וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה וַיֹּ֗אמֶר כֹּ֤ה תֹאמַר֙ לִבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה שְׁלָחַ֥נִי אֲלֵיכֶֽם׃
And God said to Moses: "Ehyeah-Asher-Ehyeh" [I AM THAT I AM]; continuing, "Thus shall you say to the Israelites, 'Ehyeh [I AM], sent me to you.’"
(ד) ב. ואי אפשר לזכות לכבוד הזה, אלא על-ידי תשובה. ועקר התשובה כשישמע בזיונו, ידם וישתק, כי לית כבוד בלא כ"ף, והכ"ף הוא כתר, בחינת אהיה, בחינת תשובה,
(ה) כי אהיה דא אנא זמין למהוי. הינו קדם התשובה, עדין אין לו הויה, כאילו עדיין לא נתהוה בעולם, כי טוב לו שלא נברא משנברא, וכשבא לטהר את עצמו ולעשות תשובה, אז הוא בבחינת אהיה, הינו שיהיה לו הויה בעולם, הינו אנא זמין למהוי.
The essence of teshuvah is that when a person hears themselves being insulted, they remain quiet and silent...This corresponds to Ehyeh, which corresponds to teshuvah. For the meaning of Ehyeh is "I am prepared to be." That is, before teshuvah a person does not yet have a being. It is as if they do not yet exist in the world. Indeed, [if this is the case] it [may be] better off if they had not been created. But when a person prepares to purify and do teshuvah, they are then in the aspect of ehyeh. In other words, he will then exist in the world--i.e. "I am prepared to be." Before teshuvah, however, the aspect of ehyeh is hidden from him. For he has not yet prepared himself to exist in the world.
(ו) גדולה תורה יותר מן הכהונה ומן המלכות, שהמלכות נקנית בשלשים מעלות, והכהנה בעשרים וארבע, והתורה נקנית בארבעים ושמונה דברים.ואלו הן, בתלמוד, בשמיעת האזן, בעריכת שפתים, בבינת הלב, באימה, ביראה, בענוה, בשמחה, בטהרה, בשמוש חכמים, בדקדוק חברים, בפלפול התלמידים, בישוב, במקרא, במשנה, במעוט סחורה, במעוט דרך ארץ, במעוט תענוג, במעוט שנה, במעוט שיחה, במעוט שחוק, בארך אפים, בלב טוב, באמונת חכמים, בקבלת היסורין, המכיר את מקומו, והשמח בחלקו, והעושה סיג לדבריו, ואינו מחזיק טובה לעצמו, אהוב, אוהב את המקום, אוהב את הבריות, אוהב את הצדקות, אוהב את המישרים, אוהב את התוכחות, ומתרחק מן הכבוד, ולא מגיס לבו בתלמודו, ואינו שמח בהוראה, נושא בעל עם חברו, ומכריעו לכף זכות, ומעמידו על האמת, ומעמידו על השלום, ומתישב לבו בתלמודו, שואל ומשיב שומע ומוסיף, הלומד על מנת ללמד והלומד על מנת לעשות, המחכים את רבו, והמכון את שמועתו, והאומר דבר בשם אומרו, הא למדת כל האומר דבר בשם אומרו מביא גאלה לעולם, שנאמר (אסתר ב), ותאמר אסתר למלך בשם מרדכי.
Greater is Torah than priesthood and kingship, for kingship is obtained with thirty levels, and priesthood with twenty-four, and Torah is obtained with forty-eight things. And these are them: learning, listening of the ear, preparation of speech, understanding of the heart, intellect of the heart, reverence, awe, humility, happiness, purity, service of sages, care of friends, debate of the students, clarification, scripture, mishnah, minimization of merchandise, minimization of worldly occupation, minimization of pleasure, minimization of sleep, minimization of conversation, minimization of laughter, patience, generosity, trust of the sages, acceptance of afflictions, knowing one's place, gladness in one's portion, erection of a fence to one's words, lack of self-aggrandizement, lovableness, love of God, love of the creatures, love of the righteous, love of the upright, love of rebuke, distancing from honor, lack of arrogance in learning, lack of joy in issuing legal decisions, lifting of a burden with one's friend, judging him with the benefit of the doubt, placing him with the truth, placing him with peace, deliberation in study, questioning and responding, hearing and adding, learning in order to teach and learning in order to act, making one's master wiser, focusing one's teaching, saying [a thing] in the name of the one who said it; for you learned that one who says something in the name of the one who said it brings redemption to the world, as it says (Esther 2:22): "Esther told the king in Mordecai’s name."
Rav Yehudah Leib of Gur, the Sefas Emes (Polish scholar & Rabbi, 1847-1905)
One need not fulfill all forty-eight qualifications in order to acquire Torah. Rather, he can acquire as much as his qualifications allow. Just as there is no fixed measure for the mitzvah of learning Torah, there is no fixed measure for one’s preparations to acquire Torah.
