Save "Does one need to have kavana for mitzvos? 

Ki Sisa and Pesach Preparation
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Does one need to have kavana for mitzvos? Ki Sisa and Pesach Preparation
1. What does kavana even mean?; The meaning of the root צ.ו.ה
מַאי מְבָרֵךְ? — מְבָרֵךְ: ״אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ לְהַדְלִיק נֵר שֶׁל חֲנוּכָּה״. וְהֵיכָן צִוָּנוּ? רַב אַוְיָא אָמַר: מִ״לֹּא תָסוּר״. רַב נְחֶמְיָה אָמַר: ״שְׁאַל אָבִיךָ וְיַגֵּדְךָ זְקֵנֶיךָ וְיֹאמְרוּ לָךְ״.

And what blessing does one recite? He recites: Who has made us holy through His commandments and has commanded us to light the Hanukkah light. The Gemara asks: And where did He command us? The Gemara answers that Rav Avya said: The obligation to recite this blessing is derived from the verse: “You shall not turn aside f Rav Neḥemya said that the mitzva to heed the voice of the Elders of Israel is derived from the verse: “Ask your father, and he will declare unto you, your Elders, and they will tell you” (Deuteronomy 32:7).

והנה לשון מצוה פירוש לשון חיבור כנודע לשון צוותא חדא.

When we examine the meaning of the word ‎מצוה‎, ‎commonly translated as “commandment,” this is quite ‎inadequate, as the deeper meaning of the word is derived from ‎צוותא‎, a word describing companionship.

According to the Gemara on Shabbos, the word "mitzvah" comes from the word "tzivui–command." Thus, according to this, kavana would mean, awareness that I am complying with the authority of the Divine will.
However, according to the Zohar, as presented by the Kedushas Levi, "mitzvah" comes from the word "tzavsa–connection."
Thus, according to this, kavana would mean, intent and attention to make sure I connect with G-d as I do the mitzvah.
2. Why do we use karpas for karpas?

מַתְנִי׳ הֵבִיאוּ לְפָנָיו, מְטַבֵּל בַּחֲזֶרֶת עַד שֶׁמַּגִּיעַ לְפַרְפֶּרֶת הַפַּת.

MISHNA: The attendants brought vegetables before the leader of the seder prior to the meal, if there were no other vegetables on the table. He dips the ḥazeret into water or vinegar, to taste some food before he reaches the dessert of the bread,

מביאין לפני בעל הבית קערה שיש בה שלש מצו' ומרור וחרוסת וכרפס או ירק אחר (וחומץ או מי מלח) ושני תבשילין אחד זכר לפסח וא' זכר לחגיג' ונהגו בבשר וביצה:

גְּמָ׳ אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: זֹאת אוֹמֶרֶת מִצְוֹת צְרִיכוֹת כַּוּוֹנָה. כֵּיוָן דְּלָא בְּעִידָּן חִיּוּבָא דְּמָרוֹר הוּא דְּאָכֵיל לֵיהּ, בְּ״בוֹרֵא פְּרִי הָאֲדָמָה״ הוּא דְּאָכֵיל לֵיהּ. וְדִילְמָא לָא אִיכַּוַּון לְמָרוֹר, הִלְכָּךְ בָּעֵי לְמֶהְדַּר לְאַטְבּוֹלֵי לְשֵׁם מָרוֹר. דְּאִי סָלְקָא דַעְתָּךְ מִצְוָה לָא בָּעֲיָא כַּוּוֹנָה, לְמָה לָךְ תְּרֵי טִיבּוּלֵי? וְהָא טַבֵּיל לֵיהּ חֲדָא זִימְנָא!
GEMARA: Reish Lakish said: That is to say that mitzvot require intent. One who performs a mitzva must do so with the intent to fulfill his obligation. The proof of this from the mishna is that since one does not eat the lettuce at the time of his obligation to eat bitter herbs, he eats it after reciting only one blessing: Who creates fruit of the ground. And clearly the reason is that perhaps he did not intend to fulfill his obligation to eat bitter herbs, and therefore he needs to dip it again for the purpose of bitter herbs. For if it could enter your mind that mitzvot do not require intent, why do you need two dippings? But he has already dipped the lettuce once.
3. Contradictions in the Rambam

אָכַל מַצָּה בְּלֹא כַּוָּנָה כְּגוֹן שֶׁאֲנָסוּהוּ עַכּוּ''ם אוֹ לִסְטִים לֶאֱכֹל יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ.

