוֹרִי מִן הָאָרֶץ. יִגְאָל בֶּן יוֹסֵף (שם פסוק ז), עַל שֶׁהוֹצִיא דִּבָּה עַל הָאָרֶץ, לְכָךְ נֶאֱסַף בְּלֹא עִתּוֹ. פַּלְטִי בֶּן רָפוּא (שם פסוק ט), פָּלַט עַמּוֹ מִמַּעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים וְרָפוּ יָדָיו, שֶׁהֲרֵי מֵת. גַּדִּיאֵל בֶּן סוֹדִי (שם פסוק י), דִּבֵּר דְּבָרִים קָשִׁים כְּגִידִין. גַּדִּי בֶּן סוּסִי (שם פסוק יא), הֵטִיחַ דְּבָרִים כְּלַפֵּי מַעְלָה וְהֶעֱלָה סִיסְיָא. הוּא שֶׁאָמַר, אֶרֶץ אוֹכֶלֶת יוֹשְׁבֶיהָ (שם פסוק לב). עַמִּיאֵל בֶּן גְּמַלִּי (שם פסוק יב), הֶעֱמָה כֹּחוֹ, עַל שֶׁאָמַר, כִּי חָזָק הוּא מִמֶּנּוּ (שם פסוק לא), וְגָמַל לְעַצְמוֹ שֶׁלֹּא נִכְנַס לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. סְתוּר בֶּן מִיכָאֵל (שם פסוק יג), עַל שֶׁהָיָה בְּלִבּוֹ לִסְתֹּר מַה שֶּׁכָּתוּב, מִי הוּא כָּאֵל ה'. וְאוֹמֵר: אֵין כָּאֵל יְשֻׁרוּן (דברים לג, כו). נַחְבִּי בֶּן וָפְסִי (במדבר יג, יד), הֶחְבִּיא הָאֱמֶת וּפָסָה הָאֱמוּנָה מִפִּיו, כְּמוֹ פַּסּוּ אֱמוּנִים מִבְּנֵי אָדָם (תהלים יב, ב), לוֹמַר דִּבְרֵי כְּזָבִים עַל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְנַעֲשָׂה מָךְ.

Midrash Tanchuma, Ha'Azinu 7:1

(1) Remember the days of yore; understand the years of each generation: Always should a man check the names to call his son one that is fitting to be righteous - as sometimes the name causes good or causes bad, as we found by the scouts (Numbers 13:4-15): Shamua son of Zakur, since he did not listen (shama) to the words of the Omnipresent, and it was as if he asked his male (zikhuro) organ (a type of divination), as it states (I Samuel 15:23), "For rebellion is like the sin of divination"; Shafat son of Chori, since he did not judge (shafat) his [evil] inclination, and he was made a hole (chori) from the earth; Yigal son of Yosef, since he put out (perhaps alluding to the word, reveal - yigal) evil speech, hence he was gathered (neesaf) before his time; Palti son of Rafu - he removed (palat) good deeds, and his hands were weakened(rafu); Gadiel son of Sodi - he spoke words as harsh as tendons (gidim); Gadi son of Susi - he threw words [accusingly] towards the Above and brought up grief (sisia), [as] he was the one that said, "it is a land that consumes its inhabitants" (Numbers 13:32); Amiel son of Gemali - he soured (haamah) his strength, since he said, "since it is stronger than us" (Numbers 13:31), and he caused (gamal) himself that he did not enter the Land of Israel; Setur son of Michael, since it was in his heart to contradict (listor) what is written - who is like God (mi hu ke'El), the Lord, as it states (Deuteronomy 33:26), "There is none like the God of Yeshurun"; Nachbi son of Vofsi - he hid (hechbi) the truth and ended (pasah) faith from his mouth - as in "the faithful ones have ended (pasah) among people" (Psalms 12:2) - to say lying words about the Holy One, blessed be He, and he became weak (makh).

