Regret, Re-great.

Verb (1)

Middle English greten, from Old English grētan; akin to Old English grǣtan to weep

Verb (2)

Middle English greten, from Old English grǣtan; akin to Old Norse grāta to weep

חֶרֶט (n-m) heb

    • an engraving tool, stylus, chisel, graving tool
      • graving tool
      • stylus

כָּל נִדְרֵי וֶאֱסָרֵי וּשְׁבוּעֵי וַחֲרָמֵי וְקוֹנָמֵי וְכִנּוּיֵי. וְקִנוּסֵי דִּנְדַֽרְנָא. וּדְאִשְׁתַּבַּֽעְנָא. וּדְאַחֲרִימְנָא. וּדְאָסַֽרְנָא עַל נַפְשָׁתָֽנָא. מִיּוֹם כִּפּוּרִים זֶה עַד יוֹם כִּפּוּרִים הַבָּא עָלֵֽינוּ לְטוֹבָה. בְּכֻלְּהוֹן אִחֲרַֽטְנָא בְהוֹן. כֻּלְּהוֹן יְהוֹן שָׁרָן. שְׁבִיקִין, שְׁבִיתִין, בְּטֵלִין וּמְבֻטָּלִין, לָא שְׁרִירִין וְלָא קַיָּמִין: נִדְרָֽנָא לָא נִדְרֵי. וֶאֱסָרָֽנָא לָא אֱסָרֵי. וּשְׁבוּעָתָֽנָא לָא שְׁבוּעוֹת:

All vows, and things we have made forbidden on ourselves, and oaths, and items we have consecrated to the Temple, and vows issued with the expression “konum,” and vows which are abbreviated, and vows issued with the expression “kanos,” that we have vowed, and sworn, and dedicated, and made forbidden upon ourselves; from this Yom Kippur until next Yom Kippur— may it come to us at a good time— We regret having made them; may they all be permitted, forgiven, eradicted and nullified, and may they not be valid or exist any longer. Our vows shall no longer be vows, and our prohibitions shall no longer be prohibited, and our oaths are no longer oaths.

וַיִּקַּ֣ח מִיָּדָ֗ם וַיָּ֤צַר אֹתוֹ֙ בַּחֶ֔רֶט וַֽיַּעֲשֵׂ֖הוּ עֵ֣גֶל מַסֵּכָ֑ה וַיֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹקֶ֙יךָ֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֶעֱל֖וּךָ מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃

This he took from them and cast in a mold, and made it into a molten calf. And they exclaimed, “This is your god, O Israel, who brought you out of the land of Egypt!”
וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֵלַ֔י קַח־לְךָ֖ גִּלָּי֣וֹן גָּד֑וֹל וּכְתֹ֤ב עָלָיו֙ בְּחֶ֣רֶט אֱנ֔וֹשׁ לְמַהֵ֥ר שָׁלָ֖ל חָ֥שׁ בַּֽז׃

The LORD said to me, “Get yourself a large sheet and write on it in common script-a ‘For Maher-shalal-hash-baz’;

אך מפני מה נקרא עזיבת החטא בלב חרטה הוא מלשון חרט אנוש כי ידוע כי הוידוי בפה הוא העיקר וגם שיהא מן הלב כי הפוגם וחוטא מוחק כביכול אות שלו שמשם שורש נשמתו ונפסק מהקדושה וכשמחוודה בהדבור והדבור נמשך מן האות כאמור אזי מחדש את האות וכותבו מחדש מה שמחק והעיקר שיהא מן הלב כמו החרט דהיינו הקולמוס לא יכתוב בו אם לא יטבלנו בדיו והלשון נקרא עט סופר כמ״ש (תהלים מ״ה, ב׳) לשוני עט סופר וגו׳ וצריך להצטרף אליו הלב בעיקר ואחר כך יעשה טוב ולא יחזור לסורו:

Now why do we call the internal shift from past behavior charatah (חרטה) ? The term is from the verse in Isaiah, cheret enosh, common script. For it known that verbal confession is the essence but it must also be accompanied by an internal, heart-based regret, because each of us has a holy letter that is our soul-root, and it is. as it were, erased when we sin...but when we use speech to confess, it is as if we 're-write' re-etch our soul-letter..but the essense or most important thing is that the regret be dipped, like the quill, in the heart, before we 'write' or speak our confession.

