Here’s what we know about Vashti from the first chapter of the book of Esther: She was the queen before Esther replaced her, she held a party for other women in the palace, she refused to go to King Achashverosh’s party, and she is banished in order to teach her and others a lesson. That’s it.
Queen Vashti is gone from the story almost as quickly as she came on the scene! But who was she, and how did she become the queen in the first place?
Esther Rabbah has a lot to say on this subject. In classic midrashic style, the authors pull verses from other parts of the Bible and then explain them in ways that illuminate the story at hand. You can click on the citations if you want to see these quotes in context, or just read through the midrash and appreciate the storyline.
דָּבָר אַחֵר, רָאִיתָ כִּי אַתָּה עָמָל וְכַעַס וגו', אָמְרָה כְּנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם רָאִיתָ נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר הָרָשָׁע שֶׁבָּא וּמַחְרִיב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ וּמַגְלֶה אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמְשַׁלְשְׁלָן בַּקּוֹלָרִין...וְלֹא עוֹד יָתוֹם אַתָּה הָיִיתָ עוֹזֵר, יְתוֹמָה אַחַת שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּיְרָה לוֹ וְעָשִׂיתָ אוֹתָהּ אָגוּסְטָא בְּמַלְכוּת שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלָּהּ, וְאֵיזוֹ זוֹ, זוֹ וַשְׁתִּי.
Another matter: “You have seen, for You behold mischief and spite…” the congregation of Israel said before The Holy One blessed be He: ‘Master of the Universe, You saw Nebuchadnezzar the wicked, who came and destroyed the Temple, and exiled Israel, and shackled them in collars...it is not, “You are the helper of the orphans,” but one orphan girl remained from him [Nebuchadnezzar] and you made her an empress in a kingdom that was not hers, and who was that? Vashti.’
Like Haman, Vashti descends from an enemy of the Jews, but like Esther, she is an orphan God protects. Learn more about her lineage and background in the introduction to Esther Rabbah.
Why does Vashti refuse to attend Achashverosh’s party?
According to the midrash, Vashti refused to attend the party because she was expected to be fully naked. After negotiating unsuccessfully, Vashti tried to explain why it would reflect badly on King Achashverosh for her to attend:
וַתְּמָאֵן הַמַּלְכָּה וַשְׁתִּי (אסתר א, יב), שָׁלְחָה וְאָמְרָה לוֹ דְּבָרִים שֶׁהֵן נוֹגְעִין בְּלִבּוֹ, אָמְרָה לוֹ אִם רוֹאִין אוֹתִי נָאָה, הֵן נוֹתְנִין עֵינֵיהֶם לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בִּי וְהוֹרְגִים אוֹתְךָ, וְאִם רוֹאִין אוֹתִי כְּעוּרָה, אַתְּ מִתְגַּנֶּה בִּי. רְמָזַתּוּ וְלֹא נִרְמָז עֲקָצַתּוּ וְלֹא נֶעֱקָץ, שָׁלְחָה וְאָמְרָה לוֹ קוֹמִיס אִיסְטַבְּלָאטִי שֶׁל בֵּית אַבָּא הָיִיתָ וְהָיִיתָ לָמוּד לִהְיוֹת מַכְנִיס לְפָנֶיךָ נָשִׁים זוֹנוֹת עֲרֻמּוֹת, וְעַכְשָׁיו שֶׁנִּכְנַסְתָּ לַמַּלְכוּת לֹא חָזַרְתָּ מִקִּלְקוּלְךָ, רְמָזַתּוּ וְלֹא נִרְמָז עֲקָצַתּוּ וְלֹא נֶעֱקָץ
“Queen Vashti refused to come at the king's word by means of the officials, and the king was very angry, and his fury burned within him” (Esther 1:12). She sent and said to him things that upset him. She said to him: ‘If they consider me beautiful, they will set their sights on taking advantage of me and will kill you. If they consider me ugly, you will be demeaned because of me.’ She alluded, but he did not grasp the allusions; she provoked him, but he was not provoked. She sent and said to him: ‘Weren’t you the stable boy of my father’s house, and you were accustomed to bringing naked prostitutes before you, and now that you have ascended to the throne, you have not abandoned your corruption.’ She alluded, but he did not grasp the allusions; she provoked him, but he was not provoked.
Did Vashti make the right choice? The rabbis offer their perspectives through a creative reading of a single world: “kedaiy”. In the Megillah, this word literally means “like enough” but the presence of the “kaf” letter prefix, which means “like”, is unnecessary. An extra letter suggests to the rabbis that there is meaning to be mined, or midrash to be made:
וְהַיּוֹם הַזֶּה תֹּאמַרְנָה שָׂרוֹת פָּרַס (אסתר א, יח), רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל, רַב אָמַר כְּדַי הַבִּזָּיוֹן הַזֶּה לַקְּצִיפָה הַזֹּאת. וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר, כְּדַי הַקִּצָּפוֹן לְבִזָּיוֹן זֶה. אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא כְּדַאי הוּא הַבִּזָּיוֹן, שֶׁבִּיזָה אָבִיהָ אֶת כְּלֵי בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, לַקִּצָּפוֹן, שֶׁקָּצַף עָלֶיהָ וַהֲרָגָהּ.