בבא בתרא קמ״ג ב:ו׳

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי תָּא שְׁמַע וּבְנֵי דָּן חֻשִׁים אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא דִּלְמָא כִּדְתָנָא דְּבֵי חִזְקִיָּה שֶׁהָיוּ מְרוּבִּין כְּחוּשִׁים שֶׁל קָנֶה אֶלָּא אָמַר רָבָא וּבְנֵי פַלּוּא אֱלִיאָב רַב יוֹסֵף אָמַר וּבְנֵי אֵיתָן עֲזַרְיָה

Bava Batra 143b:6

Abaye said: Come and hear a proof that one does refer to a single son using the plural term sons, as it is written: “And the sons of Dan: Hushim” (Genesis 46:23). Rava said to Abaye: Perhaps this verse should be understood as the school of Ḥizkiyya taught, that Hushim is not the name of Dan’s son but that they, Dan’s sons, were as numerous as the groups [ḥushim] of reeds. Rather, Rava said: One can prove this usage of the term sons in the verse: “And the sons of Pallu: Eliab” (Numbers 26:8). Rav Yosef said: This can be proven from another verse: “And the sons of Ethan: Azariah” (I Chronicles 2:8).

שמואל א כ״ה:כ״ה

(כה) אַל־נָ֣א יָשִׂ֣ים אֲדֹנִ֣י ׀ אֶת־לִבּ֡וֹ אֶל־אִישׁ֩ הַבְּלִיַּ֨עַל הַזֶּ֜ה עַל־נָבָ֗ל כִּ֤י כִשְׁמוֹ֙ כֶּן־ה֔וּא נָבָ֣ל שְׁמ֔וֹ וּנְבָלָ֖ה עִמּ֑וֹ וַֽאֲנִי֙ אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔ לֹ֥א רָאִ֛יתִי אֶת־נַעֲרֵ֥י אֲדֹנִ֖י אֲשֶׁ֥ר שָׁלָֽחְתָּ׃

I Samuel 25:25

(25) Please, my lord, pay no attention to that wretched fellow Nabal. For he is just what his name says: His name means ‘boor’ and he is a boor.
“Your handmaid did not see the young men whom my lord sent.

ברכות ז׳ ב:י׳

מְנָא לַן דִּשְׁמָא גָּרֵים? אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״לְכוּ חֲזוּ מִפְעֲלוֹת ה׳ אֲשֶׁר שָׂם שַׁמּוֹת בָּאָרֶץ״, אַל תִּקְרֵי ״שַׁמּוֹת״ אֶלָּא ״שֵׁמוֹת״.

Berakhot 7b:10

Regarding the basic assumption that these interpretations of names are allusions to one’s future, the Gemara asks: From where do we derive that the name affects one’s life? Rabbi Eliezer said that the verse says: “Go, see the works of the Lord, who has made desolations [shamot] upon the earth” (Psalms 46:9). Do not read the word as shamot, rather as shemot, names. The names given to people are, therefore, “the works of the Lord upon the earth.”

שער הגלגולים כ״ג:ח׳

(ח). ונמצא כי כאשר נולד האדם, וקוראים לו אביו ואמו שם אחד העולה בדעתם, אינו באקראי ובהזדמן, כי אם הקב"ה משים בפיו השם ההוא המוכרח אל הנשמה ההיא, כמש"ה אשר שם שמות בארץ, כפי מקום האבר שבאדם העליון, אשר ממנו חוצב, והשם הזה נרשם למעלה בכסא הכבוד כנודע, ולכן ארז"ל שמא גרים.

Sha'ar HaGilgulim 23:8

...

משלי י׳:ז׳

(ז) זֵ֣כֶר צַ֭דִּיק לִבְרָכָ֑ה וְשֵׁ֖ם רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִרְקָֽב׃

Proverbs 10:7

(7) The name of the righteous is invoked in blessing,
But the name of the wicked rots.

בבא מציעא פ״ד ב:ו׳

אייתו לקמיה שתין מיני דמא טהרינהו הוה קא מרנני רבנן ואמרי סלקא דעתך לית בהו חד ספק אמר להו אם כמותי הוא יהיו כולם זכרים ואם לאו תהא נקבה אחת ביניהם היו כולם זכרים ואסיקו להו ר' אלעזר על שמיה

Bava Metzia 84b:6

The students brought sixty questionable samples of blood before him for inspection, to determine whether or not they were menstrual blood. He deemed them all ritually pure, thereby permitting the women to engage in intercourse with their husbands. The Rabbis of the academy were murmuring about Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, and saying: Can it enter your mind that there is not one uncertain sample among them? He must be mistaken. Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, said to them: If the halakha is in accordance with my ruling, let all the children born from these women be males. And if not, let there be one female among them. It turned out that all of the children were males, and they were called Elazar in his name.