(יז) וַיֶּאֱסֹ֥ף אֹתָ֛ם אֶל־מִשְׁמָ֖ר שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים׃ (יח) וַיֹּ֨אמֶר אֲלֵהֶ֤ם יוֹסֵף֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י זֹ֥את עֲשׂ֖וּ וִֽחְי֑וּ אֶת־הָאֱלֹקִ֖ים אֲנִ֥י יָרֵֽא׃ (יט) אִם־כֵּנִ֣ים אַתֶּ֔ם אֲחִיכֶ֣ם אֶחָ֔ד יֵאָסֵ֖ר בְּבֵ֣ית מִשְׁמַרְכֶ֑ם וְאַתֶּם֙ לְכ֣וּ הָבִ֔יאוּ שֶׁ֖בֶר רַעֲב֥וֹן בָּתֵּיכֶֽם׃ (כ) וְאֶת־אֲחִיכֶ֤ם הַקָּטֹן֙ תָּבִ֣יאוּ אֵלַ֔י וְיֵאָמְנ֥וּ דִבְרֵיכֶ֖ם וְלֹ֣א תָמ֑וּתוּ וַיַּעֲשׂוּ־כֵֽן׃ (כא) וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־אָחִ֗יו אֲבָל֮ אֲשֵׁמִ֣ים ׀ אֲנַ֘חְנוּ֮ עַל־אָחִ֒ינוּ֒ אֲשֶׁ֨ר רָאִ֜ינוּ צָרַ֥ת נַפְשׁ֛וֹ בְּהִתְחַֽנְנ֥וֹ אֵלֵ֖ינוּ וְלֹ֣א שָׁמָ֑עְנוּ עַל־כֵּן֙ בָּ֣אָה אֵלֵ֔ינוּ הַצָּרָ֖ה הַזֹּֽאת׃ (כב) וַיַּ֩עַן֩ רְאוּבֵ֨ן אֹתָ֜ם לֵאמֹ֗ר הֲלוֹא֩ אָמַ֨רְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶ֧ם ׀ לֵאמֹ֛ר אַל־תֶּחֶטְא֥וּ בַיֶּ֖לֶד וְלֹ֣א שְׁמַעְתֶּ֑ם וְגַם־דָּמ֖וֹ הִנֵּ֥ה נִדְרָֽשׁ׃ (כג) וְהֵם֙ לֹ֣א יָֽדְע֔וּ כִּ֥י שֹׁמֵ֖עַ יוֹסֵ֑ף כִּ֥י הַמֵּלִ֖יץ בֵּינֹתָֽם׃ (כד) וַיִּסֹּ֥ב מֵֽעֲלֵיהֶ֖ם וַיֵּ֑בְךְּ וַיָּ֤שׇׁב אֲלֵהֶם֙ וַיְדַבֵּ֣ר אֲלֵהֶ֔ם וַיִּקַּ֤ח מֵֽאִתָּם֙ אֶת־שִׁמְע֔וֹן וַיֶּאֱסֹ֥ר אֹת֖וֹ לְעֵינֵיהֶֽם׃ (כה) וַיְצַ֣ו יוֹסֵ֗ף וַיְמַלְא֣וּ אֶת־כְּלֵיהֶם֮ בָּר֒ וּלְהָשִׁ֤יב כַּסְפֵּיהֶם֙ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־שַׂקּ֔וֹ וְלָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֛ם צֵדָ֖ה לַדָּ֑רֶךְ וַיַּ֥עַשׂ לָהֶ֖ם כֵּֽן׃
(17) And he confined them in the guardhouse for three days. (18) On the third day Joseph said to them, “Do this and you shall live, for I fear God. (19) If you are being honest, let one of you brothers be held in your place of detention, while the rest of you go and take home rations for your starving households; (20) but you must bring me your youngest brother, that your words may be verified and that you may not die.” And they did accordingly. (21) They said to one another, “Alas, we are being punished on account of our brother, because we looked on at his anguish, yet paid no heed as he pleaded with us. That is why this distress has come upon us.” (22) Then Reuben spoke up and said to them, “Did I not tell you, ‘Do no wrong to the boy’? But you paid no heed. Now comes the reckoning for his blood.” (23) They did not know that Joseph understood, for there was an interpreter between him and them. (24) He turned away from them and wept. But he came back to them and spoke to them; and he took Simeon from among them and had him bound before their eyes. (25) Then Joseph gave orders to fill their bags with grain, return each one’s money to his sack, and give them provisions for the journey; and this was done for them.

