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Vaccines in Jewish Thought

General Sources on Health/Life and Their Preservation

Importance of Life

..רַ֡ק הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְךָ֩ וּשְׁמֹ֨ר נַפְשְׁךָ֜ מְאֹ֗ד.
But take utmost care and watch yourselves scrupulously... [Lit: guard yourself and guard your soul]
וְנִשְׁמַרְתֶּ֥ם מְאֹ֖ד לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶ֑ם
For your own sake, therefore, be most careful...
וּשְׁמַרְתֶּ֤ם אֶת־חֻקֹּתַי֙ וְאֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַ֔י אֲשֶׁ֨ר יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה אֹתָ֛ם הָאָדָ֖ם וָחַ֣י בָּהֶ֑ם אֲנִ֖י יְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס}
You shall keep My laws and My rules, by the pursuit of which man shall live: I am the LORD.
נִבְרָא אָדָם יְחִידִי, לְלַמֶּדְךָ, שֶׁכָּל הַמְאַבֵּד נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת..., מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ אִבֵּד עוֹלָם מָלֵא. וְכָל הַמְקַיֵּם נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת..., מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ קִיֵּם עוֹלָם מָלֵא.
Adam the first man was created alone, to teach you that with regard to anyone who destroys one soul...the verse ascribes him blame as if he destroyed an entire world, as Adam was one person, from whom the population of an entire world came forth. And conversely, anyone who sustains one soul... the verse ascribes him credit as if he sustained an entire world.

Protecting Others

...לֹ֥א תַעֲמֹ֖ד עַל־דַּ֣ם רֵעֶ֑ךָ אֲנִ֖י יְהֹוָֽה׃
Do not stand by the blood of your fellow: I am the LORD.
לא תעמד על דם רעך. לִרְאוֹת בְּמִיתָתוֹ וְאַתָּה יָכוֹל לְהַצִּילוֹ, כְּגוֹן טוֹבֵעַ בַּנָּהָר וְחַיָּה אוֹ לִיסְטִים בָּאִים עָלָיו (סנהדרין ע"ג):
Do not stand by..:Witnessing his death, you being able to rescue him: if, for instance, he is drowning in the river or if a wild beast or a robber is attacking him.
כִּ֤י תִבְנֶה֙ בַּ֣יִת חָדָ֔שׁ וְעָשִׂ֥יתָ מַעֲקֶ֖ה לְגַגֶּ֑ךָ וְלֹֽא־תָשִׂ֤ים דָּמִים֙ בְּבֵיתֶ֔ךָ כִּֽי־יִפֹּ֥ל הַנֹּפֵ֖ל מִמֶּֽנּוּ׃
When you build a new house, you shall make a parapet for your roof, so that you do not bring bloodguilt on your house if anyone should fall from it.
אֶחָד הַגַּג וְאֶחָד כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ סַכָּנָה וְרָאוּי שֶׁיִּכָּשֵׁל בָּהּ אָדָם וְיָמוּת. כְּגוֹן שֶׁהָיְתָה לוֹ בְּאֵר אוֹ בּוֹר בַּחֲצֵרוֹ בֵּין שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ מַיִם בֵּין שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ מַיִם חַיָּב לַעֲשׂוֹת חֻלְיָא גְּבוֹהָה עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים. אוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת לָהּ כִּסּוּי כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִפּל בָּהּ אָדָם וְיָמוּת. וְכֵן כָּל מִכְשׁל שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ סַכָּנַת נְפָשׁוֹת מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לַהֲסִירוֹ וּלְהִשָּׁמֵר מִמֶּנּוּ וּלְהִזָּהֵר בַּדָּבָר יָפֶה יָפֶה. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד ט) "הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ וּשְׁמֹר נַפְשְׁךָ". וְאִם לֹא הֵסִיר וְהֵנִיחַ הַמִּכְשׁוֹלוֹת הַמְּבִיאִין לִידֵי סַכָּנָה בִּטֵּל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה וְעָבַר בְּ(דברים כב ח) "לֹא תָשִׂים דָּמִים":
