Sanctity Of Human Life

הגוסס הרי הוא כחי לכל דבר לעולם...

A dying person is regarded as a living entity in respect of all matters in the world:...

אין (מעמידין) [מעמצין] את עיני הגוסס הנוגע בו ומזיזו הרי זה שופך דמים שהיה רבי מאיר אומר משל לנר שהוא מטפטף כיון שנגע בו אדם מכבהו כך כל המעמץ את עיני הגוסס מעלין עליו כאילו הוא נוטל נשמתו:

We may not close the eyes of a dying man. Whoever touches and moves him is a murderer. For R. Meir used to say: He can be compared to a lamp which is dripping; should a man touch it he extinguishes it. Similarly whoever closes the eyes of a dying man is considered as if he had taken his life.

Acknowledging human suffering

עוּלָּא בְּמִיסְּקֵיהּ לְאַרְעָא דְּיִשְׂרָאֵל אִיתְלְווֹ לֵיהּ תְּרֵין בְּנֵי חוֹזָאֵי בַּהֲדֵיהּ קָם חַד שַׁחְטֵיהּ לְחַבְרֵיהּ אֲמַר לֵיהּ לְעוּלָּא יָאוּת עֲבַדִי אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִין וּפְרַע לֵיהּ בֵּית הַשְּׁחִיטָה כִּי אֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אֲמַר לֵיהּ דִּלְמָא חַס וְשָׁלוֹם אַחְזִיקִי יְדֵי עוֹבְרֵי עֲבֵירָה אֲמַר לֵיהּ נַפְשְׁךָ הִצַּלְתָּ

The Gemara relates: Ulla, on his ascent to Eretz Yisrael, had two residents of Ḥozai join him. Because of a brawl between them, one arose and slaughtered the other. The assailant said to Ulla: Did I act properly? He said to him: Yes, and open the place of the slaughter, i.e., cut it more so that he will die faster. When Ulla came before Rabbi Yoḥanan, Ulla said to him: Perhaps, Heaven forbid, I strengthened the hands of sinners by commending him, although I did so merely because I was afraid that he would kill me. He said to him: You saved yourself by doing so, as it is permitted for one to say words like this in order to save his own life.

Ran and Rosh. s.v. u-Iara /eh beit shehitah, both explain that Ulla's concern was "so that he die more quickly. Rosh's comment however, clearly implies that "so that he die more quickly" is reason in itself, independent of Ulla's fear lest he anger the murderer. Noteworthy is that neither Ran on Nedarim 40a nor this passage in Nedarim 22a are codified in the classic codes

הביאוהו וכרכוהו בס"ת והקיפוהו בחבילי זמורות והציתו בהן את האור והביאו ספוגין של צמר ושראום במים והניחום על לבו כדי שלא תצא נשמתו מהרה ...

אמרו לו תלמידיו רבי מה אתה רואה אמר להן גליון נשרפין ואותיות פורחות אף אתה פתח פיך ותכנס בך האש אמר להן מוטב שיטלנה מי שנתנה ואל יחבל הוא בעצמו

אמר לו קלצטונירי רבי אם אני מרבה בשלהבת ונוטל ספוגין של צמר מעל לבך אתה מביאני לחיי העולם הבא אמר לו הן השבע לי נשבע לו מיד הרבה בשלהבת ונטל ספוגין של צמר מעל לבו יצאה נשמתו במהרה אף הוא קפץ ונפל לתוך האור

יצאה בת קול ואמרה רבי חנינא בן תרדיון וקלצטונירי מזומנין הן לחיי העולם הבא בכה רבי ואמר יש קונה עולמו בשעה אחת ויש קונה עולמו בכמה שנים

They brought him to be sentenced, and wrapped him in the Torah scroll, and encircled him with bundles of branches, and they set fire to it. And they brought tufts of wool and soaked them in water, and placed them on his heart, so that his soul should not leave his body quickly, but he would die slowly and painfully. ...

His students said to him: Our teacher, what do you see? Rabbi Ḥanina ben Teradyon said to them: I see the parchment burning, but its letters are flying to the heavens. They said to him: You too should open your mouth and the fire will enter you, and you will die quickly. Rabbi Ḥanina ben Teradyon said to them: better that He who gave me my soul should take it away, and one should not harm oneself to speed his death.