“This day, the ladies of Persia and Media, who have heard of the queen’s deed, will tell it to all the king’s princes, and there will be no end [kedaiy] of humiliation and wrath” (Esther 1:18). Rav and Shmuel: Rav said: The humiliation is deserving [kedaiy] of this wrath. Shmuel said: The wrath is deserving [kedaiy] of this humiliation. Rabbi Ḥanina said: As her father dishonored the Temple vessels, the humiliation [of Vashti] is deserving of the wrath [that was its result], that was wrathful towards her and killed her.
Rav and Shmuel debate which was more reprehensible: humiliating Achashverosh by not showing up to the party, or the punishment Achashverosh meted out to Vashti. Rabbi Hanina believes that Vashti was killed - something not mentioned explicitly in the Megillah - and that the punishment was just, but not because Vashti humiliated the king. Rather, it was due because of the actions of her father, Belshatzar.
Another midrash says that, actually, Achashverosh was wrong to expect Vashti to come to the party. She had agency to think and act as she saw fit and the midrash suggests did not need a reason for her refusal:
אָמַר רַב הוּנָא אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ דַּעַת סְרוּחָה הָיְתָה לוֹ, מִנְהָג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם אָדָם מְבַקֵּשׁ לֶאֱכֹל עֲדָשִׁים וְאִשְׁתּוֹ מְבַקֶּשֶׁת לֶאֱכֹל אֲפוּנִים, יָכוֹל הוּא לְכוּפָהּ, לָא מַה דְּהִיא בָּעְיָא עָבְדָה.
Rav Huna said: Aḥashverosh had a warped sensibility. The way of the world is that if a man wishes to eat lentils and his wife wishes to eat peas, can he compel her? No, she will do whatever she wants.
A third interpretation in Esther Rabbah describes a conspiracy by Memucan, one of the king’s advisors, to have Vashti deposed from the start and says that punishing her for refusing to attend the party was only a pretense.
We know that Vashti was replaced by Queen Esther, but what happened afterwards?
אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה כְּשֹׁךְ חֲמַת הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ (אסתר ב, א), אָמַר רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן זִמְרָא כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר אַחַר סָמוּךְ, אַחֲרֵי מוּפְלָג. וְרַבָּנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן זִמְרָא כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר אַחֲרֵי סָמוּךְ, אַחַר מוּפְלָג...זָכַר אֶת וַשְׁתִּי, גְּזֵרָה זֹאת שֶׁגָּזַר עָלֶיהָ שֶׁתִּכָּנֵס לְפָנָיו עֲרֻמָּה וְלֹא נִכְנְסָה וְקָצַף עָלֶיהָ וַהֲרָגָהּ, מִן דְּקָטְלָה שָׁרֵי תָּהֵי בֵיהּ [חוזר בו], לָמָּה, שֶׁעָשְׂתָה כְּהֹגֶן. וְאֵת אֲשֶׁר נִגְזַר עָלֶיהָ, שֶׁא כְּהֹגֶן. וְלָמָּה עָלְתָה לָהּ כָּךְ, לְפִי שֶׁלֹא הָיְתָה מַנַּחַת לַאֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ לִתֵּן רְשׁוּת לִבְנוֹת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְאוֹמֶרֶת לוֹ, מַה שֶּׁהֶחֱרִיבוּ אֲבוֹתַי אַתָּה מְבַקֵּשׁ לִבְנוֹת, וַיֹּאמְרוּ נַעֲרֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ מְשָׁרְתָיו וגו'.
“After these matters, when the fury of king Aḥashverosh had abated, he remembered Vashti and what she had done, and what was decreed against her” (Esther 2:1). “After [aḥar] these matters, when the fury of King Aḥashverosh had abated” – Rabbi Aivu said in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: Everywhere that aḥar is stated, it means just after; aḥarei – significantly after. The Rabbis in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: Everywhere that aḥarei is stated, it means just after; aḥar – significantly after...
“He remembered Vashti” – that decree that he had decreed for her to enter naked before him and she did not enter he became angry and killed her. Once he had killed her, he began regretting it. Why? Because she had behaved correctly. “And what was decreed against her,” unjustly. Why did this befall her? Because she would not allow Aḥashverosh to grant permission to build the Temple, saying to him: You are seeking to build what my ancestors destroyed? “The king's lads, his attendants, said...” (Esther 2:2).
According to the midrash, at some point Achashverosh had a change of heart. More than longing for her, Achashverosh realizes she was correct in her actions and regrets his own. The midrash’s narrator, like Rabbi Hanina above, nevertheless justifies Vashti’s treatment on other grounds.
Are you are still curious to learn more about Vashti? Read through Esther Rabbah 3 and beyond to see what other questions the rabbis of the midrash might be responding to!
Like Achashverosh and Vashti, much of Haman’s background and psychology are left unaddressed in the Megillah. How did he get to be such a bad guy? How did he convince the Persian people to want to destroy the Jewish community? Stay tuned for answers to these questions and more!