The Sefer Habris(Rabbi Pinchas Eliyahu of Vilna) cites the Sefer Chemdah Genuzah who relates the story of the birth of the Ramban’s grandson. Although the custom was to name the first child after the father’s side, the Ramban told his son to name the child after the child’s maternal grandfather Rabeinu Yonah because he was also the Rebbe of the child’s father, and honor for one’s Rebbe supersedes the honor due to one’s parents.

The Midrash in Bereshiet Rabbah(37:7) notes that in earlier generations when people were sufficiently familiar with the history of their ancestors, they would name their children based on the events surrounding their birth. In fact, most of the names that are found in Tanach were original names whose etymology is often explicitly traced to an event or an emotion of the parents at the time of the birth. Now that people are no longer as familiar with their family history, people name their children after their ancestors. Another opinion in the Midrash traces the change in naming custom to the loss of ruach hakodesh. One can only choose an appropriate name for a child based on ruach hakodesh. In the absence of ruach hakodesh one can only choose an appropriate name by naming after a family member. Notably absent from the midrash is the notion that one should name a child after a rebbe

The amora, Abaye is sometimes referred to as Nachmeini. Rashi on Gitin 34b explains that Abaye was orphaned as a baby. Rabbah Bar Nachmaini raised Abaye in his home and taught him Torah. Rabah called the child Nachmeini after his father.

We can also see a third aproach given by Rabbi Aryeh Leibowitz, "The name is not given for one who may well in the future impact the child’s spiritual development in preference to one who has already contributed to the child’s physical existence. It is therefore most common to name for an ancestor from whom the child descends directly."

יומא ל״ח ב:ד׳

מַאי ״וְשֵׁם רְשָׁעִים יִרְקָב״? אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: רַקְבִּיבוּת תַּעֲלֶה בִּשְׁמוֹתָן, דְּלָא מַסְּקִינַן בִּשְׁמַיְיהוּ.

Yoma 38b:4

The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of: But the name of the wicked shall rot? How does a name rot? Rabbi Elazar said: It means that decay will spread on their names, meaning that we do not call others by their names, and the name will sink into oblivion.

The Chida (Yosef Ometz page 288, 362) writes that it is especially important to avoid any sort of strife in the house of a newborn and his mother, as this can cause danger to the baby. He then adds that even arguing over the name of the child can be dangerous to the child.

On the most basic level, a Jewish name is a keystone of Jewish identity. Our sages tell us that although more than two centuries of exile and slavery had all but assimilated the Children of Israel into the pagan society of Egypt, they remained a distinct entity because they retained their Hebrew "names, language and dress," and thus merited their miraculous redemption.
On a deeper level, the book of Genesis teaches that G‑d created the world with "speech" ("And G‑d said, 'Let there be light!', and there was light" etc.). In the Kabbalah it is explained that the 22 sacred letters of the Hebrew alef-bet are the spiritual "building blocks" of all created reality, and that the name of a thing in the Holy Tongue represents the combination of sacred letters that reflects its distinct characteristics and the purpose and role towards which it was created.
Your Hebrew name is your spiritual call sign, embodying your unique character traits and G‑d-given gifts. Ideally, you should use it 24 hours a day, not just when you're called to the Torah or when prayers are offered on your behalf. Your Hebrew name functions as a conduit, channeling spiritual energy from G‑d into your soul and your body. This is why, say the Chassidic masters, an unconscious person will often respond and be revived when his or her name is called. According to Jewish custom, a critically ill person is sometimes given an additional Hebrew name — somewhat like a spiritual bypass operation to funnel fresh spirituality around their existing name and into their bodies; with the influx of spirituality, the body is given renewed vigor to heal itself.