A person who eats matzah without the intention [to fulfill the mitzvah] - e.g., gentiles or thieves force him to eat - fulfills his obligation.

See Gemarah Pesachim 114b

הַמִּתְעַסֵּק בִּתְקִיעַת שׁוֹפָר לְהִתְלַמֵּד לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ. וְכֵן הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ מִן הַמִּתְעַסֵּק לֹא יָצָא. נִתְכַּוֵּן שׁוֹמֵעַ לָצֵאת יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ וְלֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן הַתּוֹקֵעַ לְהוֹצִיאוֹ אוֹ שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן הַתּוֹקֵעַ לְהוֹצִיאוֹ וְלֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ לָצֵאת לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ. עַד שֶׁיִּתְכַּוֵּן שׁוֹמֵעַ וּמַשְׁמִיעַ:

A person who occupies himself with blowing the shofar in order to learn does not fulfill his obligation. Similarly, one who hears the shofar from a person who blows it casually does not fulfill his obligation.
If the person hearing had the intention of fulfilling his obligation, but the person blowing did not have the intention of facilitating the latter's performance of the mitzvah, or the person blowing had the intention of facilitating his colleague's performance of the mitzvah, but the person hearing did not have the intention of fulfilling his obligation, [the person hearing] did not fulfill his obligation. Rather, both the person hearing and the one allowing him to hear must have the [proper] intention.

See Gemarah Rosh Hashanah 32b

We see from these sources (and others) that the question of whether mitzvos require kavana or not is a one-size-fits-all principle. We will present to views to solve the apparent contradiction in the Rambam:
1. Ra'avad: The Rambam fundamentally believes that mitzvos do require kavana. However, the case of matzah is fundamentally different. Because when it comes to misaseik, one who ingested forbidden fat is chayav...
2. Maggid Mishnah: The Rambam fundamentally believes that mitzvos do not require kavana. However, the case of shofar is fundamentally different. Listening is completely passive. Thus to tranform listening to the shofar into a maaseh mitzvah one would require awareness that a mitzvah is being fulfilled.
4. The Torah ideal and the view of the Ramban

כתב הרב מצוה חמישית שנצטוינו בעבודתו שנאמר ועבדתם את ה' אלהיכם וגו' ואומר ולעבדו בכל לבבכם. אמר ז"ל ואע"פ שמצוה זו מן המצות הכוללות כלומר שאינן נמנות כמו שבארנו בעיקר הרביעי ... וכן זו שנויה שם אותו תעבודו עבדוהו בתורתו עבדוהו במקדשו פירושו לומר שיעבדו אותו במקדשו בעבודת הקרבנות והשיר וההשתחויות שם מוסיף על עבודת המצות לפי שאמר הכתוב אחרי ה' אלהיכם תלכו ואותו תיראו ואת מצותיו תשמורו ודרשו שם בספרי את מצותיו תשמורו זו תורת משה ובקולו תשמעו בקול נביאו... אבל מפני שצוה אותנו בפסוק בכל לבבכם בענין חדש להיות כל לבבנו מיוחד אליו יתעלה בעשיית המצות כאשר פירשתי...

5. A connection to Parashas Ki Sisa
וַֽיְהִ֗י כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר קָרַב֙ אֶל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֔ה וַיַּ֥רְא אֶת־הָעֵ֖גֶל וּמְחֹלֹ֑ת וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֣ף מֹשֶׁ֗ה וַיַּשְׁלֵ֤ךְ מִיָּדָו֙ אֶת־הַלֻּחֹ֔ת וַיְשַׁבֵּ֥ר אֹתָ֖ם תַּ֥חַת הָהָֽר׃
As soon as Moses came near the camp and saw the calf and the dancing, he became enraged; and he hurled the tablets from his hands and shattered them at the foot of the mountain.

לְעוֹלָם מִדָּה טוֹבָה מְרוּבָּה מִמִּדַּת פּוּרְעָנוּת

But the measure of good is always greater than the measure of punishment.