הַרְבֵּה דְּבָרִים אָסְרוּ חֲכָמִים מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶם סַכָּנַת נְפָשׁוֹת. וְכָל הָעוֹבֵר עֲלֵיהֶן וְאוֹמֵר הֲרֵינִי מְסַכֵּן בְּעַצְמִי וּמַה לַּאֲחֵרִים עָלַי בְּכָךְ אוֹ אֵינִי מַקְפִּיד בְּכָךְ מַכִּין אוֹתוֹ מַכַּת מַרְדּוּת:
There is no difference between a roof or anything else that is dangerous and likely to cause death to a person who might stumble. If, for instance, one has a well or a pit in his courtyard — — he must build an enclosing ring ten handbreadths high, or put a cover over it, so that a person should not fall into it and die. So too, any obstruction that is a danger to life must be removed as a matter of positive duty and extremely necessary caution.
The sages have prohibited many things because they are dangerous to life. If anyone disregards them and says : "What claim have others on me if I risk my own life?" or: "I do not mind this," he should be lashed for disobedience.
צריך ליזהר הגה וכן יזהר מכל דברים המביאים לידי סכנה כי סכנתא חמירא מאיסורא ויש לחוש יותר לספק סכנה מלספק איסור (ב"י בשם הש"ס) ולכן אסרו לילך בכל מקום סכנה כמו תחת קיר נטוי או יחידי בלילה (שם) וכן אסרו לשתות מים מן הנהרות בלילה או להניח פיו על קלוח המים לשתות כי דברים אלו יש בהן חשש סכנה (רמב"ם) ומנהג פשוט שלא לשתות מים בשעת התקופה וכן כתבו הקדמונים ואין לשנות (אבודרהם ומרדכי ס"פ כל שעה רוקח סימן ער"ה ומהרי"ל ומנהגים) עוד כתבו שיש לברוח מן העיר כשדבר בעיר ויש לצאת מן העיר בתחילת הדבר ולא בסופו (תשובת מהרי"ל סי' ל"ה) וכל אלו הדברים הם משום סכנה ושומר נפשו ירחק מהם ואסור לסמוך אנס או לסכן נפשו בכל כיוצא בזה ועיין בחושן משפט סימן תכ"ז:
(Remah's gloss): Similarly, he should be careful of all things that cause danger, because danger is stricter than transgressions, and one should be more careful with an uncertain danger than with an uncertain prohibition. They also prohibited to go in a dangerous place, such as under a leaning wall, or alone at night. They also prohibited to drink water from rivers at night or to put one's mouth on a stream of water and drink, because these matters have a concern of danger. It is the widespread custom not to drink water during the equinox, and the early ones wrote this and it is not to be changed. They also wrote to flee from the city when a plague is in the city, and one should leave at the beginning of the plague and not at the end. And all of these things are because of the danger, and a person who guards his soul will distance himself from them and it is prohibited to rely on a miracle in all of these matters.

