מתן על הפרק - יהושע י"ג-י"ד
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Bydavid weinberger
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מתן על הפרק

עם תום תנופת הכיבוש הראשונה, דואג יהושע לחלוקת הארץ הנשארת, לנחלות שניים וחצי השבטים, לקיום ההבטחה לכלב ולארגון המשך ההתנחלות בארץ. בפרקים אלו נסגרים מעגלים מן העבר ונפתחת חטיבה חדשה בספר יהושע.

וַֽיִּקְרְא֥וּ בַסֵּ֛פֶר בְּתוֹרַ֥ת הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים - בקיאות

יהושע י״ג
Joshua 13
(1) Joshua was now old, advanced in years. The LORD said to him, “You have grown old, you are advanced in years; and very much of the land still remains to be taken possession of. (2) This is the territory that remains: all the districts of the Philistines and all [those of] the Geshurites, (3) from the Shihor, which is close to Egypt, to the territory of Ekron on the north, are accounted Canaanite, namely, those of the five lords of the Philistines—the Gazites, the Ashdodites, the Ashkelonites, the Gittites, and the Ekronites—and those of the Avvim (4) on the south; further, all the Canaanite country from Mearah of the Sidonians to Aphek at the Amorite border (5) and the land of the Gebalites, with the whole [Valley of the] Lebanon, from Baal-gad at the foot of Mount Hermon to Lebo-hamath on the east, (6) with all the inhabitants of the hill country from the [Valley of the] Lebanon to Misrephoth-maim,-a namely, all the Sidonians. I Myself will dispossess those nations-b for the Israelites; you have only to apportion their lands-c by lot among Israel, as I have commanded you. (7) Therefore, divide this territory into hereditary portions for the nine tribes and the half-tribe of Manasseh.” (8) Now the Reubenites and the Gadites, along with the other half-tribe,-c had already received the shares which Moses assigned to them on the east side of the Jordan—as assigned to them by Moses the servant of the LORD: (9) from Aroer on the edge of the Wadi Arnon and the town in the middle of the wadi, the entire Tableland [from] Medeba to Dibon, (10) embracing all the towns of King Sihon of the Amorites, who had reigned in Heshbon, up to the border of the Ammonites; (11) further, Gilead, the territories of the Geshurites and the Maacathites, and all of Mount Hermon, and the whole of Bashan up to Salcah— (12) the entire kingdom of Og, who had reigned over Bashan at Ashtaroth and at Edrei. (He was the last of the remaining Rephaim.) These were defeated and dispossessed by Moses; (13) but the Israelites failed to dispossess the Geshurites and the Maacathites, and Geshur and Maacath remain among Israel to this day. (14) No hereditary portion, however, was assigned to the tribe of Levi, their portion being the fire offerings of the LORD, the God of Israel, as He spoke concerning them. (15) And so Moses assigned [the following] to the tribe of the Reubenites, for their various clans, (16) and it became theirs: The territory from Aroer, on the edge of the Wadi Arnon and the town in the middle of the wadi, up to Medeba—
the entire Tableland— (17) Heshbon and all its towns in the Tableland: Dibon, Bamoth-baal, Beth-baal-meon, (18) Jahaz, Kedemoth, Mephaath, (19) Kiriathaim, Sibmah, and Zereth-shahar in the hill of the valley,-e (20) Beth-peor, the slopes of Pisgah, and Beth-jeshimoth— (21) all the towns of the Tableland and the entire kingdom of Sihon, the king of the Amorites, who had reigned in Heshbon. (For Moses defeated him and the Midianite chiefs Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba, who had dwelt in the land as princes of Sihon. (22) Together with the others that they slew, the Israelites put Balaam son of Beor, the augur, to the sword.) (23) The boundary of the Reubenites was the edge of the Jordan. That was the portion of the Reubenites for their various clans—those towns with their villages. (24) To the tribe of Gad, for the various Gadite clans, Moses assigned [the following], (25) and it became their territory: Jazer, all the towns of Gilead, part of the country of the Ammonites up to Aroer, which is close to Rabbah, (26) and from Heshbon to Ramath-mizpeh and Betonim, and from Mahanaim to the border of Lidbir; (27) and in the Valley, Beth-haram, Beth-nimrah, Succoth, and Zaphon—the rest of the kingdom of Sihon, the king of Heshbon—down to the edge of the Jordan and up to the tip of the Sea of Chinnereth on the east side of the Jordan. (28) That was the portion of the Gadites, for their various clans—those towns with their villages. (29) And to the half-tribe of Manasseh Moses assigned [the following], so that it went to the half-tribe of Manasseh, for its various clans, (30) and became their territory: Mahanaim, all of Bashan, the entire kingdom of Og, king of Bashan, and all of Havvoth-jair in Bashan, sixty towns; (31) and part of Gilead, and Ashtaroth and Edrei, the royal cities of Og in Bashan, were assigned to the descendants of Machir son of Manasseh—to a part of the descendants of Machir—for their various clans. (32) Those, then, were the portions that Moses assigned in the steppes of Moab, on the east side of the Jordan. (33) But no portion was assigned by Moses to the tribe of Levi; the LORD, the God of Israel, is their portion, as He spoke concerning them.