(טז) וְהַ֨לֻּחֹ֔ת מַעֲשֵׂ֥ה אֱלֹקִ֖ים הֵ֑מָּה וְהַמִּכְתָּ֗ב מִכְתַּ֤ב אֱלֹקִים֙ ה֔וּא חָר֖וּת עַל־הַלֻּחֹֽת׃

(16) The tablets were God’s work, and the writing was God’s writing, incised upon the tablets.

חרות. לְשׁוֹן חרת וחרט אֶחָד הוּא, שְׁנֵיהֶם לְשׁוֹן חִקּוּק, אנטלי"יר בְּלַעַז:
חרות — The expressions חרת (which occurs only here in Scriptures) and חרט have the same meaning, both of them signifying engraving; entailler in old French
אִישׁ֩ כִּֽי־יִדֹּ֨ר נֶ֜דֶר לַֽיי אֽוֹ־הִשָּׁ֤בַע שְׁבֻעָה֙ לֶאְסֹ֤ר אִסָּר֙ עַל־נַפְשׁ֔וֹ לֹ֥א יַחֵ֖ל דְּבָר֑וֹ כְּכׇל־הַיֹּצֵ֥א מִפִּ֖יו יַעֲשֶֽׂה׃
If a householder makes a vow to יי or takes an oath imposing an obligation on himself, he shall not break his pledge; he must carry out all that has crossed his lips.

סדר רב עמרם גאון (הרפנס) תפילת ערבית של ליל יום הכיפורים

ויש מי שעושין כך, כשעומד שליח צבור מתחיל ואומר.
כל נדרים ואיסורים ושבועות וקיומין וחרמין, שנדרנו ושאסרנו ושנשבענו ושקיימנו על נפשנו בשבועה, מיום הכפורים שעבר עד יום הכפורים הזה הבא עלינו, בכולם חזרנו ובאנו לפני אבינו שבשמים, אם נדר נדרנו אין כאן נדר, ואם שבועה נשבענו אין כאן שבועה, אם קיום קיימנו אין כאן קיום. בטל הנדר מעיקרו, בטלה השבועה מעיקרה, בטל הקיום מעיקרו. אין כאן לא נדר ולא איסור ולא חרם, ולא שבועה, ולא קיום. יש כאן מחילה וסליחה וכפרה. ככתוב בתורתך ונסלח לכל עדת בני ישראל ולגר הגר בתוכם כי לכל העם בשגגה +במדבר ט"ו, כ"ו+.
ואומר ברוך שהחיינו, לפי שאין כוס ביום הכפורים לאומרו.

אבל שגרו ממתיבתא הקדושה שמנהג שטות הוא זה ואסור לעשות כן.

Rav Amram Gaon in the 9th century mentions the yeshivas of the time objected to the practice of saying Kol Nidrei claiming it was a silly practice.