Acting Against the Common Good

תָּנֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר יוֹחָאי, מָשָׁל לִבְנֵי אָדָם שֶׁהָיוּ יוֹשְׁבִין בִּסְפִינָה נָטַל אֶחָד מֵהֶן מַקְדֵּחַ וְהִתְחִיל קוֹדֵחַ תַּחְתָּיו, אָמְרוּ לוֹ חֲבֵרָיו מַה אַתָּה יוֹשֵׁב וְעוֹשֶׂה, אָמַר לָהֶם מָה אִכְפַּת לָכֶם לֹא תַחְתִּי אֲנִי קוֹדֵחַ, אָמְרוּ לוֹ שֶׁהַמַּיִם עוֹלִין וּמְצִיפִין עָלֵינוּ אֶת הַסְּפִינָה.
Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai taught a parable: Men were on a ship. One of them took a drill and started drilling underneath him. The others said to him: What are sitting and doing?! He replied: What do you care. Is this not underneath my area that I am drilling?! They said to him: But the water will rise and flood us all on this ship.

Vaccines in Jewish History

Smallpox

Note: Smallpox was a leading cause of death in Europe in the 18th century, where an estimated 400,000 people died annually.
(These sources summarized by Rabbi David Golinkin)
1. Avraham ben Shlomo Nansich or Nantzig, published a pamphlet entitled Aleh Trufah, London 1785. He was a talmid hakham but, apparently, not a rabbi. Two of his children died of smallpox. He passionately supported “variolation” or “inoculation”, a method which existed before Jenner's safer vaccine, in which pus is taken from a smallpox patient's wound and placed under the skin of a healthy person He saw in this method of inoculation the fulfillment of the above mitzvah of “And you shall guard your souls very much”.
2. Rabbi Yishmael Hacohen of Modena (1723-1811; Zera Emet, Part II, Livorno, 1796, Yoreh De'ah, No. 32; c) also dealt with the question of the “inoculation of the varioli”. Regarding the older method of “inoculation”. Says that although there is the possibility that one in a thousand of them will die, “and especially since we have never heard or seen any of them die of this disease, according to the testimony of the doctors who testify according to the wisdom of their art, and even if we hear of someone who died from this treatment, in any case it’s a tiny minority and we do not take this into consideration”.
3. Attributed to Rabbi Nahman of Breslav (1772-1811):
And Rabbeinu z”l said that they must set up paken for every baby before a quarter of a year, because if not, he’s like a shedder of blood, and even if they live far from the city, he must travel there, even when the cold is great, etc. Paken in Yiddish means pox, smallpox and the Hebrew phrase “to set up paken” is a translation from the Yiddish “shtellen paken”, to vaccinate against smallpox
(The following sources compiled by Barry Gelman, see below)
Isaiah ben Abraham Horowitz (Hebrew: ישעיה בן אברהם הלוי הורוויץ), (c. 1555 – March 24, 1630), also known as the Shelah haqQaddosh (השל"ה הקדוש "the holy Shelah") after the title of his best-known work. Prague, Austria, Frankfurt, Sefad, Tiberias
(יד) ואני תמה אודות מכת אבעבועות קטנות ההולכת בין התינוקות הנקרא בלאטר"ן בל"א בר מינן, למה אין נזהרין להבריח התינוקות ולצאתם מן העיר, ובודאי עתידים האבות ליתן דין על מיתות יונקי שדים שלא חטאו וגמולי חלב שלא פשעו שמתו בחולי זה, ולא חשו אביהם להבריחם. על כן כל איש ירא אלהים יהיה ירא וחרד על כל צרה שלא תבוא. וכל אלו הדברים שהם שמירת הגוף הוא בכלל האזהרה של (דברים ד, ט) השמר לך ושמור נפשך מאוד, והיא ג"כ מדרך ארץ לשמור הגוף שהוא תיק ונרתק הנשמה כדי שיהיה כסא לנשמה:
I am surprised that when it comes to smallpox outbreaks, which spreads from child to child, why do people not take their children out of the city? In the future, the fathers will be responsible for the deaths of their children who are nursing, and have committed no sin, and those who are weaned and have committed no sins, and died from the sickness whose fathers did not take them away [from the city]. Every man who fears god should fear every eventuality. These things that are included in protecting the body are included in the warnings of (Devarim 4:9) 'take utmost care and watch yourselves scrupulously' and this is also the way of the world to take care of one's body since it is the container that the soul is wrapped up in so it will be a throne for the soul.
Shlomo Ganzfried (or Salomo ben Joseph Ganzfried; 1804 in Ungvar – 30 July 1886 in Ungvar) was an Orthodox rabbi and posek best known as the author of the work of Halakha (Jewish law), the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (Hebrew: קיצור שולחן ערוך, "The Abbreviated Shulchan Aruch"), by which title he is also known.