The executioner [kaltzatoniri] said to him: My teacher, if I increase the flame and take off the tufts of wool from your heart, so that you will die sooner and suffer less, will you bring me to the life of the World-to-Come? Rabbi Ḥanina ben Teradyon said to the executioner: Yes. The executioner said: Take an oath for me, that what you say is true. Rabbi Ḥanina ben Teradyon took the oath for him, and the executioner immediately increased the flame and took off the tufts of wool from his heart, causing his soul to leave his body quickly. The executioner too leaped and fell into the fire and died.

A Divine Voice emerged and said: Rabbi Ḥanina ben Teradyon and the executioner are destined for the life of the World-to-Come. Upon hearing this, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi wept and said: There is one who acquires his share in the World-to-Come in one moment, such as the executioner, and there is one who acquires his share in the World-to-Come only after many years of toil, such as Rabbi Ḥanina ben Teradyon.

אמר רבי יוחנן: כל ימיו של אותו צדיק (חוני) היה מצטער על מקרא זה: 'שיר המעלות בשוב ה' את שיבת ציון היינו כחולמים' (תהלים קכ"ו א).
אמר: וכי יש שיישן אדם שבעים שנה בחלום?!
יום אחד היה מהלך בדרך, ראה את אותו האיש שהיה נוטע חרוב.
אמר לו: חרוב זה, לכמה שנים טוען פירות?
אמר לו לשבעים שנה.
אמר לו: הסבור אתה שתחיה עוד שבעים שנה?
אמר לו אותו האיש: אני מצאתי את העולם בחרובים, כך אני נוטע לבני.

ישב חוני לאכול, נפלה עליו שינה ונרדם. עלה צוק והקיף אותו, ונעלם מעיני הבריות, ונם שבעים שנה.
כאשר התעורר, ראה איש שמלקט פירות מאותו החרוב.
אמר לו: האם אתה זה שנטעתו?
אמר לו: אבי אבא.
אמר: ודאי מנמנם הייתי שבעים שנה.

ראה אתונו שילדה לו רמכים רמכים.
הלך לביתו ואמר להם: בנו של חוני המעגל היכן?
אמרו לו: בנו אינו בעולם, אבל יש בן בנו.
אמר להם: אני חוני המעגל. לא האמינו לו.

הלך לבית המדרש,
שמע החכמים אומרים: ברורה לנו שמועה זו עכשיו כבזמנו של חוני המעגל. שכאשר היה נכנס לבית המדרש, כל קושיה שהיתה להם לחכמים היה מיישבה.
אמר להם: "אני הוא"!
ולא האמינו לו ולא נתנו לו כבוד כראוי לו.
חלשה דעתו של חוני, ביקש רחמים שימות, ומת.
אמר רבא זהו שרגילים האנשים לומר: "או חברותא או מיתותא".
§ The Gemara relates another story about Ḥoni HaMe’aggel. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: All the days of the life of that righteous man, Ḥoni, he was distressed over the meaning of this verse: “A song of Ascents: When the Lord brought back those who returned to Zion, we were like those who dream” (Psalms 126:1). He said to himself: Is there really a person who can sleep and dream for seventy years? How is it possible to compare the seventy-year exile in Babylonia to a dream? One day, he was walking along the road when he saw a certain man planting a carob tree. Ḥoni said to him: This tree, after how many years will it bear fruit? The man said to him: It will not produce fruit until seventy years have passed. Ḥoni said to him: Is it obvious to you that you will live seventy years, that you expect to benefit from this tree? He said to him: That man himself found a world full of carob trees. Just as my ancestors planted for me, I too am planting for my descendants. Ḥoni sat and ate bread. Sleep overcame him and he slept. A cliff formed around him, and he disappeared from sight and slept for seventy years. When he awoke, he saw a certain man gathering carobs from that tree. Ḥoni said to him: Are you the one who planted this tree? The man said to him: I am his son’s son. Ḥoni said to him: I can learn from this that I have slept for seventy years, and indeed he saw that his donkey had sired several herds during those many years. Ḥoni went home and said to the members of the household: Is the son of Ḥoni HaMe’aggel alive? They said to him: His son is no longer with us, but his son’s son is alive. He said to them: I am Ḥoni HaMe’aggel. They did not believe him. He went to the study hall, where he heard the Sages say about one scholar: His halakhot are as enlightening and as clear as in the years of Ḥoni HaMe’aggel, for when Ḥoni HaMe’aggel would enter the study hall he would resolve for the Sages any difficulty they had. Ḥoni said to them: I am he, but they did not believe him and did not pay him proper respect. Ḥoni became very upset, prayed for mercy, and died. Rava said: This explains the folk saying that people say: Either friendship or death, as one who has no friends is better off dead. § The Gemara relates another story, this time about Ḥoni HaMe’aggel’s descendants, who were also renowned for their righteous deeds. Abba Ḥilkiyya was the son of Ḥoni HaMe’aggel’s son. And when the world was in need of rain they would send Sages to him, and he would pray for mercy, and rain would fall. Once the world was in need of rain, and the Sages sent a pair of Sages to him so that he would pray for mercy and rain would fall. They went to his house but they did not find him there. They went to the field and found him hoeing the ground. They greeted him,

