Save "mishpatim:on female slavery and ancient ethical codes"
mishpatim: on female slavery and ancient ethical codes
The largest, most comprehensive, and best known of the legal collections is the one composed by the Babylonian king Hammurabi (ca. 18 century BCE) some 250 years before the estimated date of the Exodus from Egypt.
Engraved in cuneiform on stone stelae, its intent was to glorify the king, but it was apparently little used as a basis for judicial rulings. It comprises legal paragraphs sandwiched between a personal prologue and epilogue, is written in casuistic form, and touches on many recognizable matters of public and private law.
Most of the former deal with preserving public order; most of the latter concern economic transactions, marriage and family matters, and inheritance of property. The stated purposes are conventionally political and utilitarian: “to establish justice,” “to give good“government,” “to prosper the people, ''to abolish enmity and rebellion.”
(from Leon Kass' 'Founding God's Nation: Reading Exodus')
(ז) וְכִֽי־יִמְכֹּ֥ר אִ֛ישׁ אֶת־בִּתּ֖וֹ לְאָמָ֑ה לֹ֥א תֵצֵ֖א כְּצֵ֥את הָעֲבָדִֽים׃ (ח) אִם־רָעָ֞ה בְּעֵינֵ֧י אֲדֹנֶ֛יהָ אֲשֶׁר־[ל֥וֹ] (לא) יְעָדָ֖הּ וְהֶפְדָּ֑הּ לְעַ֥ם נׇכְרִ֛י לֹא־יִמְשֹׁ֥ל לְמׇכְרָ֖הּ בְּבִגְדוֹ־בָֽהּ׃ (ט) וְאִם־לִבְנ֖וֹ יִֽיעָדֶ֑נָּה כְּמִשְׁפַּ֥ט הַבָּנ֖וֹת יַעֲשֶׂה־לָּֽהּ׃ (י) אִם־אַחֶ֖רֶת יִֽקַּֽח־ל֑וֹ שְׁאֵרָ֛הּ כְּסוּתָ֥הּ וְעֹנָתָ֖הּ לֹ֥א יִגְרָֽע׃ (יא) וְאִ֨ם־שְׁלׇשׁ־אֵ֔לֶּה לֹ֥א יַעֲשֶׂ֖ה לָ֑הּ וְיָצְאָ֥ה חִנָּ֖ם אֵ֥ין כָּֽסֶף׃ {ס}
(7) When a man sells his daughter as a slave, she shall not go free as male slaves do. (8) If she proves to be displeasing to her master, who designated her for himself, he must let her be redeemed; he shall not have the right to sell her to outsiders, since he broke faith with her. (9) And if he designated her for his son, he shall deal with her as is the practice with free maidens. (10) If he marries another, he must not withhold from this one her food, her clothing, or her conjugal rights. (11) If he fails her in these three ways, she shall go free, without payment.
“Advice of an Akkadian Father to His Son,” c. 2200 B.C.:​​​​​​​

“Do not honor a slave girl in your house; she should not rule your bedroom like a wife, do not give yourself over to slave girls....Let this be said among your people: "The household which a slave girl rules, she disrupts."
אָמַר רָבָא הַאי תַּנָּא סָבַר מְזוֹנוֹת מִדְּאוֹרָיְיתָא דְּתַנְיָא שְׁאֵרָהּ אֵלּוּ מְזוֹנוֹת וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר וַאֲשֶׁר אָכְלוּ שְׁאֵר עַמִּי כְּסוּתָהּ כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ עוֹנָתָהּ זוֹ עוֹנָה הָאֲמוּרָה בַּתּוֹרָה וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר אִם תְּעַנֶּה אֶת בְּנוֹתַי

§ Rava said: ..the obligation of a husband to provide his wife’s sustenance applies by Torah law, as it is taught with regard to the verse pertaining to a husband’s obligations toward his wife: “If he takes another wife for himself, her food [she’era], her clothing [kesuta], and her conjugal rights [onata], he shall not diminish” (Exodus 21:10)...

...הָעוֹנָה הָאֲמוּרָה בַּתּוֹרָה הַטַּיָּילִין בְּכׇל יוֹם הַפּוֹעֲלִים שְׁתַּיִם בְּשַׁבָּת הַחַמָּרִים אַחַת בְּשַׁבָּת הַגַּמָּלִים אַחַת לִשְׁלשִׁים יוֹם הַסַּפָּנִים אַחַת לְשִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר

The set interval defining the frequency of a husband’s conjugal obligation to his wife stated in the Torah (Ex. 21:10), unless the couple stipulated otherwise, varies according to the man’s occupation and proximity to his home: Men of leisure every day, laborers must do so twice a week, donkey drivers once a week, camel drivers once every 30 days, and sailors once every 6 months.