Ovadia ben Jacob Sforno (Italian rabbi, commentator, philosopher & physician, 1475-1550)
The forty-eight qualifications required for the crown of Torah are all moral and spiritual virtues that elevate and remove man from the materialism of society and the temporal values of this world. These forty-eight steps will help assure him of an honor and dignity that is eternal.
(R. Chaim Vital (Rabbi and Kabbalist, Safed, 1542-1620
“Inner traits lead to mitzvot. One should be more concerned about one’s inner traits than one’s mitzvot.” (in answering question why tikkun middot is not among the 613 mitzvot)
And Reish Lakish said: Repentance is great, for it turns his sins into virtues, as it says (Ezekiel 33:19), "And when the wicked turns back from his wickedness, and practices justice and charity, he shall live because of them."
Lights of Repentance 7:1 - Rav Kook (Russian Israeli Rabbi, Halachist, Kabbalist, & scholar, 1865-1935)
The nature of teshuvah is that it gives a person tranquility and centeredness as if that person is one. It gives a person tranquility even through the thought of teshuvah, in that one little point of a great light, already brings great and high happiness from a complete world, and with that it already projects to their spiritual eyes the need for completeness, that rescues them from euphoria and gives upon them a sweet light, that gives a great meaning and constancy to their life.
The design of teshuvah is such that it transforms all sins and their terrors, their spiritual sufferings and their uglinesses, into reflections/concepts of Eden and personal fulfillment, because through them a person is shined with depth of thought regarding the hate of evil, and the love of good gets strengthened with a mighty strength, behold s/he enjoys the happiness of regret, that he feels that the specific delight of the Divine regarding the ba'alei teshuvah, the most pleasant of all, with the taste of the delicate/delicacy of a broken heart and the sadness of soul, which connects itself with deep faith of the rescuing and salvation of the worlds.
Yalkut Shimeoni, an aggadic compilation on Nach, 728
If I hadn't fallen - I would not have gotten up. If I hadn't sit in the dark - I would not have light.
Nelly Altenburger (commentator on Sefaria.org)
The sins between God and us have the potential to lead us to becoming better people if we do teshuvah. Teshuvah is great - not only because it has the power of personal transformation as its core, but also because the self-image of one can be changed: the past becomes a springboard for growth and betterment of a human being.
Rabbi Israel Salanter (Lithuanian Talmudist, teacher, and father of Mussar movement, 1809-1883)
“The midrash teaches (Breishit Rabbah 11:6), ‘Everything that came into being during the six days of Creation requires improvement – for example, the mustard seed needs to be sweetened…also man needs rectification.’ Our world is a world of transformation. When we are improving and refining ourselves, we are in concert with the Divine plan – fulfilling our purpose for existing in this world… Not only is the human being created for this purpose but he is also given the ability and capacity to attain this supreme goal.”
Adin Steinsaltz, Teshuvah: A Guide for the Newly Observant Jew
"Broadly defined, teshuvah is more than just repentance from sin; it is a spiritual reawakening, a desire to strengthen the connection between oneself and the sacred. The effectiveness of teshuvah is thus frequently a function of one's sense of distance from the sacred. The greater the distance, the greater the potential movement towards renewed connectedness. As one Jewish sage put it, A rope that is cut and retied is doubly strong at the point where it was severed.... All forms of teshuvah, however diverse and complex, have a common core: the belief that human beings have it in their power to effect inward change.