כִּֽי־תִדֹּ֥ר נֶ֙דֶר֙ לַיי אֱלֹקֶ֔יךָ לֹ֥א תְאַחֵ֖ר לְשַׁלְּמ֑וֹ כִּֽי־דָרֹ֨שׁ יִדְרְשֶׁ֜נּוּ יי אֱלֹקֶ֙יךָ֙ מֵֽעִמָּ֔ךְ וְהָיָ֥ה בְךָ֖ חֵֽטְא׃ וְכִ֥י תֶחְדַּ֖ל לִנְדֹּ֑ר לֹֽא־יִהְיֶ֥ה בְךָ֖ חֵֽטְא׃ מוֹצָ֥א שְׂפָתֶ֖יךָ תִּשְׁמֹ֣ר וְעָשִׂ֑יתָ כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר נָדַ֜רְתָּ לַיי אֱלֹקֶ֙יךָ֙ נְדָבָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּ֖רְתָּ בְּפִֽיךָ׃ {ס}
When you make a vow to your God יי, do not put off fulfilling it, for your God יי will require it of you, and you will have incurred guilt; whereas you incur no guilt if you refrain from vowing. You must fulfill what has crossed your lips and perform what you have voluntarily vowed to your God יי, having made the promise with your own mouth.
ט֖וֹב אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹֽא־תִדֹּ֑ר מִשֶּׁתִּדּ֖וֹר וְלֹ֥א תְשַׁלֵּֽם׃
It is better not to vow at all than to vow and not fulfill.
דְּתַנְיָא טוֹב אֲשֶׁר לֹא תִדֹּר וְגוֹ׳ טוֹב מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה שֶׁאֵינוֹ נוֹדֵר כׇּל עִיקָּר דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר טוֹב מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה נוֹדֵר וּמְשַׁלֵּם
This is as it is taught in a baraita with regard to the verse “Better that you should not vow, than that you should vow and not pay” (Ecclesiastes 5:4), that better than both this and that is one who does not take a vow at all. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehuda says: Better than both this and that is one who vows and pays. Consequently, Rabbi Meir advocates abstaining from all vows and Rabbi Yehuda advocates making vows and fulfilling them, but neither of them distinguishes between vows and gift offerings. The mishna, however, indicates that virtuous people do not make vows but do bring gift offerings.
אָמַר רָבִינָא אֲמַר לִי מָרִימָר הָכִי אֲמַר אֲבוּךְ מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב [יוֹסֵף] כְּמַאן אָזְלָא שְׁמַעְתֵּיהּ דְּרַב יִרְמְיָה בַּר אַבָּא כְּרַבִּי נָתָן דְּתַנְיָא רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר כֹּל הַנּוֹדֵר כְּאִילּוּ בָּנָה בָּמָה וְהַמְקַיְּימוֹ כְּאִילּוּ מַקְטִיר עָלֶיהָ:
Ravina said: Mareimar said to me: Your father said as follows, in the name of Rav Yosef: In accordance with whose opinion is this halakha taught by Rav Yirmeya bar Abba? It is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Natan, as it is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Natan says: Anyone who vows, it is as if he has built a personal altar, which is forbidden because one must bring all offerings to the Temple. And one who fulfills the vow, is as though he burns portions meant for the altar in the Temple upon it, i.e., the personal altar, thereby increasing his sin. Consequently, even after he has fulfilled the vow, it is preferable for him to ask a halakhic authority to annul it entirely, so that it will be as if he never took a vow.
איזה דברים משובחים ואיזה הם מגונים. ובו ז' סעיפים:
אל תהי רגיל בנדרים כל הנודר אף ע"פ שמקיימו נקרא רשע ונקרא חוטא: איחר אדם נדרו פנקסו נפתחת: הנודר כאילו בונה במה בשעת איסור הבמות והמקיימו כאילו הקריב עליה קרבן שטוב יותר שישאל על נדרו והני מילי בשאר נדרים אבל נדרי הקדש מצוה לקיימן ולא ישאל עליהם אלא מדוחק: (וכן אם נשבע על איזה דבר לא ישאל עליו אלא מדוחק) (מרדכי פ"ג דשבועות בשם מוהר"ם וע"פ עב"י ס"ס ר"ל): צריך ליזהר שלא ידור שום דבר ואפי' צדקה אין טוב לידור אלא אם ישנו בידו יתן מיד ואם לאו לא ידור עד שיהיה לו ואם פוסקים צדקה וצריך לפסוק עמהם יאמר בלא נדר:
[Which things are praiseworthy, and which of them are degraded. And following: 7 subsections] Do not become accustomed to making vows. Anyone who vows, even if they keep them, is called evil and is called a sinner. A person who delays their vow, their notebook is opened. One who vows is considered as if they built a forbidden altar, and one who fulfils the vow is as if they sacrificed a forbidden sacrifice, for it is better to annul the vow. This is the case in normal vows, but in the case of hekdesh vows it is obligatory to fulfil them, and one should only have them annulled in extenuating circumstances. RAMA: This is the case, too, when one makes an oath, that they should only seek annulment in extenuating circumstances. One should be careful not to vow in any matter. Even tzedaka should not be vowed; rather, if one has what to give, they should immediately give it, and if not, they should not vow until they have it. And if one is part of the tzedaka-distribution process, it should be done while stating "This is not a vow!"

Rabbi Meir Soloveitchik, from 'The Meaning of a Yom Kippur Prayer', Wall Street Journal

Despite potential PR problems and rabbinic concerns, Kol Nidrei endured, and today the prayer’s traditional melody is synonymous with the awe-inspiring onset of the Day of Atonement. No other piece of Jewish liturgy combines in so elemental a fashion the notions of human fallibility and freedom, which together comprise the foundation of repentance and the Day of Atonement itself. “All these I regret”: This is the essence of Kol Nidrei. And if regret, sincerely expressed, can help to heal the past by undoing the effect of words irresponsibly uttered, then there is reason to hope that past misdeeds can be healed as well.