רופא אינו יהודי שהוא מרכיב אבעבועות לילים, אם יכול הישראל לפייסו בממון שיעשה לאחר השבת יעשה כן, ואם לאו וצריכין לעשות בשבת, אל יחזיק ישראל אז את הילד אלא אינו יהודי יחזיקו.
When a non-Jewish doctor comes to vaccinate children against smallpox, if the Jew can offer him compensation to postpone the vaccination till after Shabbos, he should do so. If not [i.e. the doctor adamantly refuses] and it must be done on Shabbos, in that case, the Jew should not hold the child, but let a non-Jew hold him.36Teshuva Mei’ahava 134–135. He adds that if a non-Jew is unavailable, a Jew may hold the child.
Israel Lifschitz (Hebrew: ישראל ליפשיץ‎ (1782–1860) was a rabbi, first at Dessau and then at the Jewish Community of Danzig. His father's name was Gedalia. He was the author of Tiferes Yisrael a well-known commentary on the Mishnah. The edition of the Mishnah containing this commentary is often referred to as "Mishnayos Yachin uBoaz". The commentary is divided into two parts, one more general and one more analytical, titled "Yachin" and "Boaz" respectively (after two large pillars in the Temple in Jerusalem). This is often considered to be one of the clearest and most useful commentaries on the Mishnah. He led the life of an ascetic, frequently fasted three days in succession, and studied incessantly.
In commentary on saving a person buried under stones on Shabbat, even if he will only survive a short time: "And from this it seems to me permissible to make a pox inoculation, even though one in a thousand dies from the inoculation, in any case, if he develops natural smallpox, the danger is nearer, and therefore he may place himself in a distant danger to save himself from imminent danger."
תפארת ישראל - בועז מסכת אבות פרק ג אות א
ואנחנו רואים כמה מחסידיהן שמלבד שמכירין יוצר בראשית, ומאמינין בתה"ק שהיא אלהית, ועושין ג"ח גם לישראל, וכמה מהן שהיטיבו ביותר לכל באי עולם, כהחסיד יענער שהמציא האפאקקענאימפפונג, שעל ידה ניצולים כמה רבבות בני אדם מחולי וממיתה וממומין.
Tifferet Yisrael - Boaz on Avot 3.1
We see some righteous [among the non-Jews] who know the creator of the world, and believe in his holy Torah, and do good deeds also for Jews. Some have done great things for the world, like the hasid [Edward] Jenner who developed the smallpox vaccine, that has saved myriads of people from sickness, death, and disfigurement.
Yechiel Michel ha-Levi Epstein (Hebrew: יחיאל מיכל הלוי אפשטיין‎) (24 January 1829 – 24 February 1908), often called "the Aruch haShulchan" (after his main work, Aruch HaShulchan), was a Rabbi and posek (authority in Jewish law) in Lithuania.
(יב) ... אך האבעבועות הוי מחלה מתדבקת, ולכן החוב להרחיקם מן העיר. ועכשיו אין זה מצוי, כי זה כמאה וחמשים שנים המציאו הרופאים להעמיד לכל קטן וקטנה בני שנה או יותר קו"י פאקי"ן, ועל ידי זה נמלטים ממחלה זו כידוע.
Because smallpox is an infectious disease, the rule is to be far away from the city [when an outbreak occurs]. Now this is not common since for about 150 years doctors have given every small child a year of age or older cow pox, and because of this they are saved from this disease [smallpox], as is known.
Yaakov Chaim Sofer (1870–1939) (Hebrew: יעקב חיים סופר) was a Sephardi rabbi, Kabbalist, Talmudist and posek. He is the author of Kaf Hachaim, a work of halakha that he came to be known by. Baghdad, Jerusalem.
(א) ס) כשיש חולי אבעבועות לילדים (שקורין בערבי גדר"י) א"צ להבריח בניו מן העיר יען דעכשיו בזה"ז עושין לו תרופה ע"י הרכבה של אבעבועות ויש רופאים מומחים ממונים ע"ז ודלא כשל"ה שכתב שצריך להבריח בניו מן העיר. שו"ת זרע אמת חי"ד סי' ל"ב. והגם שסיים שהוא משתמיט בזה ולא אומר לא איסור ולא היתר מ"מ אנן בדידן תלי"ת יש לנו רופאים מומחים ע"ז שעושין הרכבה ולא ניזוק אדם מעולם וכן מעשים בכל יום. זב"צ או' מ"א. ועתה נתחכמו יותר הרופאים שעושין זריקה ע"י מחט ביד הילדים ועי"ז אין מוציאין הילדים חולי אבעבועות הנז'.
When there are children with smallpox, we do not need to take the children out of the city because now in these days there is cure - a smallpox vaccine - and there are specialists who administer it. It is no longer like the Shelah who writes that we need to take our children out of the city [when a smallpox outbreak occurs]. (Zera Emet). ... in any case the judgement of the Torah of hashem, we have specialists that make vaccines and no person has been injured from it and they do it [vaccinate] every day. (Magen Avraham). Now the specialists are even more precise because they do the injection with a needle in the hand of the child and because of this the children do not contract smallpox.

