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Tekhelet: The Lost and Recovered Royal Blue

(לז) וַיֹּ֥אמֶר ה' אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר׃ (לח) דַּבֵּ֞ר אֶל־בְּנֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵהֶ֔ם וְעָשׂ֨וּ לָהֶ֥ם צִיצִ֛ת עַל־כַּנְפֵ֥י בִגְדֵיהֶ֖ם לְדֹרֹתָ֑ם וְנָ֥תְנ֛וּ עַל־צִיצִ֥ת הַכָּנָ֖ף פְּתִ֥יל תְּכֵֽלֶת׃ (לט) וְהָיָ֣ה לָכֶם֮ לְצִיצִת֒ וּרְאִיתֶ֣ם אֹת֗וֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם֙ אֶת־כׇּל־מִצְוֺ֣ת ה' וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֖ם אֹתָ֑ם וְלֹֽא־תָת֜וּרוּ אַחֲרֵ֤י לְבַבְכֶם֙ וְאַחֲרֵ֣י עֵֽינֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־אַתֶּ֥ם זֹנִ֖ים אַחֲרֵיהֶֽם׃ (מ) לְמַ֣עַן תִּזְכְּר֔וּ וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֖ם אֶת־כׇּל־מִצְוֺתָ֑י וִהְיִיתֶ֥ם קְדֹשִׁ֖ים לֵאלֹֽקֵיכֶֽם׃ (מא) אֲנִ֞י ה' אֱלֹֽקֵיכֶ֗ם אֲשֶׁ֨ר הוֹצֵ֤אתִי אֶתְכֶם֙ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם לִהְי֥וֹת לָכֶ֖ם לֵאלֹקִ֑ים אֲנִ֖י ה' אֱלֹקֵיכֶֽם׃ {פ}

(37) ה' said to Moses as follows: (38) Speak to the Israelite people and instruct them to make for themselves fringes on the corners of their garments throughout the ages; let them attach a cord of tekhelet [blue?] to the fringe at each corner. (39) That shall be your fringe; look at it and recall all the commandments of ה' and observe them, so that you do not follow your heart and eyes in your lustful urge. (40) Thus you shall be reminded to observe all My commandments and to be holy to your God. (41) I ה' am your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt to be your God: I, your God ה'.

ומעלות התכלת וסגולותיה, הנה ידוע שעיקר מצות וראיתם אותו (במדבר ט״ו:ל״ט) קאי רק על תכלת, מדכתיב וראיתם אותו ולא כתיב אותם, אלא דרבי במס' מנחות (לח.) דייק מזה דתכלת ולבן מצוה אחת היא, ומעכבין זה את זה יעו"ש, אבל לרבנן דשתי מצות נינהו ואין מעכבין זה את זה קאי אותו רק על תכלת דקאי על ונתנו על ציצית הכנף פתיל תכלת, שהכריכה שהוא הפתיל מצותו שיהא עקרו בתכלת...

It is know that the essence of the commandment "and you shall look at it" (Numbers 15:39) is only about tekhelet, from what is written, "And you shall see it," and it is not written, "see them," but rather Rabbi in Masekhet Menachot said, "Learn from this that tekhelet and white are one commandment, and prevent each other, but think of them as two separate commandments, and neither one prevents the other, so one view is that "it" is only tekhelet, and the other view is that it is only and the fringe of the corner with the fringe of blue, and which recognizes that the essence of the commandment that that it is tekhelet...

תכלת. צֶבַע יָרֹק שֶׁל חִלָּזוֹן:
תכלת BLUE PURPLE — It is the blue dye of (obtained from) the blood of the Chilazon (a kind of shell-fish).
לדורותם ונתנו וגו'. הוצרך לומר לדורותם, לצד שלא באה מצוה זו אלא לזכרון המצות כשיראו אותו, תבא הסברא לומר כשיבא דור קדוש וטהור שאין צריכין לזכרון זה אין צודך בציצית תלמוד לומר לדורותם.
לדרתם ונתנו…פתיל תכלת. "throughout the generations and they shall put…a thread of blue." There is a good reason for writing the word לדרתם. Inasmuch as the Torah describes the function of the fringes as a means to remind the Israelites of their duties, I could have thought that when there would arise a generation which did not need to be reminded of its duties the people of that generation could dispense with the need to observe this commandment. The Torah therefore had to write: "throughout their generations," in order to remind us that this commandment would remain in force at all times.
עוד ירצה בהעיר למה כתב לדורותם באמצע פרטי המצוה. אכן לצד שיש במצות ציצית ב' דברים הלבן והתכלת, הלבן ישנו בכל זמן, והתכלת יש זמן שאינו מצוי, ונתחכם ה' ואמר לדורותם קודם זכרון התכלת לומר שהלבן לדורותם אבל תכלת כשאינו בנמצא אין חיוב בו, והגם שהתכלת אינו מעכב את הלבן ולא הלבן את התכלת (מנחות לח.), אף על פי כן הלבן הוא בנמצא לדורות בלא הפסק מה שאין כן התכלת:
Another reason why the Torah wrote the word לדרתם in the middle of the verse describing the commandment is that the commandment consists of two parts. We have the white threads and the blue thread. The former form part of the commandment throughout the generations. The latter is mandatory only at a time when the proper colour is available. G'd was careful to write the word "throughout their generations" before mentioning the blue thread, to make it plain that the first half of the commandment, i.e. the white threads applies always whereas the instructions to make one of the threads of blue wool applied only when the colour was at hand. Menachot 38 rules that the availability or non-availability of either kind of thread is no impediment to fulfilling the commandment with the kinds of threads which are available.
מ"ט דרבי דכתיב (במדבר טו, לח) הכנף מין כנף וכתיב פתיל תכלת ואמר רחמנא וראיתם אותו עד דאיכא תרוייהו בחד
The Gemara inquires: What is the reasoning of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, i.e., how does he derive his ruling from this verse? The Gemara explains: As it is written: “And they shall put on the fringe of the corner a sky-blue thread” (Numbers 15:38). “The fringe of the corner” is a reference to strings that are of the same type as the corner of the garment. Since garments are usually white, this phrase is referring to white strings. And it is written in this same verse: “A sky-blue thread.” And the Merciful One states in the following verse, referring to both types of strings: “And it shall be to you for a fringe that you may look upon it” (Numbers 15:39), in the singular. This teaches that one does not fulfill his obligation until both types are present together.