(ד) אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁתְּקִיעַת שׁוֹפָר בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה גְּזֵרַת הַכָּתוּב רֶמֶז יֵשׁ בּוֹ כְּלוֹמַר עוּרוּ יְשֵׁנִים מִשְּׁנַתְכֶם וְנִרְדָּמִים הָקִיצוּ מִתַּרְדֵּמַתְכֶם וְחַפְּשׂוּ בְּמַעֲשֵׂיכֶם וְחִזְרוּ בִּתְשׁוּבָה וְזִכְרוּ בּוֹרַאֲכֶם. אֵלּוּ הַשּׁוֹכְחִים אֶת הָאֱמֶת בְּהַבְלֵי הַזְּמַן וְשׁוֹגִים כָּל שְׁנָתָם בְּהֶבֶל וָרִיק אֲשֶׁר לֹא יוֹעִיל וְלֹא יַצִּיל, הַבִּיטוּ לְנַפְשׁוֹתֵיכֶם וְהֵיטִיבוּ דַּרְכֵיכֶם וּמַעַלְלֵיכֶם וְיַעֲזֹב כָּל אֶחָד מִכֶּם דַּרְכּוֹ הָרָעָה וּמַחֲשַׁבְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר לֹא טוֹבָה. לְפִיכָךְ צָרִיךְ כָּל אָדָם שֶׁיִּרְאֶה עַצְמוֹ כָּל הַשָּׁנָה כֻּלָּהּ כְּאִלּוּ חֶצְיוֹ זַכַּאי וְחֶצְיוֹ חַיָּב. וְכֵן כָּל הָעוֹלָם חֶצְיוֹ זַכַּאי וְחֶצְיוֹ חַיָּב. חָטָא חֵטְא אֶחָד הֲרֵי הִכְרִיעַ אֶת עַצְמוֹ וְאֶת כָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ לְכַף חוֹבָה וְגָרַם לוֹ הַשְׁחָתָה. עָשָׂה מִצְוָה אַחַת הֲרֵי הִכְרִיעַ אֶת עַצְמוֹ וְאֶת כָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ לְכַף זְכוּת וְגָרַם לוֹ וְלָהֶם תְּשׁוּעָה וְהַצָּלָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי י-כה) "וְצַדִּיק יְסוֹד עוֹלָם" זֶה שֶׁצָּדַק הִכְרִיעַ אֶת כָּל הָעוֹלָם לִזְכוּת וְהִצִּילוֹ. וּמִפְּנֵי עִנְיָן זֶה נָהֲגוּ כָּל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל לְהַרְבּוֹת בִּצְדָקָה וּבְמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים וְלַעֲסֹק בְּמִצְוֹת מֵרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה וְעַד יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים יֶתֶר מִכָּל הַשָּׁנָה. וְנָהֲגוּ כֻּלָּם לָקוּם בַּלַּיְלָה בַּעֲשָׂרָה יָמִים אֵלּוּ וּלְהִתְפַּלֵּל בְּבָתֵּי כְּנֵסִיּוֹת בְּדִבְרֵי תַּחֲנוּנִים וּבְכִבּוּשִׁין עַד שֶׁיֵּאוֹר הַיּוֹם:
The blowing of the shofar hints at something, “Wake up, sleepers, from your sleep! Slumberers, arise from your slumber! Search your ways and return in teshuvah and remember your Creator! Those who forget the Truth amidst the futility of the moment and are infatuated all their years with vanity and nothingness that will not help and will not save, examine your souls and improve your ways and your motivations! Let each of you abandon his wicked ways, and his thoughts which are no good." Therefore a person needs to see himself all year long as if he is half innocent and half guilty, and also [see] the whole world - half innocent and half guilty.
(א) אֵי זוֹ הִיא תְּשׁוּבָה גְּמוּרָה. זֶה שֶׁבָּא לְיָדוֹ דָּבָר שֶׁעָבַר בּוֹ וְאֶפְשָׁר בְּיָדוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ וּפֵרַשׁ וְלֹא עָשָׂה מִפְּנֵי הַתְּשׁוּבָה. לֹא מִיִּרְאָה וְלֹא מִכִּשְׁלוֹן כֹּחַ. כֵּיצַד. הֲרֵי שֶׁבָּא עַל אִשָּׁה בַּעֲבֵרָה וּלְאַחַר זְמַן נִתְיַחֵד עִמָּהּ וְהוּא עוֹמֵד בְּאַהֲבָתוֹ בָּהּ וּבְכֹחַ גּוּפוֹ וּבַמְּדִינָה שֶׁעָבַר בָּהּ וּפָרַשׁ וְלֹא עָבַר זֶהוּ בַּעַל תְּשׁוּבָה גְּמוּרָה. הוּא שֶׁשְּׁלֹמֹה אָמַר (קהלת יב-א) "וּזְכֹר אֶת בּוֹרְאֶיךָ בִּימֵי בְּחוּרֹתֶיךָ". וְאִם לֹא שָׁב אֶלָּא בִּימֵי זִקְנוּתוֹ וּבְעֵת שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת מַה שֶּׁהָיָה עוֹשֶׂה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָהּ תְּשׁוּבָה מְעֵלָּה מוֹעֶלֶת הִיא לוֹ וּבַעַל תְּשׁוּבָה הוּא. אֲפִלּוּ עָבַר כָּל יָמָיו וְעָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה בְּיוֹם מִיתָתוֹ וּמֵת בִּתְשׁוּבָתוֹ כָּל עֲוֹנוֹתָיו נִמְחָלִין שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (קהלת יב-ב) "עַד אֲשֶׁר לֹא תֶחְשַׁךְ הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְהָאוֹר וְהַיָּרֵחַ וְהַכּוֹכָבִים וְשָׁבוּ הֶעָבִים אַחַר הַגֶּשֶׁם" שֶׁהוּא יוֹם הַמִּיתָה. מִכְּלָל שֶׁאִם זָכַר בּוֹרְאוֹ וְשָׁב קֹדֶם שֶׁיָּמוּת נִסְלַח לוֹ:
What is complete teshuvah? When a person has the opportunity to commit the same sin, and he possess the ability to do it, but he separates and does not do it because of teshuvah and not out of fear or lack of strength.