Modern Orthodox Authorities

שו"ת חיסון
הרב שלמה אבינר
ש: האם חייבים להתחסן?
ת: כן. ונשמרתם מאוד לנפשותיכם. "הרבה דברים אסרו חכמים מפני שיש בהם סכנת נפשות. וכל העובר עליהן ואומר: הריני מסכן בעצמי ומה לאחרים עלי בכך או איני מקפיד בכך, מכין אותו מכת מרדות" (רמב"ם, הלכות רוצח ושמירת נפש יא ה).
ש: במדינות מודרניות יש חירות הפרט לעשות כרצונו אם לחסן.
ת: א. החירות האמיתית היא לשמור תורה ומצוות. ב. אין לו חרות לסכן ילדיו שיחלו בגלל שלא חיסן אותם. ג. הוא גם מסכן אחרים שעלולים להידבק ממנו, ויש בזה משום דין רודף.
Teshuvot on Vaccines
Rav Shlomo Aviner
Q: Is one obligated to vaccinate?
A: Yes. 'For your own sake be careful' (Devarim 4:15). Many things were forbidden by the sages since they caused mortal danger. Anyone who violates this and says 'I am putting myself in danger, what do other care?' or 'I will be careful' We give him lashes [for violating a rabbinic commandment] (Rambam).
Q: In modern countries, we have some freedom to do as we wish with vaccinations.
A: 1) Real freedom is to guard the Torah and mitzvot. 2) You have no freedom to endanger children because you did not vaccinate them. 3) You also endanger others that are close to you, and there is in this the din of rodef (the pursuer).
החובה להתחסן
הרב אליעזר מלמד, רביבים
אומנם יכולים ההורים שאינם רוצים לחסן את ילדיהם לטעון, שאין הם מוכרחים ללכת אחר הרוב, שכן אם הם לבדם לא יחסנו את ילדיהם – לא יקרה דבר (ואף הם יוכלו ליהנות מהחיסון של האחרים…). אולם עמדה זו נשענת על תפיסה לא מוסרית, שכן אם כל אדם ינהג כך, האוכלוסייה לא תהיה מחוסנת ומחלות קשות ומידבקות ייהפכו למגפות.
עמדה זו כמוה כעמדה של אדם שטוען שאם הוא לבדו ישתמט מהשירות הצבאי, ביטחונה של המדינה לא ייפגע, שכן חייל אחד פחות לא ישנה את מצב הביטחון הלאומי (ואף הוא ייהנה מההגנה שיספקו אלה שכן יתגייסו…). אולם אם כל אדם יעדיף את ביטחונו ונוחותו האישית, מצבנו יהיה איום ונורא.
The Obligation to Vaccinate
Rabbi Eliezer Melamed, Revivim
Parents who do not want to vaccinate their children, however, can argue they are not required to follow the majority, for if they alone do not vaccinate their children, nothing will happen (and they too benefit from the vaccination of others…). However, this position is based on an immoral point of view, because if everyone behaves in this manner, the population will not be vaccinated, and serious and contagious diseases will turn into epidemics.
This position is the same as that of a person claiming that if he alone avoids military service, the security of the state will not be harmed, because one less soldier will not change the state of national security (and he too benefits from the protection provided by those who do enlist …). However, if everyone prefers his own personal safety and comfort, our situation will be dreadful.

Conservative Movement

Compulsory Immunization in Jewish Day Schools
CJLS Teshuvah, presented by Rabbi Joseph Prouser, overwhelmingly approved
Failure to immunize children against vaccine-preventable disease is a serious, compound violation of Jewish Law: there is no basis in Halakhah to support a parent’s request for a religious exemption from state-mandated immunizations.
Matters of Life and Death: A Jewish Approach to Modern Medical Ethics
Book by Rabbi Elliot Dorff of the CJLS
With its strong sense of community and duty, the Jewish tradition would have us use communal measures to preserve our lives and health as much as possible. It would be a violation of Jewish law, for example, for a Jew to refuse to be inoculated against a disease, at least where the inoculation has a proven track record of effectiveness. Jews, on the contrary, have a positive duty to have themselves and their children inoculated against all diseases where that preventative measure is effective and available. (p.253)
Is the Covid Vaccine a Refuah Bedukah (an Established Treatment)? (Less relevant now)
From an halakhic perspective, the question is whether each of the COVID-19 vaccines, even though they were approved under emergency processes, would be considered a refuah b’dukah, an established treatment.
Rabbi Reisner (CJLS), the Observant Life
... The halakhic concept of an ‘established’ treatment is much narrower than the current concept of an approved medication… From the vantage point of halakhah, an established treatment must be known to be generally effective.
Rabbi Golinkin, Va'ad Halakhah (Israel)
If the vaccine is 95% effective and the only side effects so far are headaches and the like, then it’s a refuah bedukah.
(Note: Some sources for this text sheet come from responsa from Rabbi David Golinkin; the Rabbinical Assembly; and the text sheet "Going Viral: Vaccinations in Halakha" by Barry Gelman.)