And what blessing does one recite? He recites: Who has made us holy through His commandments and has commanded us to light the Hanukkah light. The Gemara asks: And where did He command us? The Gemara answers that Rav Avya said: The obligation to recite this blessing is derived from the verse: “You shall not turn aside f Rav Neḥemya said that the mitzva to heed the voice of the Elders of Israel is derived from the verse: “Ask your father, and he will declare unto you, your Elders, and they will tell you” (Deuteronomy 32:7).
והנה לשון מצוה פירוש לשון חיבור כנודע לשון צוותא חדא.
When we examine the meaning of the word מצוה, commonly translated as “commandment,” this is quite inadequate, as the deeper meaning of the word is derived from צוותא, a word describing companionship.
However, according to the Zohar, as presented by the Kedushas Levi, "mitzvah" comes from the word "tzavsa–connection."
Thus, according to this, kavana would mean, intent and attention to make sure I connect with G-d as I do the mitzvah.
מַתְנִי׳ הֵבִיאוּ לְפָנָיו, מְטַבֵּל בַּחֲזֶרֶת עַד שֶׁמַּגִּיעַ לְפַרְפֶּרֶת הַפַּת.
MISHNA: The attendants brought vegetables before the leader of the seder prior to the meal, if there were no other vegetables on the table. He dips the ḥazeret into water or vinegar, to taste some food before he reaches the dessert of the bread,
מביאין לפני בעל הבית קערה שיש בה שלש מצו' ומרור וחרוסת וכרפס או ירק אחר (וחומץ או מי מלח) ושני תבשילין אחד זכר לפסח וא' זכר לחגיג' ונהגו בבשר וביצה:
אָכַל מַצָּה בְּלֹא כַּוָּנָה כְּגוֹן שֶׁאֲנָסוּהוּ עַכּוּ''ם אוֹ לִסְטִים לֶאֱכֹל יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ.
A person who eats matzah without the intention [to fulfill the mitzvah] - e.g., gentiles or thieves force him to eat - fulfills his obligation.
See Gemarah Pesachim 114b
A person who occupies himself with blowing the shofar in order to learn does not fulfill his obligation. Similarly, one who hears the shofar from a person who blows it casually does not fulfill his obligation.
If the person hearing had the intention of fulfilling his obligation, but the person blowing did not have the intention of facilitating the latter's performance of the mitzvah, or the person blowing had the intention of facilitating his colleague's performance of the mitzvah, but the person hearing did not have the intention of fulfilling his obligation, [the person hearing] did not fulfill his obligation. Rather, both the person hearing and the one allowing him to hear must have the [proper] intention.
See Gemarah Rosh Hashanah 32b
1. Ra'avad: The Rambam fundamentally believes that mitzvos do require kavana. However, the case of matzah is fundamentally different. Because when it comes to misaseik, one who ingested forbidden fat is chayav...
2. Maggid Mishnah: The Rambam fundamentally believes that mitzvos do not require kavana. However, the case of shofar is fundamentally different. Listening is completely passive. Thus to tranform listening to the shofar into a maaseh mitzvah one would require awareness that a mitzvah is being fulfilled.
כתב הרב מצוה חמישית שנצטוינו בעבודתו שנאמר ועבדתם את ה' אלהיכם וגו' ואומר ולעבדו בכל לבבכם. אמר ז"ל ואע"פ שמצוה זו מן המצות הכוללות כלומר שאינן נמנות כמו שבארנו בעיקר הרביעי ... וכן זו שנויה שם אותו תעבודו עבדוהו בתורתו עבדוהו במקדשו פירושו לומר שיעבדו אותו במקדשו בעבודת הקרבנות והשיר וההשתחויות שם מוסיף על עבודת המצות לפי שאמר הכתוב אחרי ה' אלהיכם תלכו ואותו תיראו ואת מצותיו תשמורו ודרשו שם בספרי את מצותיו תשמורו זו תורת משה ובקולו תשמעו בקול נביאו... אבל מפני שצוה אותנו בפסוק בכל לבבכם בענין חדש להיות כל לבבנו מיוחד אליו יתעלה בעשיית המצות כאשר פירשתי...
לְעוֹלָם מִדָּה טוֹבָה מְרוּבָּה מִמִּדַּת פּוּרְעָנוּת
But the measure of good is always greater than the measure of punishment.