1.
בפרק י"ג מתחילה חטיבה חדשה בספר יהושע. עיינו בפרקים הבאים ובדקו היכן נכון לקבוע את סיומה של חטיבה זו, ומה מאחד אותה במבחינה ספרותית ותוכנית.
2.
השוו בין במדבר ל"ה, א׳-ח׳ ויהושע י"ג, ל"ג. כיצד בא לידי ביטוי הרעיון שהקב"ה הוא נחלת הלויים?

יהושע י״ד
Joshua 14
(1) And these are the allotments of the Israelites in the land of Canaan, that were apportioned to them by the priest Eleazar, by Joshua son of Nun, and by the heads of the ancestral houses of the Israelite tribes, (2) the portions that fell to them by lot, as the LORD had commanded through Moses for the nine and a half tribes. (3) For the portion of the other two and a half tribes had been assigned to them by Moses on the other side of the Jordan. He had not assigned any portion among them to the Levites; (4) for whereas the descendants of Joseph constituted two tribes, Manasseh and Ephraim, the Levites were assigned no share in the land, but only some towns to live in, with the pastures for their livestock and cattle. (5) Just as the LORD had commanded Moses, so the Israelites did when they apportioned the land. (6) The Judites approached Joshua at Gilgal, and Caleb son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite said to him: “You know what instructions the LORD gave at Kadesh-barnea to Moses, the man of God, concerning you and me. (7) I was forty years old when Moses the servant of the LORD sent me from Kadesh-barnea to spy out the land, and I gave him a forthright report. (8) While my companions who went up with me took the heart out of the people, I was loyal to the LORD my God. (9) On that day, Moses promised on oath, ‘The land on which your foot trod shall be a portion for you and your descendants forever, because you were loyal to the LORD my God.’ (10) Now the LORD has preserved me, as He promised. It is forty-five years since the LORD made this promise to Moses, when Israel was journeying through the wilderness; and here I am today, eighty-five years old. (11) I am still as strong today as on the day that Moses sent me; my strength is the same now as it was then, for battle and for activity. (12) So assign to me this hill country as the LORD promised on that day. Though you too heard on that day that Anakites are there and great fortified cities, if only the LORD is with me, I will dispossess them, as the LORD promised.” (13) So Joshua blessed Caleb son of Jephunneh and assigned Hebron to him as his portion. (14) Thus Hebron became the portion of Caleb son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite, as it still is, because he was loyal to the LORD, the God of Israel.— (15) The name of Hebron was formerly Kiriath-arba: [Arba] was the great man among the Anakites.
And the land had rest from war.

3.
דמותו של כלב המתגלה בפסוקים ו׳-י"ב בפרקנו בונה נדבך נוסף על הידוע לנו מסיפור המרגלים בבמדבר י"ג. מה מאפיין את דמותו בכל אחד מהסיפורים ומה היחס ביניהם?
4.
שימו לב מי נמצא ומי חסר ברשימת השבטים בפרקנו.
5.
השוו את המסופר בפסוקים ו׳-ט"ו למסופר ביהושע י"א, כ"א. מהו סדר התרחשות האירועים?

מְפֹרָ֑שׁ וְשׂ֣וֹם שֶׂ֔כֶל - עיון

6.
עיינו במדבר ל"ג, נ"ב-נ"ו וברש"י על פסוק נ"ד (המצוטט להלן). באיזה אופן חולקה הארץ לשבטים ועל פי איזה מפתח?
רש"י במדבר פרק כ"ו, נ"ד: "לשבט שהיה מרובה באוכלוסין נתנו חלק רב, ואף על פי שלא היו החלקים שוים, שהרי הכל לפי רבוי השבט חלקו החלקים, לא עשו אלא ע"י גורל, והגורל היה על פי רוח הקודש...".
7.
עיינו במדבר כ"ה: א׳, ו׳, ט"ז-י"ח; ל"א, ח׳; ונסו לברר מיהו האויב שעומד מול עם ישראל. המואבים או המדינים? עיינו ביהושע י"ג, כ"א, כיצד מבהיר הפסוק את מערך הכוחות בין המדינים למואבים ואת זהותו של האויב בספר במדבר?
8.
עיינו בגמרא זבחים קי"ח ע"ב (המצוטטת להלן). על פי מה מגיעה הגמרא לחישוב שנות כיבוש הארץ? כיצד משתלב משמעו הסמלי של המספר שבע עם חישוב שנות הכיבוש?
זבחים קי"ח ע"ב: "שבע שכבשו ושבע שחלקו מנלן [מאיפה]? דקאמר כלב: "בן ארבעים שנה אנכי בשלוח משה עבד ה׳ אותי מקדש ברנע לרגל את הארץ ואשיב אותו דבר כאשר עם לבבי" (יהושע י"ד, ז׳) וכתיב: "ועתה הנה אנכי היום בן חמש ושמונים שנה" כי עבריה לירדן בר כמה הוי [כשעבר את הירדן בן כמה היה]? בר שבעין ותמני [בן שבעים ושמונה] וקאמר: "בן חמש ושמונים שנה".