רא"ש מסכת יומא פרק ח סימן כח

אבל רב נטרונאי גאון כתב אין נוהגין לא בשתי ישיבות ולא בכל מקום להתיר נדרים לא בראש השנה ולא ביום הכפורים אלא שמענו שבשאר ארצות אומרים כל נדרי אבל אנן לא ראינו ולא שמענו מרבותינו זכרם לברכה.

Rav Natronai Gaon (9th century) mentions that he heard of other lands that annul vows before Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur but he is unfamiliar with the practice and has never seen it nor heard of it from his teachers. He therefore thinks it should not be done. (The Geonim did not even learn Tractate Nedarim in their yeshivot)

חַסּוֹרֵי מִיחַסְּרָא וְהָכִי קָתָנֵי הָרוֹצֶה שֶׁיֹּאכַל אֶצְלוֹ חֲבֵירוֹ וּמְסָרֵב בּוֹ וּמַדִּירוֹ נִדְרֵי זֵירוּזִין הוּא וְהָרוֹצֶה שֶׁלֹּא יִתְקַיְּימוּ נְדָרָיו כׇּל הַשָּׁנָה יַעֲמוֹד בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה וְיֹאמַר כׇּל נֶדֶר שֶׁאֲנִי עָתִיד לִידּוֹר יְהֵא בָּטֵל וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיְּהֵא זָכוּר בִּשְׁעַת הַנֶּדֶר אִי זָכוּר עַקְרֵיהּ לִתְנָאֵיהּ וְקַיֵּים לֵיהּ לְנִדְרֵיהּ אָמַר אַבָּיֵי תָּנֵי וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא זָכוּר בִּשְׁעַת הַנֶּדֶר רָבָא אָמַר לְעוֹלָם כִּדְאָמְרִינַן מֵעִיקָּרָא הָכָא בְּמַאי עָסְקִינַן כְּגוֹן שֶׁהִתְנָה בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה וְלֹא יָדַע בַּמֶּה הִתְנָה וְהַשְׁתָּא קָא נָדַר אִי זָכוּר בִּשְׁעַת הַנֶּדֶר וְאָמַר עַל דַּעַת הָרִאשׁוֹנָה אֲנִי נוֹדֵר נִדְרֵיהּ לֵית בֵּיהּ מַמָּשָׁא לֹא אָמַר עַל דַּעַת הָרִאשׁוֹנָה אֲנִי נוֹדֵר עַקְרֵיהּ לִתְנָאֵיהּ וְקַיֵּים לְנִדְרֵיהּ רַב הוּנָא בַּר חִינָּנָא סָבַר לְמִידְרְשֵׁיהּ בְּפִירְקָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא תַּנָּא קָא מְסַתֵּים לַהּ סַתּוֹמֵי כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִנְהֲגוּ קַלּוּת רֹאשׁ בִּנְדָרִים וְאַתְּ דָּרְשַׁתְּ לֵיהּ בְּפִירְקָא
The Gemara answers: The mishna is incomplete and is teaching like this: In the case of one who wants another to eat with him, and he urges him to do so and makes a vow with regard to him, this vow is included in the category of vows of exhortation, which do not require dissolution. And in addition, one who desires that his vows not be upheld for the entire year should stand up on Rosh HaShana and say: Any vow that I take in the future should be void. And this statement is effective, provided that he remembers at the time of the vow that his intent at the beginning of the year was to render it void. The Gemara asks: If he remembers at the time of the vow that his intent at the beginning of the year was to render it void but still makes the vow, then he has uprooted his stipulation that all his vows are void and has upheld his vow. Why, then, does it state that the vows are void in this case? Abaye said: Teach: And this statement is effective, provided that he does not remember at the time of the vow that his intention at the beginning of the year was to render it void. Rava said: Actually, say as we said initially, that he does remember his stipulation at the time of the vow. With what are we dealing here? It is a case where he stipulated a condition on Rosh HaShana rendering void vows that he would make later in the year, but he did not know with regard to which vows he made the stipulation, and now he makes a vow. If he remembers at the time of the vow and says: I am vowing in accordance with the initial intention, when I stipulated that all vows should be void, his vow has no substance. However, if he did not say: I am vowing in accordance with the initial intention, then he has uprooted his stipulation and upheld his vow. The Gemara relates that Rav Huna bar Ḥinnana intended to teach this topic at the Festival lecture, so that everyone would learn this manner of rendering vows void on Rosh HaShana. Rava said to him: The tanna of the mishna conceals it and does not say it explicitly, despite the fact that it is studied by Torah scholars, in order that the public not treat vows lightly, and you teach it publicly at the Festival lecture?