Martyrdom

וְרַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר זוֹ אִשָּׁה וְשִׁבְעָה בָּנֶיהָ אַתְיוּהּ לְקַמָּא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּקֵיסָר אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ פְּלַח לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה אֲמַר לְהוּ כָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה אָנֹכִי ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ אַפְּקוּהּ וְקַטְלוּהּ

אַתְיוּהּ לְאִידַּךְ ...

אֲמַר לֵיהּ קֵיסָר אֶישְׁדֵּי לָךְ גּוּשְׁפַּנְקָא וּגְחֵין וְשִׁקְלֵיהּ כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלֵימְרוּ קַבֵּיל עֲלֵיהּ הַרְמָנָא דְּמַלְכָּא אֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲבָל עֲלָךְ קֵיסָר חֲבָל עֲלָךְ קֵיסָר עַל כְּבוֹד עַצְמְךָ כָּךְ עַל כְּבוֹד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה

אַפְּקוּהּ לְמִיקְטְלֵיהּ אֲמַרָה לְהוּ אִימֵּיהּ יַהֲבוּהּ נִיהֲלִי וְאֶינַשְּׁקֵיהּ פּוּרְתָּא אָמְרָה לוֹ בָּנַיי לְכוּ וְאִמְרוּ לְאַבְרָהָם אֲבִיכֶם אַתָּה עָקַדְתָּ מִזְבֵּחַ אֶחָד וַאֲנִי עָקַדְתִּי שִׁבְעָה מִזְבְּחוֹת אַף הִיא עָלְתָה לַגַּג וְנָפְלָה וּמֵתָה יָצְתָה בַּת קוֹל וְאָמְרָה אֵם הַבָּנִים שְׂמֵחָה.

And Rav Yehuda said: This verse applies to the woman and her seven sons who died as martyrs for the sake of the sanctification of God’s name. The incident occurred as follows: They brought in the first of the woman’s sons before the emperor and said to him: Worship the idol. He said to them: I cannot do so, as it is written in the Torah: “I am the Lord your God” (Exodus 20:2). They immediately took him out and killed him.

And they then brought in another son

It was the youngest brother who had said this, and the emperor pitied him. Seeking a way to spare the boy’s life, the emperor said to him: I will throw down my seal before you; bend over and pick it up, so that people will say that he has accepted the king’s authority [harmana]. The boy said to him: Woe [ḥaval] to you, Caesar, woe to you, Caesar. If you think that for the sake of your honor I should fulfill your command and do this, then for the sake of the honor of the Holy One, Blessed be He, all the more so should I fulfill His command.

As they were taking him out to be killed, his mother said to them: Give him to me so that I may give him a small kiss. She said to him: My son, go and say to your father Abraham, You bound one son to the altar, but I bound seven altars. She too in the end went up to the roof, fell, and died. A Divine Voice emerged and said: “A joyful mother of children” (Psalms 113:9), as she raised her children to be devoted in their service of God.

Yom Tov of Joigny, a Tosafist and liturgical poet born in France who resettled in York, England. In 1190, Yom Tov and the other Jews of York took refuge in a castle as a mob outside demanded their death or their conversion. Most of the Jews committed suicide instead, with men killing their families and then killing each other before Yom Tov took his own life.