וַיָּבִ֖ינוּ בַּמִּקְרָֽא - הרחבה

"וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֔יו כָּלֵ֥ב בֶּן־יְפֻנֶּ֖ה הַקְּנִזִּ֑י אַתָּ֣ה יָדַ֡עְתָּ אֶֽת־הַדָּבָר֩ אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֨ר יְהֹוָ֜ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֣ה אִישׁ־הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים עַ֧ל אֹדוֹתַ֛י וְעַ֥ל אֹדוֹתֶ֖יךָ בְּקָדֵ֥שׁ בַּרְנֵֽעַ. בֶּן־אַרְבָּעִ֨ים שָׁנָ֜ה אָנֹכִ֗י בִּ֠שְׁלֹ֠חַ מֹשֶׁ֨ה עֶבֶד־יְהֹוָ֥ה אֹתִ֛י מִקָּדֵ֥שׁ בַּרְנֵ֖עַ לְרַגֵּ֣ל אֶת־הָאָ֑רֶץ וָאָשֵׁ֤ב אֹתוֹ֙ דָּבָ֔ר כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר עִם־לְֽבָבִֽי. וְאַחַי֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָל֣וּ עִמִּ֔י הִמְסִ֖יו אֶת־לֵ֣ב הָעָ֑ם וְאָנֹכִ֣י מִלֵּ֔אתִי אַחֲרֵ֖י יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽי... עוֹדֶ֨נִּי הַיּ֜וֹם חָזָ֗ק כַּֽאֲשֶׁר֙ בְּי֨וֹם שְׁלֹ֤חַ אוֹתִי֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה כְּכֹ֥חִי אָ֖ז וּכְכֹ֣חִי עָ֑תָּה לַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה וְלָצֵ֥את וְלָבֽוֹא" (יהושע י"ד, ו'-י"א)

אַיֶּכָּה כָּלֵב?! / זלמן שז"ר

לֹא רַבֵּנוּ מֹשֶׁה, לֹא הַכֹּהֵן אַהֲרֹן,
רַק כָּלֵב שֶׁגָּעַר...
הוּא שֶׁרָאָה לְפָנִים בְּחֶבְרוֹן
אֶת יְלִידֵי הָעֲנָק, וְלֹא זָע בּוֹ לֵבָב,
וְגַם בִּהְיוֹתוֹ בְּעֵינָם וּבִהְיוֹתָם בְּעֵינָיו
רַק חָגָב, רַק חָגָב
הֶאֱמִין בְּכָל לֵב כִּי כֹּחֵנוּ הוּא רַב,
וְלֹא נִסְעַר.
אַךְ עַכְשָׁו
הוּא שֶׁנֶּחְרַד וְצָעַק וְזָעַם
וַיַּהַס הָעָם...

הוּא גָעַר כִּי זָכַר, שֶׁאָמְנָם וְאָכֵן
עָצוּם וְחָזָק הוּא הָעָם הַשָּׁכֵן,
וְעָרִים לוֹ בְּצוּרוֹת וּגְדוֹלוֹת בִּמְאֹד
וְכָבֵד הַיְשִׁימוֹן וְעוֹד רַבּוֹת בּוֹ לִצְעֹד - -
עַל כֵּן מְאֻיָּם הוּא הָרִיב, וּבְכִי הַמְּלִינִים.
אָסוֹן בּוֹ, קָלוֹן בּוֹ, בַּחוּץ וּבִפְנִים,
לָכֵן קָם כֹּה נִזְעָם, וְכָעַס וְכָעַס
עַד הֻשְׁלַךְ הַס...

עַד כֹּל עַם הַמְּלִינִים, הַנָּבוֹךְ, הַמְּפֹרָר
נִדְהַם מֵחֶרְדַת זֶה הַקּוֹל שֶׁגָּעַר
נִדְהַם
וְנָדַם.

וּמֵאָז, בְּכָל עֵת בְּכִי עִוְעִים וּמְדָנִים,
רִיב אַחִים בַּמַּחֲנֶה וְהֶסְתֵּר הַפָּנִים
צוֹפֶה וְתוֹהֶה וְזוֹעֵק בִּי הַלֵּב:
אַיֶּכָּה, כָּלֵב?!

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